ANSI/AISC 360-10 ‘An American National Standard Specification for Structural Steel Buildings June 22, 2010 ‘Supersedes the Specification for Structural Steel Buildings dated March 9, 2005 and all previous versions of this specification Approved by the AISC Committee on Specifications AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700 Chicago, Illinois 60601-1802 yi cndorteanse wine” Specification for Structural sey cig iechet A17057407010 Rotasoaacon a niwanig Yom witout koma tom MSRICAN INSTITUTE Cot eRe 00917 2.9040 OMTAISC © 2010 by American Institute of Steel Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof ‘must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. ‘The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC. ‘The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recog- nized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer or architect. The publication of. the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Peodae oy neorieance win Se” Specification for Structural § so Sor Nomad aretang permite rout ceanteon MSRICAN INSTITUTE Cha Ra16.1-ii1 PREFACE (This Preface is not part of ANSI/AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, but is included for informational purposes only.) ‘This Specification is based upon past successful usage, advances in the state of knowledge, and changes in design practice. The 2010 American Institute of Steel Construction’s Specification for Structural Steet Buildings provides an integrated treatment of allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD), and replaces earlier Specifications. As indicated in Chapter B of the Specification, designs can be made accord- ing to either ASD or LRFD provisions. This Specification has been developed as a consensus document to provide a uniform practice in the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures. The intention is to pro- vide design criteria for routine use and not to provide specific criteria for infrequently encountered problems, which occur in the full range of structural design. This Specification is the result of the consensus deliberations of a committee of structural engineers with wide experience and high professional standing, representing a wide geo- graphical distribution throughout the United States. The committee includes approximately equal numbers of engineers in private practice and code agencies, engineers involved in research and teaching, and engineers employed by steel fabricating and producing compa- nies. The contributions and assistance of more than 50 additional professional volunteers working in ten task committees are also hereby acknowledged ‘The Symbols, Glossary and Appendices to this Specification are an integral part of the Specification. A non-mandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background for the Specification provisions and the user is encouraged to consult it. Additionally, non- mandatory User Notes are interspersed throughout the Specification to provide concise and practical guidance in the application of the provisions, ‘The reader is cautioned that professional judgment must be exercised when data or rec- ‘ommendations in the Specification are applied, as described more fully in the disclaimer notice preceding this Preface. This Specification was approved by the Committee on Specifications: James M. Fisher, Chairman Louis F. Geschwindner Edward E. Garvin, Vice Chairman Lawrence G. Griffis Hansraj G. Ashar John L. Gross William P. Baker Jerome F. Hajjar John M. Barsom Patrick M. Hassett William D. Bast Tony C. Hazel Reidar Bjothovde Mark V. Holland Roger L. Brockenbrough Ronald J. Janowiak Gregory G. Deierlein Richard C. Kaehler Bruce R. Ellingwood Lawrence A. Kloiber Michael D. Engelhardt Lawrence F, Kruth ‘Shu-Jin Fang, Jay W. Larson Steven J. Fenves Roberto T. Leon John W. Fisher James O. Malley ‘Theodore V. Galambos Sanjeev R. Malushte er eset Specification for Sruturl $n ois act ar7eeG2010 NS mpecicor or eoteirg parma it Scares fomiMSRICAN INSTTTUTE Cat Reede 20111721 $049 OMT1.1-iv David L. McKenzie Duane K. Miller Larry S. Muir ‘Thomas M. Murray R, Shankar Nair Jack E. Petersen Douglas A. Rees-Evans ‘Thomas A. Sabol PREFACE Robert E. Shaw, Jr. Donald R. Sherman W. Lee Shoemaker William A. Thornton Raymond H.R. Tide Chia-Ming Uang Donald W. White Cynthia J. Duncan, Secretary ‘The Committee gratefully acknowledges the following task committee members and staff for their contribution to this document: Allen Adams Farid Alfawakhiri Susan Burmeister Bruce M. Butler Charles J. Carter Helen Chen Berard Cvijanovic Robert Disque Carol Drucker W. Samuel Easterling Duane Ellifritt Marshall T. Ferrell Christopher M. Foley Steven Freed Femando Frias Nancy Gavlin Amanuel Gebremeskel Rodney D. Gibble Subhash Goel Arvind Goverdhan Kurt Gustafson ‘Tom Harrington Todd Helwig Richard Henige Stephen Herlache Steve Herth Keith Hjelmstad Nestor Iwankiw William P. Jacobs, V Matthew Johann Daniel Kaufman Keith Landwehr Barbara Lane ‘Michael Lederle Roberto Leon ‘Andres Lepage Seni aan tn el rt Brent Leu J. Walter Lewis William Lindley Stanley Lindsey LeRoy Lutz Bonnie Manley Peter Marshall Margaret Matthew Curtis L. Mayes William McGuire Saul Mednick James Milke Heath Mitchell Patrick Newman Jeffrey Packer Frederick Palmer Dhiren Panda ‘Teoman Pekoz, Clarkson Pinkham Thomas Poulos Christopher Raebel Thomas D. Reed Clinton Rex Benjamin Schafer ‘Thomas Schlafly Monica Stockmann James Swanson Steven J. Thomas Emile Troup Brian Uy ‘Amit H. Varma Sriramulu Vinnakota Ralph Vosters Robert Weber Michael A. West Ronald D. Ziemian Specification for Structural ad or ean nsnebFa010 Noted atc an mest fonee orihSRICAN INSTYTUTE € Netra 201/11 212828 GMT16.1-v TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMBOLS GLOSSARY SPECIFICATION A. GENERAL PROVISIONS Al, Scope .....cccs 1. Seismic Applications 2. Nuclear Applications . ‘Ad, Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards A3. Material 1. Structural Steel Materials. la. ASTM Designations Ib. Unidentified Steel... Ic. Rolled Heavy Shapes . 1d. Built-Up Heavy Shapes 2. Steel Castings and Forgings .. 3. Bolts, Washers and Nuts. 4, Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods 5 6 xxvii xliii Consumables for Welding Headed Stud Anchors : Ad. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications. B, DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ......... cee 10 woe mmaeIr aru Aaanannnee B1. General Provisions : 10 B2. Loads and Load Combinations 10 B3. Design Basis ; 10 1. Required Strength ............ 10 2. Limit States sel 3. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) ..... Seal 4. Design for Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD)... 11 5. Design for Stability 12 12 12 see l2 12 6. Design of Connections . 6a. Simple Connections ... 6b. Moment Connections ........ 7. Moment Redistribution in Beams 8. Diaphragms and Collectors . 13 9. Design for Serviceability 13 10. Design for Ponding 213 11. Design for Fatigue ...... 3 12.--Design for Fire Conditions 213 Prctiaey ns ardariewean se” Specticaion for Structural Sead Soi ecm’ areSTa2010 oepecston orem seme wou tae tom SRICAN INSTITUTE Chet te Rani 2011N V1 23848 GMT16.1-¥i1 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 13. Design for Corrosion Effects 14, Anchorage to Concrete .. B4, Member Properties 1. Classification of Sections for Local Buckling la. Unstiffened Elements Ib. Stiffened Elements 2. Design Wall Thickness for HSS . 3. Gross and Net Area Determination 3a, Gross Area... 3b. Net Area BS. Fabrication and Erection B6. Quality Control and Quality Assurance B7. Evaluation of Existing Structures C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY Cl. General Stability Requirements . ES 1. Direct Analysis Method of Design 2. Alternative Methods of Design. C2. Calculation of Required Strengths ........ 0.622. 00eee seen 1. General Analysis Requirements 2. Consideration of Initial Imperfections 2a, Direct Modeling of Imperfections . 2b. Use of Notional Loads to Represent Imperfections 3. Adjustments to Stiffness C3. Calculation of Available Strengths D, DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION ..... D1. Slendemess Limitations D2. Tensile Strength D3. Effective Net Area D4. Built-Up Members . DS. Pin-Connected Members . 1. Tensile Strength .. 2, Dimensional Requirements ... D6. Byebars . . 1. Tensile Strength 2. Dimensional Requirements... DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION El, General Provisions F2. Effective Length . ; 3. Flexural Buckling of Members without Slender Elements F4, Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements ES. Single Angle Compression Members copra Area nat Sl Cancion rota ora ease win AS Specification for Structural Sai ois ian ny reBF451010 ‘otedten a nnstog Domo witout ces fom MSRICAN INSTITUTE Cet orResae 01117 21 2649.0MT 14 14 14 4 15 18 18 18 we 19 -.19 19 22 2d 25) 31 31 33 33 234 36‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: 16.1-vii E6. Built-Up Members a 37 1. Compressive Strength .. : 37 2. Dimensional Requirements .... oe ee 38 7. Members with Slender Elements cesses coves 40 1. Slender Unstiffened Elements, Q; eee . wee 40 2. Slender Stiffened Elements, Q, ... 43 F._ DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE Fl. General Provisions F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Major Axis eee eee 47 efee Viclding eee eee AT 2. LateralTorsional Buckling AT F3. Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members With Compact Webs and Noncompact or Slender Flanges Bent About Their Major Axis 249 1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling ; 49 2. Compression Flange Local Buckling . 49 F4, Other I-Shaped Members With Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent ‘About Their Major Axis .. 1. Compression Flange Yielding 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling . 4, Tension Flange Yielding ee F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric I-Shaped Members With Slender Webs Bent About Their Major Axis ..... 1. Compression Flange Yielding 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling ..... 3. Compression Flange Local Buckling 4, Tension Flange Yielding ....... F6. _I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Minor Axis 2 SS 1. Yielding - -55 2. Flange Local Buckling ..... ores 55 F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box- ‘Shaped Members... 56 1. Yielding +56 2. Flange Local Buckling 37 3. Web Local Buckling 37 F8. Round HSS... 1, Yielding . 37 2. Local Buckling 2.57 F9, Tees and Double Angles Loaded in the Plane of Symmetry... - 58 1. Yielding 2-58 2. Lateral-Torsonal Buckling ee -58 3. Flange Local Buckling of Tees ..... ae 58 4. Local Buckling of Tee Stems in Flexural Compression 59 SE yTes anc iarwewn nse "Specification for Structural sad wis Fon redfa2010 Aoreradton onan nad wnt ionsa rom MRICAN INSTITUTE (elf Ree 09/111 2048 GMT16.1-viii FIO. Single Angles . 1. Yielding ......... 5 2. Lateral Torsional Buckling. 3. Leg Local Buckling .... Fil. Rectangular Bars and Rounds 1 2. ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: Yielding, Lateral-Torsional Buckling aaasesess F12. Unsymmetrical Shapes... 