Exercise 1:

Waveform at point A (Yellow – Channel A); Red line = 0V

(Channel C trace used to indicate the 0V line); Peak (from
0V to max.) = 8 div. x 2.13V = 17.04V; Periodic time T = 4
div. x 5ms = 20ms; Frequency = 1/T = 1/20ms = 50Hz
Exercise 1:
Waveform at point C (Yellow – Channel A); Red line = 0V
(Channel C trace used to indicate the 0V line); Peak (from 0V to
max.) = 7 div. x 2.27V = 15.89V; Periodic time T = 2 div. x 5ms =
10ms; Frequency = 1/T = 1/10ms = 100Hz. The rectifier causes
the ac to be rectified and transformed into a pulsating DC
voltage. The frequency after the rectifier is doubled.
Exercise 1:
Waveform at point C/D (Yellow – Channel A); Waveform at point
F (Blue – Channel B); Red line = 0V (Channel C trace used to
indicate the 0V line); Point C: Peak (from 0V to max.) = 14 div. x
1.12V = 15.68V; Point F: Peak (from 0V to max.) = 12 div. x 1.25V
= 15V; Periodic time T(both points) = 2 div. x 5ms = 10ms;
Frequency = 1/T = 1/10ms = 100Hz. Voltmeters show average DC
voltage at points C/D and F, and ammeter shows the average DC
current through R2
Exercise 1:
Waveform at point C/D (Yellow – Channel A); Waveform at point
F (Blue – Channel B); Channels set on AC to read peak to peak
values; Point C: Peak to peak = 4 div. x 0.14V = 0.56V; Point F:
Peak to peak = 2 div. x 0.11V = 0.22V; Periodic time T(both points)
= 2 div. x 5ms = 10ms; Frequency = 1/T = 1/10ms = 100Hz
Exercise 1:
Waveform at point C/D (Yellow – Channel A); Waveform at point F (Blue –
Channel B); Channels set on DC to read peak values; Removing the capacitors
causes the voltage at point C to be a pulsating DC resulting from rectifying the
AC supply. Average voltage at point C must be calculated as Proteus dc
voltmeter and ammeter are not capable to measure this DC. Average DC is
calculated by multiplying the peak value of voltage by 0.637. Voltage at point F
is less than that at point C since we have a voltage drop across R1. To find
voltage at point F first find the current by doing V at point D/(R1+R2). V across
R1 = current x R1. Voltage at point F (across R2) = Voltage at point D – Voltage
across R1. The action of the capacitors removed is to filter out the pulsating DC
shown. The capacitor charges while the voltage is increasing and discharges
slowly when the voltage is decreasing, hence producing a smoother ripple at
points C and F
Exercise 1:
Increasing the values of the capacitors. Average DC voltages
indicated by the voltmeters is increased.
Exercise 1: Increasing the values of the capacitors:
Waveform at point C/D (Yellow – Channel A); Waveform at point F (Blue –
Channel B); Channels set on AC to read peak to peak values; Point C: Peak to
peak = 4 div. x 26.67mV = 0.107V; Point F: Peak to peak = 2 div. x 3.2mV =
6.4mV; Periodic time T(both points) = 2 div. x 5ms = 10ms; Frequency = 1/T
= 1/10ms = 100Hz. Ripple peak to peak value has decreased drastically. This
is because the capacitors, having a greater capacitance value will cause
them to take more time to discharge, hence creating a smoother DC ripple
waveforms at points C and F.
Exercise 1: Reducing the value of load resistor R2 (can also say, ‘Increasing
the Load of the power supply’):
Waveform at point C/D (Yellow – Channel A); Waveform at point F (Blue –
Channel B); Channels set on AC to read peak to peak values; Point C: Peak to
peak = 5 div. x 0.3V = 1.5V; Point F: Peak to peak = 4 div. x 17.75mV = 71mV;
Periodic time T(both points) = 2 div. x 5ms = 10ms; Frequency = 1/T =
1/10ms = 100Hz. Ripple peak to peak values have increased. This is because
since the value of R2 is less the capacitors will discharge more rapidly, hence
increasing the peak to peak values. Increasing the values of the ripple peak
to peaks will also reduce the values of the average DC voltages at points C
and F. The current is increased due to the decrease in the value of the load
resistor R2.