TOPIC 9: REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. FIGURE 1 shows how the hypothalamus and the gland X control the secretion of sex hormones from the testes.

FIGURE 1

a) What is gland X and its function? [2 marks]

b) How does hypothalamus control sperm formation? [3 marks]
c) State the specific cell in the testes that produce testosterone. [1 mark]
d) How does testosterone inhibit the secretion of LH? [2 marks]
e) Production of FSH is inhibited by a certain peptide hormone.
i) Name the hormone [1 mark]
ii) What cell produces the hormone in (e)(i)? [1 mark]

2. FIGURE 2 shows the levels of different hormones in ovarian cycle.

FIGURE 2

a) Name the phases Q and R. State one important event that occur in each phase. [4 marks]
b) Identify the hormones S, T and U and state their functions in menstrual cycle. [6 marks]

1
3. FIGURE 3 shows the cross section of human ovary.

FIGURE 3

a) Name the hormone involved in the development of follicles. [1 mark]

b) Identify D and E. [2 marks]
c) State the ploidy level of D and F. [2 marks]
d) Name the main hormone that initiates the release of F. [1 mark]
e) State TWO stages that must occur before sperm fuses with F. [2 marks]
f) What would happen to G :
i) If fertilization does not occur? [1 mark]
ii) If fertilization occurs? [1 mark]

4. FIGURE 4 shows stages in spermatogenesis in human. V, W and X represent cell division.

FIGURE 4

(a) Identify V, W and X. [3 marks]

(b) Determine the ploidy level of Y and Z. [2 marks]
(c) Which of the cell in FIGURE 4 divides repeatedly? [1 mark]
(d) What is the process that takes place before Z becomes spermatid? [1 mark]
(e) Name the cell that provides nutrients during spermatogenesis. [1 mark]
(f) What would happen to stages of spermatogenesis if testosterone is insufficient? [2 marks]

2
5. (a) FIGURE 5A shows a menstrual cycle in human.

FIGURE 5A

(i) Name the structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone after Day 14. [1 mark]
(ii) Why does the level of both hormones drop after Day 28? [2 marks]
(iii) What causes menopause? [1 mark]

(b) FIGURE 5B shows the structure of spermatozoa.

FIGURE 5B

(i) Name Q and R. [2 marks]

(ii) State the function of R. [1 mark]
(iii) Name the process of spermatozoa formation. [1 mark]
(iv) Name the stage of cell division involved in the formation of spermatozoa from secondary spermatocyte. [1 mark]
(v) What would happen if the spermatozoa lack of Q? [1 mark]

3
6. FIGURE 6 shows an embryo sac of a flowering plant.

FIGURE 6

(a) State the location in the flower where the embryo sac is present. [1 mark]
(b) How many nuclei are there in the embryo sac? [1 mark]
(c) (i) Two cells will be fertilized by two male gametes. Name the cells and what are the end products? [4 marks]
Cell I :
Products :
Cell II :
Products :
(ii) State how the two male gametes are developed. [2 marks]
(d) What happens to the embryo sac and the embryo after fertilization? [2 marks]

7. FIGURE 7 shows fertilization in human.

FIGURE 7

(a) Identify structure A and B. [2 marks]

(b) Briefly explain the events during fertilization as shown in FIGURE 7. [4 marks]
(c) Only one of the egg is fertilized. What happens to the other haploid cells? [1 mark]
(d) Give two (2) important genetic consequence of fertilization. [2 marks]
(e) What happens to the secondary oocyte if there is no sperm successfully enter the egg cell? [1 mark]

4
8. (a) FIGURE 8.1 shows vertical section through a flower carpel.

FIGURE 8.1

(i) Identify P and Q. [2 marks]

(ii) Name the structure that will be developed from the ovary and integument after fertilization. [2 marks]
(iii) Explain briefly the consequences if R fails undergo meiosis. [3 marks]

(b) FIGURE 8.2 shows the concentration of hormones during pregnancy.

FIGURE 8.1

(i) Name hormones X, Y and Z. [3 marks]

(ii) State why hormone X declines after the first trimester of pregnancy. [2 marks]
(iii) During second trimester of pregnancy, 20% of woman may experience bleeding. Relate bleeding with the level of
hormone during pregnancy. [2 marks]
(iv) Explain briefly why levels of hormone Y remains high and hormone Z drops at the end of pregnancy.
[3 marks]

5
ESSAY

1. Describe the development process and maturation of a male gamete. [10 marks]

2. Discuss the human embryo development from blastula to gastrula stage. [12 marks]

3. (a) Explain how ovule develops to form haploid cells in the embryo sac of the angiosperm plants. [10 marks]
(b) Describe the hormonal control during ovarian cycle. [10 marks]

4. (a) Describe the sequence of events in spermatogenesis. [12 marks]

(b) Explain the role of hormones that maintains pregnancy. [8 marks]

5. (a) Describe the events that occur during human fertilization until the stage when the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the egg.
[10 marks]
(b) Explain the functions of the mammalian placenta. (Out of syllabus) [10 marks]

6. (a) (i) Explain the various types of asexual reproduction in animals. [8 marks]
(ii) Discuss several advantages of asexual reproduction in animals. [4 marks]
(b) Describe the process of double fertilisation beginning with pollen germination. [8 marks]

7. (a) Compare between pollen grain and embryo sac of angiosperms. [8 marks]
(b) Discuss how feedback mechanism regulates menstrual cycle. [12 marks]

8. (a) Describe embryo sac development in flowering plants. [10 marks]

(b) Discuss the stages that lead to fertilization a human. [10 marks]

9. (a) Describe the male and female reproductive organs in flowering plants. [10 marks]
(b) Describe the process of fertilization in mammals. [10 marks]

10. (a) Explain hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle. [12 marks]
(b) Explain the formation of haploid, diploid and triploid nuclei in plant. [8 marks]

11. (a) Explain the sequence of post-fertilization events in humans, from zygote to the formation of germs layers. [12 marks]
(b) Describe double fertilization in flowering plants. [8 marks]

12. (a) Explain how female gametophytes are formed in flowering plants. [7 marks]
(b) Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis. [10 marks]