1. Yielding ....... ; 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling 3. Local Buckling : F13. Proportions of Beams and Girders ..... 1. Strength Reductions for Members With Holes inthe ‘Tension Flange a Propontioning Limits for Shaped Members .... Cover Plates ..... Built-Up Beams . 5. Unbraced Length for Moment Redistribution FEN G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR 67 G1. General Provisions : -67 G2. Members With Unstiffened or Stiffened Webs -67 1. Shear Strength .67 2. Transverse Stiffeners 69 G3. Tension Field Action 10 LL Limits on the Use of Tension Feld Action... - 70 2. Shear Strength With Tension Field Action. . 5 70 3. Transverse Stiffeners 5 o 70 G4. Single Angles 6.0.0... ..0000eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee n G5, Rectangular HSS and Box-~ “Shaped Members na G6, RoundHSS.......... ce eeteeeeeeeees eee TD G7. Weak Axis Shear in Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric Shapes ...... TR G8. Beams and Girders with Web Openings 72 H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION .. eobe oB Hi. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure™ and Axial Force .... ceseeeeees B 1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression .....22+++ cee B 2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject ro Flexure and Tension. 74, 3. Doubly Symmetric Rolled Compact Members Subject to Single Axis Flexure and Compression 78 BectlytnsonseritrceanASC.” Specification for Structural S gad Soin Yani as7087402010 ‘oro or estng feted wou ese fom HSRICAN INSTITUTE Chee Resin) 1? 213849 GAT‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force H3. Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Torsion, lexure, Shear and/or Axial force 1 2 3. Round and Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion . HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial Force ..... i Non-HS$ Members Subject o Torsion and Combined Stress H4. Rupture of Flanges With Holes Subject to Tension ...... 1. DESIGN Il. General Provisions 1 2. 2a, 2b. 3. 4, OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS . Concrete and Steel Reinforcement Nominal Strength of Composite Sections Plastic Stress Distribution Method . . Strain Compatibility Method . Material Limitations Classification of Filled Composite Sections for Local Buckling. 12. Axial Force 1. la. Ib. Ie. Id le. 2. 2a. 2b. 2c. 24. 1B. Flexure . 1 la. Ib, 2, 2a, 2b. 2¢, 24. 3 4, 4a, 4b. ony Amasean nt oS Encased Composite Members Limitations ....... Compressive Strength Tensile Strength ......... Load Transfer Detailing Requirements Suu Filled Composite Members ....... Limitations es Tensile Strength Load Transfer... General . ce Effective Width ... Strength During Construction... Composite Beams With Steel Headed Stud or Steel Channel Anchors Positive Flexural Strength Negative Flexural Strength ..... Composite Beams With Formed Stee! Deck . Load Transfer Between Steel Beam and Concrete Slab Encased Composite Members ... Filled Composite Members ..... Limitations Flexural Strength test Specification for Structural $end Soi wih oar om MERICAN INSTITUTE € Nett Ros pit 1a7452010 16.1-ix 16 Ree “7716.1 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 14. Shear coerce er 1. Filled and Encased Composite Members -.. eee eo 2. Composite Beams With Formed Steel Deck . eee 15. Combined Flexure and Axial Force 16. Load Transfer... 1, General Requirements 2. Force Allocation . 2a, Extemal Force Applied to Stel Section 2b. External Force Applied to Concrete . 5 de. External Force Applied Concurrently to Steel and Concrete 94 3. Force Transfer Mechanisms 95 3a, Direct Bearing .. 95 3b. Shear Connection 295 3c. Direct Bond Interaction 295 4. Detailing Requirements -96 4a, Encased Composite Members .... -96 4b. Filled Composite Members : -96 17. Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams 96 18. Steel Anchors ” 1. General . 7 2. Steel Anchors in Composite Beams ..... 97 2a, Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors . . 97 2b. Strength of Steel Channel Anchors 99 2c. Required Number of Steel Anchors 99 2d. Detailing Requirements ...... -.99 3, Steel Anchors in Composite Components. --100 3a. Shear Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . cece eee 1OL 3b. Tensile Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors in Composite Components . 3e._ Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors for Interaction of Shear and Tension in Composite Components cecee eee ee essen eee 102 3d. Shear Strength of Steel Channel Anchors in Composite Components . - 104 e. Detailing Requirements in Composite Components ..... 104 -- 102 19. Special Cases ....... = 104 J. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS = 105 Jl. General Provisions ...... 105 1. Design Basis ...... 108 Simple Connections ... 105 2. 3. Moment Connections .. eee coven e 106 4. Compression Members With Bearing Joints . 106 5. Splices in Heavy Sections ...... 106 Sarees awehiensewtn Se" Specification for Structural Sead is Yai ar7eGFa2010 Norepacotonortwerng arts wineticres tom IMSRICAN INSTITUTE Chto 20°17 213648 GT‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: 16.1-xi 6. Weld Access Holes eee 107 7. Placement of Welds and Bolts ............ -107 8. Bolts in Combination With Welds . .. et 107 9. High-Strength Bolts in Combination With Rivets... - 108 10. Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections 108 2. Welds . ee cet w+ 108 eee foc te eset este neeeeneees = +108 la, Effective Area 108 1b. Limitations = 110 2. Fillet Welds 110 2a, Effective Area ... 110 2b. Limitations és lll 3. Plug and Slot Welds .. ee <3 3a, Biffective Area eee 113 3b. Limitations cece eeeeeeee HB 4. Strength 000. ceeeeeeeees cece 5. Combination of Welds ... 117 17 118 118 6. Filler Metal Requirements 7. Mixed Weld Metal . J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts 1, High-Strength Bolts = 118 2. Size and Use of Holes ++ 120 3. Minimum Spacing 2-122 4. Minimum Edge Distance . oe 122 5. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance eevee 122 6. ‘Tensile and Shear Strength of Bolts and ‘Threaded Parts 125 7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections 125 8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections ........ 126 9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections 127 10. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes 127 11, Special Fasteners .... 128 12. Tension Fasteners ....... . 128 14, Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements... 128 1, Strength of Elements in Tension ..........- 128 2. Strength of Elements in Shear +2129 3. Block Shear Strength : 129 4, Strength of Elements in Compression = 129 5. Strength of Elements in Flexure - 130 Js. Fillers . =. 130 1. Fillers in Welded Connections 130 la. Thin Fillers 130 130 130 Ib. Thick Fillers ........ 2. Fillers in Bolted Connections Frosty ncundrtemce thse” Specification for Structural cad ci ecm nares? 10 Noepadtton a nemreng pene itt crea omIMSRICAN INSTITUTE Cito Rosas 201117213649 GMT16.1-xii ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS. 16. Splices 131 37. Bearing Strength .... 131 J8. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete = 132 39, Anchor Rods and Embedments .........0.0..00000+ 7 132 J10. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces... 133 1, Flange Local Bending 2133 2. Web Local Yielding 2134 3. Web Local Crippling ......... 134 4. Web Sidesway Buckling ... 135 5. Web Compression Buckling . . 60 136 6. Web Panel Zone Shear ..... fete eeeeee es 136 7. Uniramed Ends of Beams and Girders wooo 138, 8. Additonal Stffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces ........ 138 9. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces... 138 K. DESIGN OF HSS AND BOX MEMBER CONNECTIONS 140 K1. Concentrated Forces on HSS ......060.00 000 0c ee se ee teeeeeeeees 140 -140 M1 M1 M41 we M6 .147 147 147 154 1. Definitions of Parameters . 2. Round HSS 3. Rectangular HSS K2. HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections . 1. Definitions of Parameters 2. Round HSS . 3. Rectangular HSS een K3. HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections... 1. Definitions of Parameters . 2. Round HSS . 154 3. Rectangular HSS. : 154 K4, Welds of Plates and Branches to Rectangular HSS . 154 L. DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY .......00000000000c0ecceeeeeeeeeee- 163 LI. General Provisions 163 12. Camber 163 L3. _Deflections = 163 L4. Drift ... vee e eee e teense eneeeeeeees - 164 LS. Vibration voce e eee e cree eee 164 L6. Wind-Induced Motion : 164 L7. Expansion and Contraction .........0..+ ceceeee eee 164 L8. Connection Slip .... 164 M. FABRICATION AND ERECTION ....... 165 MI. Shop and Erection Drawings ++ 165 M2. Fabrication ... 165 1. Cambering, Curving and Straightening . 165 2. Thermal Cutting 165 See eT tactics NBe "Specification for Structural $x ois ere aie3Fe62010 Notepads metwonng pm wnt Scream HSRICAN INSTITUTE: CNet‘ Resa 2H 282 GMT‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xiii 3. Planing of Edges .... +166 4, Welded Construction 166 5. Bolted Construction 166 6. Compression Joints 167 7. Dimensional Tolerances 167 8. Finish of Column Bases ..........0000005 ceceeeee 167 9. Holes for Anchor Rods... 0.00660 00 000 ccc eeeeeeeee eee 167 10. Drain Holes 167 11. Requirements for Galvanized Members... svc 168 M3. Shop Painting . p05 168 1. General Requirements ..........26000065 168 2. Inaccessible Surfaces ........ 168 3. Contact Surfaces «168 4, Finished Surfaces .... 5 ++ 168 5. Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds 168, M4. Erection 168 1. Column Base Setting 168 2. Stability and Connections ........... 169 3. Alignment ........ pee oo) 4. Fitof Column Compression Joints and Base Plates «2. ..s...6. 169 5. Field Welding = 169 6. Field Painting 169 N. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 170 NI. Scope ........-5 170 N2._ Fabricator and Erector Quality Control Program 71 N3. Fabricator and Erector Documents .. 71 1. Submittals for Steel Construction m 2. Available Documents for Steel Construction m1 4. Inspection and Nondestructive Testing Personnel se 172 1. Quality Control Inspector Qualifications ...... -172 2. Quality Assurance Inspector Qualifications . 173 3. NDT Personnel Qualifications 5 eee73 NS. Minimum Requirements for Inspection of Structural Steel Buildings... 173 1. Quality Control . “173 2. Quality Assurance 174 3. Coordinated Inspection ......... 174 4. Inspection of Welding ....... 174 5. Nondestructive Testing of Welded Joins ... ea 5a. Procedures 7 5b. CIP Groove Weld NDT cette eeeeeecteeeeeeeeee IT Sc. Access Hole NDT feet eee eeeee ee ITB Sd. Welded Joints Subjected to Fatigue... ..c.cccscceseeeesesss 178 Se. Reduction of Rate of Ultrasonic Testing, 178 Specification for Structural Sa Sis Feria a78872G2010 Noteecutonorsatwerg ported tot crest SRICAN INSTITUTE Ca ale 29117 213642 GMT16.1-xiv ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Sf. Increase in Rate of Ultrasonic Testing 5g. Documentation 6. Inspection of High-Strength Bolting . 