Overview of Research Process RESEARCH PROCESS INFLOW CHART Thesis and Dissertation Format Chapter Titles de 2 a: 4. . Summary of Findings, Conclusions and The Problem and Its Background Review of Related Literature Methods of Research and Procedures Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data RecommendationChapter 1 - The Problem and Its Background > Introduction > Theoretical Framework of Reference or Conceptual Framework >Statement of the Problem > Hypotheses of the study » Significance of the study Scope and Delimitation of the study Definition of terms Writing the Introduction Leads the reader from a general subject area to a specific topic of inquiry. GeneralIntroduction > The first word in the introduction should be strong enough to caus an impact on the reader or stimulate interest in the paper. > Statement should signify the importance of the paper through statements supported and substantiated by references from important researches. > Reports or quotations should not be more than one-third of a page » Aresearch report is an objective report which deals only with cold facts Note: One is permitted to give a personal opinion, should be backed up by statements from persons of authority or substantiated by documents or, ecords. Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework > The research may rest on a theory or set of theories > General statement which shows an interplay of variables, a happening with an eventual result, a guide or a road map of what the research should be. > If the study has no theoretical framework, the researcher may come up with his own theoretical framework, putting all the variables in a schematic diagram > All the variables stated in the problem and the dynamics of such variables should be considered in this part. > Variables found in the study but not mentioned in this part are bound to be questioned as irrelevant to the research \ > Both theoretical and conceptual framework are creations of the author, upon which the problem of the study are based. Discerns what the study is all about.b Statement of the Problem » Can be expressed either generally or specifically. How do we state the problem? Every research starts with a problem or problems. At the start, the problem may be a broad one. Hence, in this case, it needs to be made specific and clear by breaking up the major proble into smaller or limited ones. b How to make the problem specific > Read lots of materials that are relevant to the topic. > The topic for the moment is broad because not much about it is known > One needs to survey and gather related literature Example: You have chosen Financial Performance as one topic Steps: 1. Define the word financial performance. 2. Get the definition from various sources 3. Take down notes and write the definitions and sources 4. Read books both foreign and local authors, including researches from foreign and local 5. Summarize what the authors have said about financial performance 6. Focus your attention on the definition which interests you most> > What special aspects about financial performance did you gather’ » What variables that are of interest have you identified? > Are there different indicators of financial performance? » What measures/indicators can be used to measure financial performance. > What variables play an important part in financial performance » What readings about financial performance have you found interesting? > At this point, you are undergoing a process of breaking up the topic, delimiting them and selecting your variables, perhaps two or three. Start formulating your problem thinking and putting together the objectives you have in mind including the variables. b Stating the Statement of the Problem 1. In Question Form ‘Statement of the problem. This study seeks to answer the following questions: A. General a. What is the financial performance of Hotels in Cagayan Specific 41. What is the profile of hotels in terms of: ‘a, Number of rooms occupied per month . Types of rooms occupied per month c. Services offered d. Types of hotels a 2. What is the financial performance of hotels in terms of a. Liquidity c. Leverage b. Operations d. Activity ‘what are the problems encountered in the hotel operations Is there a significant relationship between the financial performance of hotels when group according to profile variables. =Hypothesis of the Study > May be wild guesses that you anticipate will happen in the study. > Atentative solution to a particular problem which may be accepted or rejected, depending on what the facts are. > provides an explanation for why or how something works, based on facts (or some reasonable assumptions), but that has not yet been specifically tested. > Aresearch hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). > To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes - specificity, clarity and testability. Scope and Delimitation of the Study It is a port of research that tells your readers the coverage and the boundaries of your study,In this part of the research paper, the researchers describes what are the coverage of the study in terms of concept, number of the participants in the study, the place where the study to be conducted, as well as the timeline when the study =was conducted. Significance of the Study >The importance of the study >Value of the study to the researcher, school, community>Definition of Terms > Operational definition of terms used in the study. »>Mention the sectors that will be ~ benefited by the study as well as _ its contribution to current research and knowledge. Literature Survey % * Literature survey helps us: — Sharpen/ reformulate the problem — Get proper understanding — Acquire theoretical knowledge to investigate — Show how the problem relates to previous research studies — Know whether the proposed problem has already been solvedMajor Parts of the RRL Conceptual Literature b » Contains literature coming from books, journals and other forms of material, concerning or relevant to the study. » Readily available and more comprehensive Related Studies » Emperically-base or mentionedd, like scientific paper, theses, and dissertations both published and unpublished > Both literature consider the most recent ones which should be mentioned, only what is the state of the art. = Note: In Making RRL give proper acknowledgement and then get the gist of its objectives, findings and conclusions by your own words. Be sure to acknowledge the contributions of the authors and writers, or they should f of the bibliography. RESEARCH ™ RESEARCH=RE+SEARCH m "RE" MEANS AGAIN AND AGAIN / ™ "SEARCH" MEANS TO FIND OUT SOMETHING ® It include collecting, organizing and evaluating data. « ™ The systematic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of theory is also research >TYPES OF RESEARCH = There are different types of research based on different aspects such as: “Purpose, Process “Outcome b Different types of research coming under the category purpose are: 1 Descriptive research IL Analytical research TIL Exploratory research IV, Eredictive researchDESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH ™ It includes fact-finding enquiries of different kinds such as what, why, when, who, how and all. = The main aim of this research is description of the characteristics of a phenomena at present. ® This research has no control over the variable only have to report what is happening or what has happened ® For description researchers use frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations. ® The methods used by this researchers involves survey method of all kind including comparative and correlational method = The periodic table categorizes the elements is an example of descriptive research ANALYTICAL RESEARCH ® This research mainly carrying out analysis on a phenomena and which involves secondary data. n : . b ® The aim of this research is to understand phenomena by discovering and measuring causal relations among them. ™ Here the researcher use facts or information's readily available to them in order to analyze to make a critical evaluation of the context. . ™ It work within the constraints variables. It also tries to explain existing state of affairs from available data. = How can the absentee rate among employees be reduced? It is an example of analytical researchEXPLORATORY RESEARCH = An exploratory design is conducted about a research problem when there are few or no earlier studies to refer to. ® The focus is on gaining insights and familiarity for later investigation or undertaken when problem are in a preliminary stage of investigation. = Gathers preliminary information that will help to define a problem and suggest a hypothesis. = It commonly use unstructured interview. ® It involves generation of new ideas and assumption, development of tentative theories or hypothesis but conclusions cannot be drawn even though it provide direction for future research and techniques PREDICTIVE RESEARCH ™ It studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else. ™ In diagnostic research the researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate method for measuring t along with clear cut definition of ‘population’ he wants to study. ® Statistical tools used in this research design includes regression, linear regression and logistic regression ™® The major areas in which predictive / diagnostic research design used include: business, marketing, clinical setting, govt agency and all% Different types of research coming under the category process are: 1. Qualitative research 2. Quantitative research QUALITATIVE RESEARCH = ® It is handled with qualitative phenomena that involves quality or kind. ® The research designed to find out how people feel or what people often think are coming under this research. ® it is important in behavioral sciences. . ® Its aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behavior through detailed description. ® The data is in the form of words, pictures or objects and allQUANTITATIVE RESEARCH * ® This research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. ™ It can only be expressed in terms of quantity. _/ ™@ Researcher use tools such as questionnaire or equipment to collect data and all aspect of the study are carefully designated before data is collected. ® Here data is in the form of numbers or statistics and this data is more efficient and able to test Different types of research coming under the category outcome are: 1. Applied or action research 2. Fundamental or Basic or pure researchAPPLIED RESEARCH > ® It is defined as a research which is used to answer a specific question, solve a specific problem or to gain better understanding. /® Italso known as action research. It aims at finding solution for an immediate problem facing in society or an organization through systematic inquiry involving practical application of science, based on the level and type of involvement researcher can differ this research based ion the scope of work. ® Itis designed to solve problem of modern world than acquire knowledge, The main goal of applied scientist is to improve the human condition for example: treat or cure a specific disease FUNDAMENTAL OR BASIC OR PURE RESEARCH , ™ This research is concerned with generalization and formulation of theory. ® It is done for the intellectual pleasure on learning and it has no commercial value attached to the discoveries that result from basic research. ® This type of research has limited direct applications but in which researcher has careful control over the research setting. ® It involves collection and analysis of data to develop or enhances theory and have an understanding of theoretical relationship between variablesSome other types of researchers are also there CO In this research one group have to studied for long time and it studies different stages in an individual's life and all, ‘= FIELD SETTING RESEARCH/ LABORATORY RESEARCH/ SIMULATION RESEARCH This research is depending upon the environment take into consider for research RESEARCH In this research researcher utilizes historical sources like documents, events and all in order to) understand past, point of time and all = CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH ‘This research is completely based on some abstract ideas or theory ‘= EMPIRICAL RESEARCH It is completely based on experiences or observations