7. Other Inspection Tasks 178 179 179 N6. Minimum Requirements for Inspection of Composite Construction... N7. Approved Fabricators and Brectors 8. Nonconforming Material and Workmanship ........... APPENDIX 1. DESIGN BY INELASTIC ANALYSIS 1.1, General Requirements 12. Ductility Requirements. 1. Material 2. Cross Section 3. Unbraced Length 4. Axial Force .. 13. Analysis Requirements 1. Material Properties and Yield Criteria 2. Geometric Imperfections ...... 3. Residual Stress and Partial Yielding Effects APPENDIX 2. DESIGN FOR PONDING 2.1. Simplified Design for Ponding .. 22. Improved Design for Ponding APPENDIX 3. DESIGN FOR FATIGUE . 3.1, General Provisions 32. Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges 33. Plain Material and Welded Joints . 3.4. Bolts and Threaded Parts ..... 3.5. Special Fabrication and Erection Requirements APPENDIX 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE CONDITIONS 4.1. General Provisions 4.1.1. — Performance Objective ..... 4.1.2. — Design by Engineering Analysis, 4.13. Design by Qualification Testing ... 4.1.4. Load Combinations and Required Strength 4.2. Structural Design for Fire Conditions by Analysis, 4.2.1. Design-Basis Fire . 4.2.1.1. Localized Fire ...... sees 42.12. Post-Fashover Compartment Fires... 42.13. Exterior Fires ..... sees 4.2.14, Active Fire Protection Systems ....... Material Strengths at Elevated Temperatures... Seema rurrcenaamase ” Spectieation for Structural Sect asraag2D10 Notepoattonarsemng persed itt eres tomIMSRICAN INSTITUTE CN! Reade 20"N 1 23649 GMT ceeeurne hres fron pes -181 181 182 182 = 183 183 184 = 184 184 2 185 «186 - 186 - 186 - 187 187 - 188 188 189 192 192 193 193 196 197 -214 24 214 24 215 -.215 -215 215 215 --216 -216 -216 216 216TABLE OF CONTENTS: 16.1-xv 42.3.1. Thermal Elongation .. 216 4232. Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures .............217 42.4, — Structural Design Requirements .. 218 42.4.1, General Structural Integrity . cecceeeeeeeeee e218 42.42 Strength Requirements and Deformation Limits 218 4243. Methods of Analysis ....... 0.660005 219 42.43a. Advanced Methods of Analysis. 219 4.2.43b. Simple Methods of Analysis . 219 4244, Design Strength ... 2-221 4.3. Design by Qualification Testing cece eee eee 22D 43.1. Qualification Standards : 221 43.2. — Restrained Construction ... seve eee e eee 222 43.3. — Unrestrained Construction ..........605 222 APPENDIX 5. EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES 223 5.1. General Provisions ......0.000cceeceeeeeee 223, 5.2. Material Properties ..... : 223, 1. Determination of Required Tests 223 2. Tensile Properties oe 2B 3. Chemical Composition +224 4, Base Metal Notch Toughness = 224 5. Weld Metal =.224 6. Bolts and Rivets : =. 224 5.3. Evaluation by Structural Analysis =. 224 1. Dimensional Data =. 224 2. Strength Evaluation... 225 3. Serviceability Evaluation 22.225 5.4. Evaluation by Load Tests . 2-525 1. Determination of Load Rating by Testing . 225 2. Serviceability Evaluation on 226 5.5. Evaluation Report ........00c000eecees ; 26 APPENDIX 6. STABILITY BRACING FOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS ..... .227 6.1. General Provisions 227 62. Column Bracing ....... = 228 1. Relative Bracing ... =. 228 2. Nodal Bracing .... =. 228 63. Beam Bracing......... 29 1, Lateral Bracing .... 229 la, Relative Bracing 2229 Ib. Nodal Bracing -230 2. Torsional Bracing -230 2a, Nodal Bracing . : 230 2b. Continuous Bracing be ceeeeeeeeeee eee 231 Selsey eS wdercensowm nse" Specification for Souctural ‘sad Soi Norpoauton anemone Soe io cess Kom MSRICAN INSTITUTE Coto Reale 20/1 23849 GMT16.1-xvi ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 64 Beam-Column Bracing .... APPENDIX 7. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DESIGN FOR STABILITY 7.1. General Stability Requirements ......... 7.2. Effective Length Method 1, Limitations 0.0.0.0... eee 2. Required Strengths ....... 3. Available Strengths .. 7.3. First-Order Analysis Method 1. Limitations 2. Required Strengths 3. Available Strengths APPENDIX 8. APPROXIMATE SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS ........ 8.1. Limitations 8.2. Calculation Procedure : 1. Multiplier By for P-6 Effects 2. Multiplier By for P-A Effects COMMENTARY INTRODUCTION .. COMMENTARY SYMBOLS .........-...0665 COMMENTARY GLOSSARY A. GENERAL PROVISIONS Al. Scope cece e tee e teen eee e ees A2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards A3. Material .... ee 1. Structural Steel Materials ... Ja. ASTM Designations 1c. Rolled Heavy Shapes 2. Steel Castings and Forgings 3. Bolts, Washers and Nuts 4, Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods... 5. Consumables for Welding : A4, Structural Design Drawings and Specifications B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS B1. General Provisions B2. Loads and Load Combinations B3. Design Basis 1. Required Strength 2. Limit States Selsey aecrlomscwis nse" Specification for Structural Sa Gof Featn’ a 1e87452010 Notepeston or monn pemes weroutioree fom MSRICAN INSTITUTE (atl Reale 20°97 213849 GMT +232 233 2-233 = +233 234 2 235 2 235 2235 = 235 2.237 -.237 -.237 = 238 =. 239 +241 242 244 246 246 -.247 =. 247 247 2247 - 250 rz 2251 +251 251 252 = 253 = 253 = 254 256 257 287‘TABLE OF CONTENTS. 3. Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Design for Strength Using Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Design for Stability .......... Design of Connections ........ ‘Moment Redistribution in Beams Diaphragms and Collectors eee 10. Design for Ponding .......... 12. Design for Fire Conditions .... 13, Design for Corrosion Effects B4, Member Properties : 1. Classifications of Sections for Local Buckling 2. Design Wall Thickness for HSS . . 3. Gross and Net Area Determination 3a. Gross Area .... 3b. Net Area .. C. DESIGN FOR STABILITY Cl. General Stability Requirements C2. Calculation of Required Strengths . er ays 1, General Analysis Requirements : 2. Consideration of Initial Imperfections . 3. Adjustments to Stiffness ....... C3. Calculation of Available Strengths ... D. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR TENSION ....... D1. Slenderness Limitations D2. Tensile Strength .... D3. Effective Net Area D4. Built-Up Members DS. Pin-Connected Members .. 1. Tensile Strength 2. Dimensional Requirements. D6. Eyebars 1. Tensile Strength .... 2. Dimensional Requirements E. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION El. General Provisions ... E2. Effective Length .... a ee ee E3. Flexural Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements . E4. Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members Without Slender Elements . we 5. Single Angle Compression Members 5 6. Built-Up Members .......+-++ eee Per Uyies cwcrienwm ASC "Specification for Structural Sead Sect asreSFaO10 ‘ovewodsonornotwsarg seme tod! eos fm MSRICAN INSTITUTE CN Rote 20/1 213848 GMT 161-avii = 258 «260 = 262 262 «+266 «266 - 267 = 267 - 267 268 268 -201 201 271 271 2272 272 273 2204 2279 ..279 = 281 2 282, - 282 - 282 - 282 287 +287 -287 287 288 = 288 288 290 +290 - 292 292 = 294 296 29716.1-xviii ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Compressive Strength .. 22.297 2. Dimensional Requirements 22-297 E7. Members with Slender Elements ............ +++ 298 1, Slender Unstiffened Elements, Oy .........20. 00000 -299 2. Slender Stiffened Elements, Og . vette 300 F._ DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE 302 Fl. General Provisions ....... 302 F2. Doubly Symmetric Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Major Axis. = 308 F3. Doubly Symmetric FShaped Members With Compact Webs and ‘Nonecompact or Slender Flanges Bent About Their Major Axis ..........310 F4, Other Shaped Members with Compact or Noncompact Webs Bent About Their Major Axis . 310 F5. Doubly Symmetric and Singly Symmetric Shaped Members with Slender Webs Bent About Their Major Axis +312 F6, [Shaped Members and Channels Bent About Their Minor Axis 2312 F7. Square and Rectangular HSS and Box-Shaped Members . 2-312 F8. Round HSS... cece weve 318 FO. Tees and Double Angles Loaded inthe Plane of Symmetry .............314 F10. Single Angles 317 1. Yielding ... 318 2. Lateral-Torsional Buckling - 318 3. Leg Local Buckling 2321 FIL. Rectangular Bars and Rounds 322 FI2. Unsymmetrical Shapes . 323 FI3. Proportions of Beams and Girders . .. 323 1. Strength Reductions for Members With Holes in the 323 Tension Flange ...... 2. Proportioning Limits for Shaped Members... ccccsc0.2.1.323 3. Cover Plates . 324 5. Unbraced Length for Moment Redistribution ... 324 G. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR SHEAR 325 Gl. General Provisions ..........+ Go +++ 325 G2. Members With Unstiffened or Stffened Webs . -325 1, Shear Strength ...... = 325 2, Transverse Stiffeners . 327 G3. Tension Field Action cece eee teen eee 327 1. Limits on the Use of Tension Field Action 2.2.0.0. ccscse.1.327 2. Shear Strength With Tension Field Action .......0000000000006..328 3. Transverse Stiffeners 328 G4, Single Angles cece 328 GS. Rectangular HSS and Box Shaped Members... 20... 329 Seeing Sracl iol dat0 [No egoaon orsomrng Sorted wea caran fom MSRICAN INSTITUTE CR Resi 20"/7 213849 OMT‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xix G6. Round HSS. cece seen e330 G7. Weak Axis Shear in Doubly and Singly Symmetric Shapes ......+.... 330 G8. Beams and Girders with Web Openings -330 H. DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION ... .331 HI. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force ..... eas 1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subject to Flexure and Compression ...... cee 381 2. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension ..... 335 3. Doubly Symmetric Rolled Compact Members Subject to Single Axis Flexure and Compression 335 H2. Unsymmetric and Other Members Subject to Flexure and Axial Force... cere 338 3. Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial Force = 341 1. Round and Rectangular HSS Subject to Torsion = 341 L H4 DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS . u 1D. B. 2. HSS Subject to Combined Torsion, Shear, Flexure and Axial Force 342 3. Non-HSS Members Subject to Torsion and Combined Stress ....... 343 Rupture of Flanges With Holes Subject to Tension ....... 343 General Provisions 1. Conorete and Stee! Reinforcement 2. Nominal Strength of Composite Sections . 2a. Plastic Stress Distribution Method . .. 2b. Strain-Compatibility Aproach ..... 3. Material Limitations 4. Classification of Filled Composite Sections for Local Buckling, 348 Axial Force... 1. Encased Composite Members la. Limitations ....... 1b. Compressive Strength .... Ic. Tensile Strength ..... 2. Filled Composite Members .... 2a, Limitations ..........++ ee 2c. Tensile Strength ...... Flexure 1. General 2.2.2. ; la. Effective Width ... 1b. Strength During Construction... we 2. Composite Beams With Steel Headed Stud or Steel Channel Anchors . ae 353 RE ite et ccrae "Specification for Structral $a oi ire aeGfeG2010 Notepredcinn a nteoing pre wnat enee tom MSRICAN INSTITUTE Ctr Resi" 7 2 3648 GMT16.1-ax. 4, 5. 16. 1B. wp. J. DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS General Provisions . Design Basis ...... Simple Connections ... w 2 2a. Positive ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Flexural Strength .. 2b. Negative Flexural Strength . 2c. Composite Beams With Formed Steel Deck .. 2d. Load Transfer Between Steel Beam and Concrete Slab 3. Encased Composite Members 4, Filled Composite Members Shear 1. Filled and Encased Composite Members 2. Composite Beams With Formed Steel Deck .. Combined Flexure and Axial Force ..... Load Transfer . 1. General 2. Force Allocation «0.02.22... 3. Force Transfer Mechanisms ...... . 3a, Direct Bearing 3b. Shear C Requirements ‘onnection 3c. Direct Bond Interaction 4, Detailing Requirements Composite Diaphragms and Collector Beams Steel Anchors 1. General 2. Steel Anchors in Composite Beams 2a, Strength of Steel Headed Stud Anchors... . 2b. Strength of Steel Channel Anchors 2d. Detailing Requirements ..... 3. Steel Anchors in Composite Components . Special Cases Moment Connections ... Compression Members With Bearing Joints Weld Access Holes Placement of Welds and Bolts 1 2. 3 4. 5. Splices 6 7. 8. Bolts in 9 High-Strength Bots in Combination With Rivets 10. Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections Welds . 1. Groove la. Effective Area "No mproivoonorrworg some thot eastern KSRICAN INSTITUTE CR Rosai201 7 23849 GMT in Heavy Sections .... Combination With Welds Welds Specification for Structural ‘sy Soi Fain a reFa2010 357 = 359 = 360 360 362 = 363 365 = 365 = 365 = 365 - 370 - 370 370 aT on 2372 372 372 374 376 . 316 377 377 379 380 - 380 382 - 383 383 383 383 383 384 384 +386 387 388 2388 388 388 389 - 389‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xxi 1b. Limitations 389 2. Fillet Welds ceeeeee 389 2a. Effective Area...... bee eee 389 2b. Limitations fev ceteeeeeeees Reeser 389 3. Plug and Slot Welds « 395 3a. Effective Area .. 2-395 3b. Limitations . = 395 4. Strength 5 396 Se ee beeen ee 400 6. Filler Metal Requirements ............060. 400 7. Mixed Weld Metal 400 J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts .... 1. High-Strength Bolts 400 2. Size and Use of Holes ».401 3. Minimum Spacing 402 4, Minimum Edge Distance ceeeees 402 5. Maximum Spacing and Bdge Distance seven 402 6. Tension and Shear Strength of Bolts and Threaded Parts... 402 7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections 2404 8. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections ........ sees 406 9. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections =. 410 10. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . 410 12. Tension Fasteners ...... au V4. Affected Elements of Members and Connecting Elements --411 1. Strength of Elements in Tension ....... --41L 2. Strength of Elements in Shear . -4ll 3. Block Shear Strength on 4 4, Strength of Elements in Compression .... 413 JS. Fillers ee 2413 J Bearing Strength = sesso : 2.413 38. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete .. . 414 39. Anchor Rods and Embedments 414 N10. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces +415 = 416 1, Flange Local Bending ........ 2. Web Local Yielding . cette 417 3. Web Local Crippling ......... ceceeeeeeeee ee AIT 4, Web Sidesway Buckling 418 5. Web Compression Buckling + 418 6. Web Panel-Zone Shear... = 419 7. Uniramed Ends of Beams and Girders 42 8. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Fo1 422 9. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces... . 423 Prmcciy Re arostoewmAse "Specification for Siuctural ad yoo mre 10 ‘oredr pte tet eras fomltGRICAN INSTITUTE Cat tr eae 201/11 2 36 GMT16.1-xxii ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: K. DESIGN OF HSS AND BOX MEMBER CONNECTIONS ...........-...425 KI. Concentrated Forces on HSS ....--- 0022200000 pooousbucosus 2) 1. Definitions of Parameters . ceeeeeee 425 2. RoundHSS....... 425 3. Rectangular HSS .. 425 K2. HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections. . : 428 1. Definitions of Parameters ........- 0006+ ve eeeeeee eee 431 2. Round HSS...... aeereee pect cr 4a) 3. Rectangular HSS ...... Reese 433 K3, _HSS-to-HSS$ Moment Connections cones 436 K4. Welds of Plates and Branches to Rectangular SS . 437 . DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY .. eee ers 439 LI. General Provisions L2. Camber L3. _Deflections LA. Drift . LS. Vibration . 6. Wind-Induced Motion L7. Expansion and Contraction .... L8, Connection Slip ....... M. FABRICATION AND ERECTION .... MI. Shop and Erection Drawings 24d 445 M2. Fabrication ....... 1. Cambering, Curving and Straightening - 445 2. Thermal Cutting 445 4, Welded Construction . 446 5. Bolted Construction = 446 10, Drain Holes .........2eece00e 446 11. Requirements for Galvanized Memiers 447 M3. Shop Painting : 448, 1. General Requirements . = 448 448 = 448 - 448 3. Contact Surfaces 5. Surfaces Adjacent to Feld Welds M4. Erection . . 2. Stability and Connections +448 4. Fit of Column Compression Joints and Base Plates, veces ee 48 449 5. Field Welding . N. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE .. -450 NI. Scope ......2e.cee esters a 450 N2._ Fabricator and Erector Quality Control Program 451 N3. Fabricator and Erector Documents 452 1, Submittals for Steel Construction .......6606.+ 452, Fetnetiyins cuca wm nse Specification for Sractual i Scr fwoan aregFaO10 ‘orwedooy orang arti tout zeae fom MSRICAN INSTITUTE CHa Ronin20)791 23848 GMT‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: 2. Available Documents for Steel Construction . N4. Inspection and Nondestructive Testing Personnel . . 1. Quality Control Inspector Qualifications 2. Quality Assurance Inspector Qualifications ........ 3, NDT Personnel Qualifications eres NS. Minimum Requirements for Inspection of Structural Stee! Buildings 1. Quality Control 2. Quality Assurance 3. Coordinated Inspection 4. 5 Inspection of Welding Nondestructive Testing of Welded Joints Sa. Procedures 5b. CIP Groove Weld NDT Se. Access Hole NDT .....- Sd, Welded Joints Subjected to Fatigue . Se. Reduction of Rate of Ultrasonic Testing Sf. Increase in Rate of Ultrasonic Testing 6. Inspection of High-Strength Bolting . 7. Other Inspection Tasks 16.1-xxiii 452 = 453 453 453 -453 454 N6. Minimum Requirements for Inspection of Composite oe NT. Approved Fabricators and Erectors ....2.66000 00+ APPENDIX 1. DESIGN BY INELASTIC ANALYSIS .. 1.1. General Requirements Ductility Requirements . 1. Material 2. Cross Section 3. Unbraced Length 4. Axial Force 1.3. Analysis Requirements 1. Material Properties and Yield Criteria 2. Geometric Imperfections . 3. Residual Stresses and Partial Yielding Effects APPENDIX 2. DESIGN FOR PONDING APPENDIX 3. DESIGN FOR FATIGUE .... 3.1. General... 20000006 Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges . 3.3, Plain Material and Welded Joints. . 3.4. Bolts and Threaded Parts 3.5. Special Fabrication and Erection Requirements APPENDIX 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE CONDITIONS . 4.1. General Provisions rates by ge cana win ASE Specification for Strctural§ ewe ay765740010 ‘owsvoausn armen pomted hot coast SRICAN INSTITUTE Cote Reels z0 117 23849. GNT 2 M54 2 M54 -455 456 460 460 = 460 = 462 2 462 462 463 = 463 464 466 = 466 468 468 -470 -471 471 42 473 473 474 474 414 476 479 479 479 480 481 = 482 483 48316.1-xxiv TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1.1. — Performance Objective 4.1.2. Design by Engineering Analysis... 4.14. Load Combinations and Required Strength 4.2. Structural Design for Fire Conditions by Analysis . 42.1, Design-Basis Fire . 42.1.1, Localized Fire 42.12. PostPlashover Compartment Fires 42.1.3, Exterior Fires . cee 42.1.4, Active Fire Protection Systems 422. Temperatures in Structural Systems Under Fire Conditions 423. — Material Strengths at Elevated Temperatures ........ 424, Structural Design Requirements 424.1, General Structural Integrity . 42.42. Strength Requirements and Deformation Limits. 42.4.3. Methods of Analysis 42.43a. Advanced Methods of Analysis 4243p. Simple Methods of Analysis 4244, Design Strength 43. Design by Qualification Testing 43.1. — Qualification Standards . 43.2. Restrained Construction .. 43.3. — Unrestrained Construction Bibliography . APPENDIX 5. EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES 5.1. General Provisions 5.2. Material Properties . Determination of Required Tests Tensile Properties : Base Metal Notch Toughness. Weld Metal . Bolts and Rivets i 53. Evaluation by Structural Analysis 2. Strength Evaluation . 5.4, Evaluation by Load Tests . 1. Determination of Load Rating by Testing 2. Serviceability Evaluation ..... 55. Evaluation Report . ayane APPENDIX 6, STABILITY BRACING FOR COLUMNS AND BEAMS .. . 6.1. General Provisions . .. 62. Column Bracing 63. Beam Bracing 1, Lateral Bracing 2. Torsional Bracing cov amet nt Se Connon Prey he ancr teers mth SC Specification for Structural adi Fan asrafag2010 ovweedtr ono ped wet Sores fomiHRICAN INSTITUTE € ett wale 20117 29640 OMT 483 483 484 485 485 485 485 486 = 486 486 490 491 491 491 491 - 491 2 492. - 492 493 = 493 493 494 495 497 497 497 498 498 498 498 498 499. --499 +499 - 500 501 -501 504 = 505 - 506 = 506‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 16.1-xxv 64 Beam-Column Bracing .... APPENDIX 7. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DESIGN FOR STABILITY 7.2. Effective Length Method 7.3. First-Order Analysis Method . APPENDIX 8. APPROXIMATE SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS ............ REFERENCES «2.00... .00000000000eeee Frou oy mo ansoreasewmasen Specification for Sructual ‘gad Sca'acontnebFa010 [Neto or eter Semin woo ne fem MSRICAN INSTITUTE Cher Reale 7219849 GMT 508 509 - 509 518 520 52716.1-xxvi ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS: Fralese ne anccrtamse mtnAG Specification for Structural § sa Sec, A795702010 Noten Sr nhsting Somes wih ceon fomiHSRICAN INSTITUTE Car Ree 0117 213849 OMT16.1-xx0ii SYMBOLS ‘Some definitions in the list below have been simplified in the interest of brevity. In all cases, the definitions given in the body of the Specification govern. Symbols without text defini- tions, used only in one location and defined at that location are omitted in some cases. The section or table number in the right-hand column refers to the Section where the symbol is first used ‘Symbol Definition Section Am Cross-sectional area of the base metal, in. (mm*) WA Ay Nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part, in.? (mm?) .....3.6 Abi Cross-sectional area of the overlapping branch, in. (mm?) + /K23 Ay Cross-sectional area of the overlapped branch, in.? (mm?) --K23 Ac Area of concrete, in.? (mm?) . 1b Ac ‘Area of conerete slab within effective width, in? (mm?) ............ IB.2d Ae Effective net area, in? (mm?) . cons D2 Ae Summation of the effective areas ofthe cross section based on the reduced effective width, be, in? (mm?) «BIZ Age Area of compression flange, in? (mm?) .. -G3.1 Af Gross area of tension flange, in.*(mm*) . eee Apu Net area of tension flange, in.? (mm?) Fi3.. An Area of tension flange, in.? (mm?) . -G3.1 As Gross cross-sectional area of member, in? (mm?) B37 Ag Gross area of composite member, in.? (mm?) 21 Aw Gross area subject to shear, in? (mm?) M43 An Net area of member, in.? (mm?) : - B43 An ‘Area of the directly connected elements, in? (mm?) . Table D3.1 Ant Net area subject to tension, in?(mm?) ... 143 Ars Net area subject to shear, in.? (mm?) 43 Agb Projected area in bearing, in?(mm?) .... aeeeee As Cross-sectional area of steel section, in? (mm?) .... ceceeee Tb Asa Cross-sectional area of stee! headed stud anchor, in.?(mm!) . +++ 18.2a Ay Area onthe shear failure path in? (mm?) « = DS. Ag Area of continuous reinforcing bars, in.? (mm?) = 21 As. Area of adequately developed longitudinal reinforcing steel within the effective width of the concrete slab, in.” (mm?) ++ 13.2d At Net area in tension, in? (mm?) . . . App. 3.4 Aw Area of web, the overall depth times the web thickness, dy, in? (mm?) 5 aren --G21 Awe Bifective area of the weld, in? (mm)... nA Awvei Effective area of weld throat of any ith weld element, in? (mm?) ...... 324 AL Loaded area of concrete, in?(mm?) ....2.2.660.+ 163a A ‘Area of steel concentrically bearing on @ concrete support in? (mm!) ....J8 Feraed yn aco ieatewnAse. "Specification for Structural ici ecin, aregi010 ‘owseduconornawarg Suma lo nan frm HGRICAN INSTITUTE CN Resalg207 17 23849 GMT16.1-xx0iii SYMBOLS: Symbol Definition Section Ad Maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in? (mm?) ...J8 B Overall width of rectangular HSS member, measured 90 ° to the plane of the connection, in. (mm) .. Table D3.1 B Overall width of rectangular steel section along face ‘transferring load, in, (mm) 163c By Overall width of rectangular HSS branch ‘meimber, measured 90° ° to the plane of the connection, in. (mm) K2.1 Bai Overall width of the overlapping branch, in. (mm) ........ -K23 By Overall width of the overlapped branch, in. (mm) K23 Bp Width of plate, measured 90 ° to the plane of the connection, in. (mm) . Kil By Multiplier to account for P-b effects «App 8.2 By Multiplier to account for P-A effects. . App.8.2 Cc HSS torsional constant . . HB. Cy Lateral-torsional buckling ‘modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams FL Ca Coefficient accounting for increased | required bracing stiffness at inflection point . App. 6.3.1 G Constant from Table A-3.1 forthe fatigue category «».- App. 3.3 en Coefficient accounting for nonuniform moment App. 8.2.1 icy Ponding flexibility coefficient for primary member in a flat roof - App. 2.1 Cc Coefficient for web sidesway buckling S104 CG Ponding flexibility coefficient for secondary ‘member in a flat roof, «App. 2.1 G Web shear coefficient G21 Co ‘Warping constant, in. (mm*) .......... 1B Cs Bdge distance increment » Table 3.5 D Outside diameter of round HSS, in. (mm) Table B4.1 D: Outside diameter of round HSS main member, in. (mm) .... ~-K21 D Nominal dead load, kips (N) . . «App. 2.2 Dy Outside diameter of round HSS branch member, in. (mm) K21 Dy In slip-critical connections, a multiplier that reflects the ratio of the mean installed bolt pretension to the specified minimum bolt pretension BB E Modulus of elasticity of steel = = 29.003 ksi (200 000 MPa) - Table B4.1 Ee Modulus of elasticity of concrete = wi [f . ksi (0.043w!5./ fz, MPa) - ab - Rb EAT) ‘Modulus of elasticity of concrete at elevated t temperature, ksi (MPa) ; ceeees App. 4.2.3.2 Es Modulus of elasticity of steel 29,000 ksi (200 ‘000 MPa) ... - +e T2Ib E(T) lastic modulus of elasticity of steel at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa) ... App. 4.2.43 ES te tsetse Specification for Structural $a io ean” aTe8742010 Norepadoe a set eid wit icree om MGRICAN INSTITUTE CNotlor Resale 2°97 2.9648 GMTSYMBOLS: 16.1-xxix Symbol Definition Section Elegy Effec stiffness of composite section, kip-in.* (N-mm*) . 12.1b Fe Available stress, ksi (MPa) . Kl Fea ‘Available axial stress at the point of consideration, ksi (MPa) Few, Fevz Available flexural stress at the point of consideration, ksi (MPa) . Fer Critical stress, ksi (MPa) . Fery Critical stress about the y-axis of symmetry, ksi (MPa) For Critical torsional buckling stress, ksi (MPa) Fe Elastic buckling stress, ksi (MPa) ....... FAT) Critical elastic buckling stress with the elastic modulus E(7) at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa) App. 4.24.3 Pex Flexural elastic buckling stress about the major pn axi ksi (MPa) 2B Fexx Filler metal classification strength, ksi (MPa) 24 Fey Flexural elastic buckling stress about the major principal axis, Ksi (MPa) 0.0.0. eceeeeeeeeeeeeeneeee Fez ‘Torsional elastic buckling stress, ksi (MPa) A Fin Nominal bond stress, 0.06 ksi (0.40 MPa)... + -163e F Magnitude of flexural stress in compression flange at which flange local buckling or lateral-torsional buckling is influenced by yielding, ksi (MPa) ............+ - Table B4.1 Fy ‘Nominal stress, ksi (MPa) . bee600 ceceeeeee HBB Fy Nominal tensile stress, Fy, or shear stess, Fy from Table 33 ksi (MPa) 13.6 Fas“; Nominal stress of the base metal, ksi (MP2) 24 Fre Nominal tensile stress from Table J3.2, ksi (MPa) . 37 Pru Nominal tensile stress modified to include the effects of shear stress, ksi (MPa) 337 Fw Nominal shear stress from Table J3.2, ksi (MPa) - BI Five Nominal stress of the weld metal, ksi (MPa) ..... 4 Fw ‘Nominal stress of the weld metal (Chapter J) with no increase in strength due to directionality of load, ksi (MPa) .-Ka Frwt ‘Nominal stress in ith weld element, ksi (MPa) 2224 Frwie x component of nominal stress, Fw. Ksi (MPa) “A Frwy y component of nominal stress, Frys, ksi (MPa) cee 2A F(T) Proportional limit at elevated temperatures, ksi (MPa) . App. 4.2.3.2 Fp Allowable stress range, ksi (MPa) .... App. 3.3 Fra “Threshold allowable stress range, maximum stress range for indefinite design life from Table A-3.1, ksi (MPa) «App. 3.1 Fe Specified minimum tensile strength, ksi (MPa) ceeeee D2 F(T) Minimum tensile strength at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa) .. . App. 4.2.3.2 i Specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa). As used in this Specification, “yield stress” denotes either the specified minimum yield point (for those steels that have a yield point) or specified yield strength (for those steels that do not have a yield point) - B37 PretSs ys aor eansewin ne Specification for Structural adr Yan aree7es2010 ‘evegroauconerneistrg pend wot eaan fom MSRICAN INSTITUTE Cote Resale Z01 107213669 GMT16.1-axx ‘SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Section Bp Specified minimum yield stress of HSS branch member material, ksi (MPa) . eee K21 Epi Specified minimum yield stress of the overlapping branch material, ksi (MPa) K23 Fj Specified minimum yield stress ofthe overlapped branch material, ksi (MPa) ceeeeeeee es K23 By Specified minimum yield stress ofthe flange, ksi (MPa) . ceee S101 Ep Specified minimum yield stress of plate, ksi (MPa) bone <1 Fysr Specified minimum yield stress of reinforcing bars, ksi (MPa). 12.1b Pat Specified minimum yield stress of the stiffener material, ksi (MPa) G33 F(T) Yield stress at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa) . App. 4.2.43 Fw Specified minimum yield stress of the web material, ksi (MPa) ......... : G33 G Shear modulus of elasticity of stel = 11,200 ksi (77 200 MPa) . EA G(T) Shear modulus of elasticity of steel at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa) App. 4.2.3.2 H Flexural constant H Story shear n the diection of translation being considered, produced by the lateral forces used to compute Ay, kips (N) ..... App. 8.2.2 H Overall height of rectangular HSS member, measured in the plane of the connection, in. (mm) ........ -- Table D3.1 He Overall height of rectangular HSS branch member, measured in the plane of the connection, in. (mm) -K21 Hey Overall depth of the overlapping branch, in. (mm) K23 I ‘Moment of inertia in the plane of bending, in.’ (mm*) ~ App. 8.2.1 Ie ‘Moment of inertia of the concrete section about the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, in! (mm) ......-......0++4+-121b la ‘Moment of inertia of the steel deck supported on secondary members, in.* (mm*) App. 2.1 Ip ‘Moment of inertia of primary members, in. nm _ App. 2.1 I ‘Moment of inertia of secondary members, in (mm*) ...........-App. 21 Is ‘Moment of inertia of steel shape about the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, in’ (mm*) ........ eee T2b Tey Moment of inertia of reinforcing bars about the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, in. (mm*) . = --R.1b Tay Moment of inertia of transverse stiffeners about an axis inthe web center for stiffener pairs, or about the face in contact with the web plate for single stiffeners, in* (mm*) ween GBS Inn Minimam moment of inertia of transverse stiffeners required for development of the web shear buckling resistance in Section G2.2, in’ (mm') 56000 ; oe weeeee G33 ha ‘Minimum moment of inertia of transverse stiffeners required for development of the full web shear buckling plus the web tension field resistance, V= Vea, in (mm' G33 Inly ‘Moment of inertia about the principal axes, in.* (mm*) SUdeC ns wasnt wihase "Specification for Structural sad ios ean areBFa2010 No'epacsan nanan arts wot tance orihSRICAN INSTITUTE € Nott eva 2011/7 29049 GMT‘SYMBOLS: 16.1-xxxi Symbol Definition Section L Out-of-plane moment of inertia, in.‘ (mm*) . App. 6.3.24 Ie Moment of inertia ofthe compression flange about the y-axis, in! (mm') Fa2 ke Minor principal axis moment of inertia, in (mm) F10.2 Jr Torsional constant, in.* (mm*) . EA K Effective length factor .... C3, E2 Ky Effective length factor for flexural buckling about x-axis ~~. -- ++ -»...EA K, Effective length factor for flexural buckling about y-axis .. EA K, Effective length factor for torsional buckling . EA Ky Effective length factor in the plane of bending, calculated based on the assumption of no lateral translation at the member ends, set equal to 1.0 unless analysis justifies a smaller value App. 8.2.1 L Height of story, in. (mm) . «App. 73.2 L Length of member, in. (mm) . 13.1 L ‘Nominal occupancy live load 5 veces App. 4.1.4 L Laterally unbraced length of member, in. (mm) «+++. +++: E2 L Length of span, in. (mm) ...... 5 App. 6.3.24 L Length of member between work points at truss chord centerlines, in, (mm) ES Ly Length between points that are either braced against lateral displacement of compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section, in.(mm) .........65 cecceeeeeeeee ee P22 Ly Distance between braces, in. (mm) . App. 6.2 L Largest laterally unbraced length along either flange atthe point of load, in. (mm) 10.4 Lm Limiting laterally unbraced length for eligibility for moment redistribution in beams according to Section B37 ........ ceeeee FIBS ly Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding, in. (mm) cee we P22 ly Length of primary members, fi (th) .+..eseseeseseeseseveve ees ADp.21 Lyd Limiting laterally unbraced length for plastic analysis, in, (mm) . < App. 1.23, L, Limiting laterally unbraced length forthe limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling, in. (mm) .....-..+++ ceceeeeeeee se F22 Ly Length of secondary members, ft (m) ... eevee App. 241 Ly Distance from maximum to zero shear force, in. (mm) ........++4+++++G6 Ms Absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment, kip-in. (N-mm) ..... ..-FI Ma Required flexural suegth using ASD load combinations, kip-in, (N-mm) 10.4 Mp [Absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment, kip-in, (N-mm) : Fl Mc Absolute value of moment at three-quarter point ofthe unbraced segment, kip-in. (N-mm) . Fl Mex, Mey Available flexural strength determined in accordance with Chapter F, kip-in. (N-mm) ...... 00 000scseeeeeeeteeeeeeereeeeees Hil Pesta oyinSarcaricarsmtmAse "Specification for Strctura Sagi NS rpaccon seen amas wot ions om MSRICAN INSTITUTE Ctr Rose 201017 21.3648 GMT16.1-xxxii SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Mex Available lateral-torsional strength for strong axis flexure determined in accordance with Chapter Fusing Cy = 1.0, kip-in. (N-mm) Mex ‘Available flexural strength about the x-axis forthe limit state of tensile rupture of the flange, kip-in. (N-mm) ... Me Elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment, kip-in. (N-mm) Mu First-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations, due to lateral translation of the structure only, kip-in. (N-mm) .. Mrrax Absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment, kip-in. (N-mm)....... Mia Moment atthe middle of the unbraced length, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mn Nominal flexural strength, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mrs First-order moment using LRED or ASD load combinations, with the structure restrained against lateral translation, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mp Plastic bending moment, kip-in. (N-mm) we My Moment corresponding to plastic stress distribution over the ‘composite cross section, kip-in, (N-mm) M, Required second-order flexural strength under LRED or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) M, Required flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mrs Required bracing moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mpip Required in-plane flexural strength in branch using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) ...... Mrop Required out-of-plane flexural strength in branch using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) . MryMry Required flexural strength, kip-in. (N-mm) . Mn Required flexural strength at the location of the bolt holes; positive for tension in the flange under consideration, negative for compression, kip-in. (N-mm) . My Required flexural strength using LRFD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) ; My Moment at yielding of the extreme fiber, kip-in, (N-mm) . My Yield moment about the axis of bending, kip-in. (N-mm) .. Myc ‘Moment at yielding of the extreme fiber in the compression flange, kip-in. (N-mm) My Moment at yielding of the extreme fiber in the tension flange, kip-in, (Nemm) ..... ccc ceccec cece eee eeee tenes My Bifective moment atthe end of the unbraced length opposite from Mp, kip-in. (N-mm) .. . M Smaller moment at end of unbraced length, ki (N-mm). M2 Larger moment at end of unbraced length, kip-in. (N-mm). Stolateny ne erieane nmin "Specification for Structural sad Goi ec are87ag2010 Noteoedtan 2 torr eid want ones emIHSRICAN INSTTTUTE Nt or Resa 2017 17 21364 GMT Section HI3 Ha -F10.2 App. 8.2 FL -App. 1.23 App. 8.2 - Table B4.1 13.4 - App. 8.2 HL - App. 6.3.2 K32 -K32 Hd Ha eevee J104 Table B4.1 F10.1 P42 FAA App. 1.2.3 -FI3.5, App. 1.2.3 -FI3.5, App. 1.2.3Symbol Pu Png. Pn Pno Prt Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pa Pro Prory Py Pu Py Q See ieeuccenceannse "Specification for Structural Sad 0% otepodtonommorung mnie wieuticane ae MSRICAN INSTITUTE C et SYMBOLS 16.1-xxxili Definition Section Notional load applied at level i, kips (N) feet eeeees C226 Additional lateral load, kips (N) - App. 73 Overlap connection coefficient ....... -K22 Available axial strength, kips (N) . Hil Available compressive strength out ofthe plane of bending, kips (N) ... H13 Elastic critical buckling load determined in accordance with Chapter C or Appendix 7, kips (N) -.-2.2600000+ : 12.1b Elastic exitical buckling strength forthe story inthe direction of translation being considered, kips (N) .......000+0ceee0000+/App 8.2.2 Elastic critical buckling load for buckling about the weak axis, kips (N) . 5 HID Elastic critical buckling strength ofthe member in the plane of bending, kips (N)......- ; App. 8.2.1 First-order axial force using LRED or ASD load combinations, due to lateral translation of the structure only, kips (N) . .. App. 8.2 otal vertical load in columns in the story that are part of moment frames, if any, in the direction of translation being considered, kips (N) . App. 8.2.2 Nominal axial strength, kips (N) .. D2 Nominal compressive strength, kips (N) .....+-0-20++ ceceeesEl Nominal compressive strenath of zero length, doubly symmetric, axially loaded composite member, kips (N) .......20020ee0000+ D2 First-order axial force using LRFD and ASD load combinations, with the structure restrained against lateral translation, Kips (N) .... App. 8.2 Nominal bearing strength, kips (N) . 38 Required second-order axial strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kips (N) App. 8.2 Required axial compressive strength using LRED ot ASD load combinations, kips (N) ca) Required axial sirength using LRFD ot ASD lod combinations, Kips (N) ves eees see HI Required axial strength ofthe member at the location of the bolt holes; positive in tension, negative in compression, kips (N) . . 2H Required external force applied tothe composite member, kips (N) -- -»16.2a Required brace strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, ips (N) .. App. 6.2, Required axial strength in chord ata joint, on the sie of joint with lower compression stress, Kips (N) .....20e2eeeeeeeeeeee ‘Table K1.1 ‘Total vertical load supported by the story using LRFD or ASD. load combinations, as applicable, including loads in columns that are not part of the lateral force resisting system, kips (N).... App. 8.2.2 Required axial strength in chord using LRFD load combinations, kips (N).....e eee Beads Kil Required axial strength in compression, kips (N) App. 1.2.2 Axial yield strength, kips (N) 23 Net reduction factor accounting forall slender compression elements... E7 a r7ag2O1016.1-xxxiv SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Section, Qa Reduction factor for slender stiffened elements .....6....05+ E72 et Available tensile strength, kips (N) Qey Available shear strength, kips (N) . Oy Chord-stress interaction parameter Qn Nominal strength of one steel headed stud or stel channel anchor, kips (N) Ons Nominal tensile sttength of steel headed stud anchor, kips (N) Qn ‘Nominal shear strength of steel headed stud anchor, kips (N) On Required tensile strength, kips (N) ceseeee Qn Required shear strength, kips (N) : Q Reduction factor for slender unstiffened elements cee R Radius of joint surface, in. (mm) ‘Table 32.2 R Nominal load due to rainwater or snow, exclusive of the ponding contribution, ksi (MPa) ........6+ 5 = App. 2.2 R Seismic response modification coefficient .........+. vee ALL Ra Required strength using ASD load combinations ....+-+.4.400000+ +. B34 Ren. Reduction factor for joints using a pair of transverse fillet welds only poedo - App. 3.3 Rs Coefficient to account for group effect... csscsvsvevevsevsve ee I8.24 Ru Coefficient to account for influence of P-8 On P-A. =. +v-sss+++++ App. 82.2 Ry Nominal strength, specified in Chapters B through K-.........++++++B3.3 Ry Nominal slip resistance, kips (N) B38 Ry Nominal strength of the applicable force transfer mechanism, kips (N) . - 163 Ret ‘Total nominal strength of longitudinally loaded fillet welds, as determined in accordance with Table J2.5, kips (N) coven TDA Raw ‘Total nominal strength of transversely loaded fillet welds, as determined in accordance with Table J2.5 without the alternate in Section J2.4(a), kips (N) . = - 224 Ras Horizontal component of the nominal strength of a weld group, Kips (N) ...... ss cessesssseeeeeeeeesreseeseeteees - 2124 Ray Vertical component ofthe nominal strength of a weld group, kips (N) . cee ceceeeeeee eee dA Ry Position effect factor for shear studs +. 2+ +--+ seve eee B20 Rye Web plastification factor Boones «FAI Rog Bending strength reduction factor = F5.2 Resp Reduction factor for reinforced or nonreinforced transverse partial-joint-penetration (PJP) groove welds App. 3.3 Roe ‘Web plastficaion factor corresponding to the tension flange yielding limit state .......00000sscseeeeeeeeeeeeeees ceceeeee FAA Ru Required strength using LRED load combinations cee BBS s Elastic section modulus, in. (mm?) Bodiesnosbodo F82 Ss Spacing of secondary members, ft (Mm)... 6.0.00. App. 2.1 Ss Nominal snow load App. 4.1.4 Se Elastic seetion modulus tothe toe in compression relative to the axis of bending, in.? (mm?). F103 Sota is andaricaran wih ns Specification for Stractural ‘ead ory ier, aesfeG2O10 Ntapaczton oreemestg pated wit cares tom MGRICAN INSTITUTE (Rt Rese 2011/17 23849 GMT‘SYMBOLS. I6-axxv ‘Symbol Definition Section Se Effective section modulus about major axis, in (mm*) ..............F7.2 Sip Effective elastic section modulus of welds for in-plane bending (Table K4.1), in? (mm?) 5 Ka Smin Lowest elastic section modulus relative tothe axis of bending, in? (mm?) aoe .FI2 Sop Effective elastic section modulus of welds for out-of lane bending (able K4.1), in3 (mm) ..... : Ka Sre,Sq Elastic section modulus referred to compression and tension flanges, respectively, in3 (mm*) . . Table B4.1 Se Blast section modulus taken about the x-axis, in’ (mm’) F22 Sy Elastic section modulus taken about the y-axis. For a channel, the minimum section modulus, in? (mm!) . ceceee -F62. T Nominal forces and deformations due tothe design-basis fire defined in Appendix Section 4.2.1 . App. 4.1.4 ite Required tension force using ASD load combinations, kips (N) BS Ts Minimum fastener tension given in Table J3.1 or J3.1M, kips (N) ...... 13.8 Te Available torsional strength, kip-in, (N-mm) 13.2 Th Nominal torsional strength, kip-in. (N-mm) - HB. 1, Required torsional strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kip-in. (N-mm) . -HB2 1, Required tension force using LRFD load combinations, kips (N) --B9 u Shear lag factor .......+.+++ D3 u Utilization ratio : --K22 Us Reduction coefficient, used in calculating block shear rupture strength . cee 143 Up Stress index for primary members - ++ App. 2.2 Us Stress index for secondary members . . - App. 2.2 v Nominal shear force between the steel beam and the concrete slab transferred by steel anchors, kips (N) -1B.2d Ve Available shear strength, kips (N) . Becooonocd: F3 Ver Smaller ofthe available shear strengths inthe adjacent web panels with V, as defined in Section G2.1, kips (N) + G33 Veo ‘Smaller of the available shear strengths in the adjacent web panels, with Vj as defined in Section G3.2, kips (N) -.- +633 Yn Nominal shear strength, kips (N) .-GI Vv, Larger ofthe required shear strengths inthe adjacent web panels using LRED or ASD load combinations, kips (N) G33 v Required shear strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations, kips (N) .. 132 ve Required longitudinal shear force to be transfered tothe stecl or concrete, kips (N) 162 ¥; Gravity load applied at level i from the LRED load combination or ASD load combination, as applicable, kips (N) . €2.2b, App. 7.3.2 Zz Plastic section modulus about the axis of bending, in3 (mm) . as FUI Strcadby mig crucrkene ene” Specification for Structural $s Soi Yeon araa2010 Aormprecvolon a pemoning perntiewihodt art om HSRICAN INSTITUTE C Nott Resae207001 23649 6MT16.A-xxxvi SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Section, Zs Plastic section modulus of branch about the axis of bending, in} (mm) 00... eee kal he Plastic section modulus about the x-axis, in? (mm?) .. +. F2.1 Zz Plastic section modulus about the y-axis, in.? (mm*) . -F6.1 a Clear distance between transverse stiffeners, in. (mm) = FI32 a Distance between connectors, in. (mm) . E6.1 a Shortest distance from edge of pin hole to edge of member measured parallel to the direction of force, in. (mm) a -DS1 a Half the length of the nonwelded root face in the direction of the thickness of the tension-loaded plate, in. (mm) cee App. 3.3 a ‘Weld length along both edges of the cover plate termination to the beam or girder, in. (mm). . -FI3.3 ay Ratio of two times the web area in compression due to application of major axis bending moment alone to the area of the compression flange components ....... P42 b Full width of leg in compression, in. (mm)... F103 b For flanges of I-shaped members, half the full flange width, by for flanges of channels, the full nominal dimension of the flange, in. (mm) : EppEeEe babebeaeEenosensoned 563 b Full width of longest leg, in. (mm) : E71 b Width of unstffened compression element; width of stiffened compression element, in. (mm) Bal b Width of the leg resisting the shear force, in. mm)...» Gd) bg Width of column flange, in. (mm) ......60000000cceceeveeseeeee S106 be Reduced effective width, in. (mm) «B12 be Effective edge distance for calculation of tensile rupture sen of pin-connected member, in. (mm) ......... eee DS.L beoi fective width ofthe branch face welded to the chord, in. (mm) ......K23 Beov Effective width of the branch face welded to the overlapped brace, in. (MM) oe. eevee eect eeeeeees ; by ‘Width of flange, in. (mm) bye Width of compression flange, in. (mm) .. ba ‘Width of tension flange, in. (mm) by Length of longer leg of angle, in.(mm) ..........+-. by Length of shorter leg of angle, in. (mm) en by Stiffener width for one-sided stiffeners, in. (mm) .............. App. 6.3.2 d Nominal fastener diameter, in. (mm) B3 d Nominal bolt diameter, in. (MM) .......0. 0.00 e0eeeeeeeeeeeeee BIO d Full nominal depth of the section, in. (mm) B4.1,J103 d Depth of rectangular bar, in. (mm) .......... -FUL2 a Diameter, in. (mm) ........6200006 wT d Diameter of pin, in. (mm) en : DS.1 dy Depth of beam, in. (mm) ........ ceeee eee S106 ds Nominal diameter (body or shank diameter) in. (mm) App. 3.4 de Depth of column, in. (mm) .......666cceseeeeeee eee veeeeeee se. S106 Froiedey mSunceriersa whe” Specification for Structural tad Zoaount areSFarO10 ‘Green ons ae wih coe fos HSRICAN INSTITUTE Chet forRes dif 2849 MTSYMBOLS. 16-xxxvii Symbol Definition Section e Eccentricity in a truss connection, positive being away from the branches, in. (mm) .-K21 enitte Distance from the edge of steel headed stud anchor shank to the steel deck web, in. (mm) 18.2a fe Specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (MPa) = -112b Fe) Compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperature, ksi (MPa)... 11.2b to Stress due to D + R (D = nominal dead load, R = nominal load due to rainwater or snow exclusive of the ponding contribution), ksi (MPa) . App. 2.2 Sra Required axial stress atthe point of consideration using LRFD or ASD load combinations, ksi (MPa) . . H2 Jom fie Required flexural stress at the point of consideration using LRFD or ASD load combinations, ksi (MPa) . HR Sw Required shear stress using LRFD or ASD load combinations, ksi (MPa) cee BT 8 ‘Transverse center-to-center spacing tee) between fastener gage lines, in. (mm) B43 8 Gap between toes of branch members in a gapped K-connection, neglecting the welds, in. (mm) . K2.1 h Width of stiffened compression element, in. (mm) « - B41 h Height of shear element, in. (mm) G2.1b h Clear distance between flanges less the fillet or comer radius for rolled shapes; distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used for built-up shapes, in. (mm) n104 he ‘Twice the distance from the center of gravity to the following: the inside face of the compression flange less the fillet or comer radius, for rolled shapes; the nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside faces of the compression flange when welds are used, for built-up sections, in. (mm) -BAd ho Distance between the flange centroids, in. (mm) P22 hy ‘Twice the distance from the plastic neural axis tothe nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the compression flange when welds are used, in. (mm) -BAl hy Nominal height of rib, in. (mm) . 18.2a k Distance from outer face of flange to the web toe of fillet, in. (mm)... 10.2 ke Coefficient for slender unstiffened elements Table B4.1 se Slip-critical combined tension and shear coefficient 339 ca ‘Web plate shear buckling coefficient = G21 1 ‘Actual length of end-loaded weld, in. (mm) 322 Length of connection, in. (mm) .. Table D3.1 I, Length of bearing, in. (mm) ny le Clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material, in. (mm) - 33.10 Stones oy ancerieansaemASC. Specification for Structural Sud iS ‘rpedton croc pana ito eng fom ISRICAN INSTITUTE CR Ra ir a7037g201016.1-xxxviti SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Section lea Length of channel anchor, in. (mm) = 18.26 kh Total effective weld length of groove and fillet welds to rectangular HSS for weld strength calculations, in. (mm) Ka ly Overlap length measured along the connecting face of the chord beneath the two branches, in. (mm) .-K21 b Projected length of the overlapping branch on the chord, in. (mm) n Number of nodal braced points within the span “App.63 n ‘Threads per inch (per mm) Beereeo App.3.4 nm Number of bolts carrying the applied tension cece BO ns Number of slip planes required to permit the connection to slip ........138 nse Number of stress range fluctuations in design life App. 33 P Pitch, in. per thread (mm per thread) .. .. : - App. 3.4 Pi Ratio of element i deformation to its deformation at maximum stress, 224 r Radius of gyration, in. (mm) . sees E2 Yer Distance from instantaneous center of rotation to weld element with minimum A,/r; ratio, in. (mm) 24 n Minimum radius of gyration of individual component, in. (mim) E6.1 n Distance from instantaneous center of rotation to ith weld element, in. (mm) . RA i Polar radius of gyration about the shear center, in. (mm) . EA n Radius of gyration ofthe flange components in flexural compression plus one-third of the web area in compression due to application of major axis bending moment alone, in. (mm) 2 FAD ts Effective radius of gyration, in.(mm) . P22 te Radius of gyration about the x-axis, in. (mm). we BA re Radius of gyration about the geometric axis parallel tothe connected leg, in. (mm) ny Radius of gyration about y-axis, in. (mm) rn Radios of gyration about the minor principal axis, in. (nm) s Longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive holes, in. (mm) . - B43 1 ‘Thickness of element, in. (mm) ETL t Thickness of wall, in. (mm) E72 1 ‘Thickness of angle leg, in. (mm) 5 ceeeeesFI0.2 1 ‘Width of rectangular bar parallel to axis of bending, in. (mm) . FI2 1 ‘Thickness of connected material, in, (mm) 33.10 t ‘Thickness of plate, in. (mm) ..... DS. 1 ‘Total thickness of fillers, in. (mm) ease t Design wall thickness of HSS member, in. (mm) cece BAI, KL % Design wall thickness of HSS branch member, in. (mm) ..... -/K2.1 tei ‘Thickness of overlapping branch, in. (mm) . --K23 ty Thickness of overlapped branch, in. (mm) . = K23 tg Thickness of column flange, in. (mm) . 310.6 4 Thickness of flange, in. (mm) .........602seeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeees F62 4 Thickness of loaded flange, in. (mm) .... 10.1 Pronisoty nS eneeene wine” Specification for Structural ici ean arabas2010 Nomproauson erntnonirg pie niet Kenge fom MGRICAN INSTITUTE CNet or Reslgz01 172 3649 OMTSYMBOLS Symbol Definition 4 Thickness of flange of channel anchor, in. (mm) ... fe Thickness of compression flange, in. (mm) . b Thickness of plate, in. (mm) 4 Thickness of tension loaded plate, in. (mm) tp Thickness of web stiffener, in. (mm) bw Thickness of web, in. (mm) .......++-e+ee0e00+ by Smallest effective weld throat thickness around the perimeter of branch or plate, in. (mm) ... by Thickness of channel anchor web, in. (mm) w Width of cover plate, in. (mm) w Size of weld leg, in. (mm) . w Subscript relating symbol to major principal axis bending w w Width of plate, in. (mm) . : Leg size of the reinforcing or contouring fillet, if any in the direction of the thickness of the tension-loaded plate, in. (mm) We Weight of concrete per unit volume (90 < w, < 155 Ibs/ft* or 1500 Swe S 2500 kg/m") ...... We Average width of concrete rib or haunch, in. (mm) x Subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending nt x component of ri... YoYo Coordinates of the shear center with respect to the centroid, in. (mm) . x Eccentricity of connection, in. (mm) . y Subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending % ycomponent of 7. z Subscript relating symbol to minor principal axis bending @ ASD/LRED force level adjustment factor . B B Reduction factor given by Equation J2-1 : Width ratio; the ratio of branch diameter to chord diameter for round HSS; the ratio of overall branch width to chord width for rectangular HSS . Br Overall brace system stiffness, kip-in /rad (N-mm/rad) Bor Required brace stiffness, kips/in. (N/mm) ...... Bey Effective width ratio; the sum of the perimeters of the two branch members in a K-connection divided by eight times the chord width . Beop Effective outside punching parameter Bree Web distortional stiffness, including the effect of web transverse stiffeners, if any, kip-inJ/rad (N-mm/rad) ee Bro Required torsional stiffness for nodal bracing, kip-inJrad (N-mm/rad) . Bw Section property for unequal leg angles, postive for short legs in compression and negative for long legs in compression A First-order interstory drift due to the LRFD or ASD load combinations, in. (mm) An First-order interstory drift due-o lateral forces, in. (mm) Pusey es aerkeeewin ASen "Specification for Structural ad Soi enn, a76G7a6%O10 overectton neato ete hat ene fen MSRICAN INSTETUTE C Rote Resae 201107 21 249 OMT 16-xxxix Section 18.2b « F42 Kil «App. 3.3 App. 6.3.2 ‘Table B4.1 Ka 18.2b . F133 22 H2 - Table D3.1 - App. 3.3 Wd --B2 HLL 4 . BA ‘Table D3.1 -HLI C23 22 -K21 App. 6.3.28 App. 6.2.1 KU K23164-x1 SYMBOLS Symbol Definition Ai Deformation of weld elements at intermediate stress levels, linearly proportioned to the critical deformation based on distance from the instantaneous center of rotation, rj, in. (mm) . Ani Deformation of weld element at maximum stress, in. (mm) Au Deformation of weld element at ultimate stress (rupture), usually in element furthest from instantaneous center of rotation, in. (mm) tedT) Maximum concrete strain at elevated temperature, % Y Chord slenderness ratio; the ratio of one-half the diameter to the wall thickness for round HSS; the ratio of one-half the width to wall thickness for rectangular HSS ¢ Gap ratio; the ratio of the gap between the branches of a gapped K-connection to the width of the chord for rectangular HSS . n Load length parameter, applicable only to rectangular HSS: the ratio of the length of contact of the branch with the chord in the plane of the connection to the chord width a Slenderness parameter . dp Limiting slenderness parameter for compact element doa Limiting slenderness parameter for plastic design doy Limiting slenderness parameter for compact flange .. dow Limiting slenderness parameter for compact web de Limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact element. dat Limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact flange nw Limiting slenderness parameter for noncompact web .... h Mean slip coefficient for Class A or B surfaces, as applicable, or as established by tests 6 Resistance factor, specified in Chapters B through K bs Resistance factor for bearing on concrete 6 Resistance factor for flexure ... be Resistance factor for compression be Resistance factor for axially loaded composite columns by Resistance factor for shear on the failure path or Resistance factor for torsion... or Resistance factor for tension Resistance factor for steel headed stud anchor in tension oy Resistance factor for shear . . oy Resistance factor for steel headed stud anchor in shear Q Safety factor, specified in Chapters B through K 25 Safety factor for bearing on concrete Q Safety factor for flexure Q Safety factor for compression Q Safety factor for axially loaded composite columns Qy Safety factor for shear on the failure path Qr Safety factor for torsion & ‘Safety factor for tension . ProtieutyinSarauicwmewmase "Specification for Structural adios areg7a2010 ompedtton arse rites wet ers for IMSRICAN INSTITUTE € het Resa 211717 21 3649 GMT Section Ra 4 4 = App. 4.2.3.2 ~-K24 K24 .-K24 E32 Ba - App. 12 32 FA Ba BBQ FAQ BS B33 1634 B37 I2.1b DS.1 HBA D2 -18.3b GL 18.3 - B34 - 16.1 -Fl --B37 1b --DS.1 HB. --D2SYMBOLS. 16x Symbol Definition Section 2 Safety factor for steel headed stud anchor in tension --18.3b Q, Safety factor for shear 2, Safety factor for stee! headed stud anchor in sheat ceceeee 183A Por Minimum reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcing ere Ps The larger of Fyy/Fyy and 1.0.2.2... G33 0 ‘Angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis, degrees ....J2.4 6 Acute angle between the branch and chord, degrees . . K21 6: ‘Angle of loading measured from the longitudinal axis of ith weld element, degrees ...... oe m4 % Stiffness reduction parameter. ee C23 Soy cuctecne nase” Specification for Structural $a ii Fx neB7a2010 Noteresuton or etwcning emits whut tens om MSRICAN INSTITUTE C ett esa 2011171249549 CMT16.1-xlii ‘SYMBOLS ‘Soran Arescan nsf Sl Cotsen , cathe Pestana eran wth ASE Specification for Structural Seo Sig facet g1707G2010 ‘Noteastonornewansng petted wet cose fom KSRICAN INSTITUTE CN Rani2011A 7 23048 GMT16.1-xlil GLOSSARY ‘Terms defined in this Glossary are italicized in the Glossary and where they first appear within a section or long paragraph throughout the Specification Notes: (1) Terms designated with + are common AISI-AISC terms that are coordinated between the two standards development organizations. (2) Terms designated with * are usually qualified by the type of load effect; for example, nominal tensile strength, available compressive strength, and design flexural strength, (3) Terms designated with ** are usually qualified by the type of component; for example, web local buckling and flange local bending. Active fire protection. Building materials and systems that are activated by a fire to mitigate adverse effects or to notify people to take some action to mitigate adverse effects Allowable strength*t. Nominal strength divided by the safety factor, RQ. Allowable stress*. Allowable strength divided by the appropriate section property, such as section modulus or cross-section area. Applicable building code*. Building code under which the structure is designed. ASD (allowable strength design)*. Method of proportioning structural components such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the ASD load combinations, ASD load combinationt. Load combination in the applicable building code intended for allowable strength design (allowable stress design). ‘Authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). Organization, political subdivision, office or individual charged with the responsibility of administering and enforcing the provisions of the appli- cable building code. Available strength*}. Design strength or allowable strength, as appropriate. Available stress*. Design stress or allowable stress, as appropriate. ‘Average rib width. In a formed steel deck, average width of the rib of corrugation Batten plate. Plate rigidly connected to two parallel components of a built-up column or beam designed to transmit shear between the components. Bean, Nominally horizontal structural member that has the primary function of resisting beniding moments. Beamt-column, Structural member that resists both axial force and bending moment. Bearing+..1n a connection, limit state of shear forces transmitted by the mechanical fastener to the connection elements. Bearing (local compressive yielding)+. Limit state of local compressive yielding due to the action of a member bearing against another member or surface, Bearing-type connection, Bolted connection where shear forces are transmitted by the bolt bearing against the connection elements. PolscioytesuorcenoMmASE "Specification for Structural Sead Soi ‘orapodcn or netwetng sommes wihoutiane fr MSRICAN INSTITUTE Chr Rea16.1-xliv GLOSSARY Block shear rupturet.In a connection, limit state of tension rupture along one path and shear yielding or shear rupture along another path, Braced frame+. Essentially vertical truss system that provides resistance to lateral forces and provides stability for the structural system. Bracing. Member or system that provides stiffness and strength to limit the out-of-plane ‘movement of another member at a brace point, Branch member: In an HSS connection, member that terminates at a chord member or main ‘member. Buckling. Limit state of sudden change in the geometry of a structure or any of its elements under a critical loading condition, Buckling strength. Strength for instability limit states Built-up member, cross section, section, shape. Member, cross section, section or shape fabricated from structural steel elements that are welded or bolted together. Camber: Curvature fabricated into a beam or truss so as to compensate for deflection induced by loads. Charpy V-notch impact test. Standard dynamic test measuring notch toughness of a specimen. Chord member. In an HSS connection, primary member that extends through a truss connection. Cladding. Exterior covering of structure. Cold-formed steel structural membert. Shape manufactured by press-braking blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming cold- or hot-rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room temperature, that is, without manifest addition of heat such as would be required for hot forming. Collector. Also known as drag strut; member that serves to transfer loads between floor diaphragms and the members of the lateral force resisting system. Column, Nominally vertical structural member that has the primary function of resisting axial compressive force. Column base. Assemblage of structural shapes, plates, connectors, bolts and rods at the base of a column used to transmit forces between the steel superstructure and the foundation. Compact section. Section capable of developing a fully plastic stress distribution and pos- sessing a rotation capacity of approximately three before the onset of local buckling. Compartmentation. Enclosure of a building space with elements that have a specific fire endurance Complete-joint-penetration (CIP) groove weld. Groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness, except as permitted for HSS connections. Composite. Condition in which steel and concrete elements and members work as a unit in the distribution of internal forces. Composite beam. Structural steel beam in contact with and acting compositely with a rein- forced concrete slab, Preroy ns acarlaee win se” Specification for Structural $s eon a rafeg2010 Nowprucon etweirg Pome ita ess for MGRICAN INSTITUTE Cat or Ret gO 21.9849 OMTGLOSSARY 16.1-x1V Composite component. Member, connecting element or assemblage in which steel and con- crete elements work as a unit in the distribution of internal forces, with the exception of the special case of composite beams where steel anchors are embedded in a solid concrete slab or in a slab cast on formed steel deck. Concrete breakout surface. The surface delineating a volume of concrete surrounding a stee! headed stud anchor that separates from the remaining concrete. Concrete crushing. Limit state of compressive failure in concrete having reached the ulti- ‘mate strain, Concrete haunch. In a composite floor system constructed using a formed steel deck, the section of solid concrete that results from stopping the deck on each side of the girder. Concrete-encased beam. Beam totally encased in conerete cast integrally with the slab. Connection. Combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between two or more members. Construction documents. Design drawings, specifications, shop drawings and erection drawings. Cope. Cutout made in a structural member to remove a flange and conform to the shape of an intersecting member. Cover plate. Plate welded or bolted to the flange of a member to increase cross-sectional area, section modulus or moment of inertia, Cross connection. HSS connection in which forces in branch members or connecting ele- ‘ments transverse to the main member are primarily equilibrated by forces in other branch members or connecting elements on the opposite side of the main member. Design-basis fire. Set of conditions that define the development of a fire and the spread of combustion products throughout a building or portion thereof. Design drawings. Graphic and pictorial documents showing the design, location and dimen- sions of the work. These documents generally include plans, elevations, sections, details, schedules, diagrams and notes. Design load'. Applied load determined in accordance with either LRFD load combinations or ASD load combinations, whichever is applicable. Design sirength**. Resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, OR Design wall thickness. HSS wall thickness assumed in the determination of section properties Diagonal stiffener. Web stiffener at column panel zone oriented diagonally to the flanges, on one or both sides of the web, Diaphragmt. Roof, floor or other membrane or bracing system that transfers in-plane forces to the lateral force resisting system. Diaphragm plate. Plate possessing in-plane shear stiffness and strength, used to transfer forces to the supporting elements. Direct analysis method. Design method for stability that captures the effects of residual stresses and initial out-of-plumbness of frames by reducing stiffness and applying notional loads in a second-order analysis ProtiestnnSurdriomce ease” Specification for Structural & gag ion ec aTeGF7010 No vradstenornemonara penta wit cee fomMSRICAN INSTITUTE C Ralf Reea.201/ 17 2 3649.GMT