threaded through mechanical guides and a tape head assembly, and attached by friction to the hub of

the second, initially empty take up reel. Reel-to-reel tape was used in earlytape drives for data storage
on mainframe computers and in video tape recorders (VTRs).

12. Smart Cards or chip card, or integrated circuit

card (ICC) is a physical electronic authorization device,
used to control access to a resource. It is typically a
plastic credit card-sized card with an embedded integrated
circuit (IC) chip. Many smart cards include a pattern of
metal contacts to electrically connect to the internal chip.
Others are contactless, and some are both. Smart cards can
provide personal identification, authentication, data
storage, and application processing. Applications include
identification, financial, mobile phones (SIM), public transit, computer security, schools, and
healthcare. Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO) within
organizations. Numerous nations have deployed smart cards throughout their populations.
The universal integrated circuit card, or SIM card, is also a type of smart card. As of 2015, 10.5 billion
smart card IC chips are manufactured annually, including 5.44 billion SIM card IC chips.
13. Solid State Drive or SSD - is a new generation of storage device used in computers. SSDs use
flash-based memory, which is much faster than a traditional mechanical hard disk. Upgrading to an
SSD is one of the best ways to speed up your computer.
Cd – compact disc – saves data in digital format
a. 700mb/80minutes
b. 900 mb
DVD– Digital Versatile disc – saves data in media format (4.7 GB and DL - Dual Layer)
BRD – Blu-ray Disc – a High Definition format

There are two types of Disc:

a. Rewritable – mean that you can use the disc and replace the content multiple times
b. Recordable – the content cannot be replaced or erased.

In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or
peripheral devices. In computer terms, a port generally refers to the part of a computing device available
for connection to peripherals such as input and output devices. Computer ports have many uses, to connect
a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other peripheral devices. On the physical layer, a computer port is a
specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several
conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to transfer signals between
devices.

Types of Port:
1. PS/2 – Personal System 2 –
The PS/2 port was developed by IBM and is used to connect a
computer mouse or keyboard to an IBM compatible computer. The PS/2
port is a mini DIN
( Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. in English, the German Institute
for Standardization) is the German national organization
for standardization and is the German ISO member body) plug that contains six pins and is still
found on all IBM compatible computers today, however, is starting to be replaced by USB.
Pin Voltage Assignment

1 +2.0 to +5.5v Keyboard Data

2 +4.8 to +5.5v Reserved

3 Ground Ground

4 +2.0 to +5.5v +5.0V DC

5 +2.0 to +5.5v Keyboard Clock

6 +2.0 to +5.5v Reserved

2. Serial port is a serial communication interface through which information
transfers in or out sequentially one bit at a time. This is in contrast to a parallel
port, which communicates multiple bits simultaneously in parallel. Throughout
most of the history of personal computers, data has been transferred through
serial ports to devices such as modems, terminals, various peripherals, and
directly between computers.
PIN PURPOSE SIGNAL NAME

1 Data Carrier Detect DCD

2 Received Data RxData

3 Transmitted Data TxData

4 Data Terminal DTR

Ready

5 Signal Ground Gnd

6 Data Set Ready DSR

7 Request To Send RTS

8 Clear To Send CTS

9 Ring Indicator RI
3. Parallel Port is a type of interface found
on computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals. The
name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple bits of
data at once (parallel communication), as opposed to serial communication,
in which bits are sent one at a time. To do this, parallel ports require
multiple data lines in their cables and port connectors and tend to be larger
than contemporary serial ports, which only require one data line.
 4. USB Port – Universal Serial Bus Port is an industry standard that
establishes specifications for cables and connectors and protocols for
connection, communication and power supply (interfacing) between
computers, peripherals and other computers.[3] A broad variety of USB
hardware exists, including several different connectors, of which USB-C is
the most recent.

5. Ethernet Port/LAN Port – Local Area Network Port - is a family

of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area
networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area
networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first
standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to
support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link
distances, but retains much backward compatibility.

6. Sound Port or audio port on a computer is any receptacle or jack to which

an audio device such as speakers, headphones or a microphone can be
connected. All laptops and some desktops have built-in speakers, but for better
sound or privacy, you will need to connect external audio through one of the
ports.

7. Video Port/VGA Port - Alternatively referred to as a graphics port, a video

graphics array port can be used for connecting a computer monitor to the
computer, or it can be used for connecting a television to the computer.
Desktop computers typically position the video port on the back, while
laptop computers can position the video port on the back or side.

8. Firewire or IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-
speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was
developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called
it FireWire, in cooperation with a number of companies,
primarily Sony and Panasonic. The 1394 interface is also known by the
brands i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments).
9. S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format) is a type of digital
audio interconnect used in consumer audio equipment to output audio over reasonably
short distances. The signal is transmitted over either a coaxial cable with RCA
connectors or a fiber optic cable with TOSLINK connectors. S/PDIF interconnects
components in home theaters and other digital high-fidelity systems.

S/PDIF is based on the AES3 interconnect standard. S/PDIF can carry two channels of
uncompressed PCM audio or compressed 5.1/7.1 surround sound (such as DTS audio codec); it cannot
support lossless surround formats that require greater bandwidth.

10. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is

a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed
video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an
HDMI-compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a
 compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital
audio device. HDMI is a digital replacement for analog video standards.

11. S-Video Port (also known as separate video and Y/C) is a signaling
standard for standard definition video, typically 480i or 576i. By separating
the black-and-white and coloring signals, it achieves better image quality
than composite video, but has lower color resolution than component video.

Pin 1 GND Ground (Y)

Pin 2 GND Ground (C)

Pin 3 Y Intensity (Luminance)

Pin 4 C Color (Chrominance)

The shells should be connected together by an

overall screen/shield. However, the shield is often
absent in low-end cables, which can result in picture
degradation.

12. Radio Corporation of America Port Stereo analog audio

connections can be found on most audio-visual devices. They will use what
is known as an RCA plug - also known as a phono connection. However,
just because they are a common connection type, that doesn't necessarily
mean that you should use them to connect to your sound system. It will
usually be labeled as an input or an output. An output is for sending the
audio from this device to another. An input is for receiving the audio from
somewhere else. The RCA connectors are usually colored white for the left
channel and red for the right channel.

13. Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video display interface

developed by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG).
The digital interface is used to connect a video source, such as a video
display controller, to a display device, such as a computer monitor. It
was developed with the intention of creating an industry standard for
the transfer of digital video content. This interface is designed to transmit uncompressed digital
video and can be configured to support multiple modes such as DVI-A (analog only), DVI-D
(digital only) or DVI-I (digital and analog). Featuring support for analog connections, the DVI
specification is compatible with the VGA interface. This compatibility, along with other
advantages, led to its widespread acceptance over competing digital display standards Plug and
Display (P&D) and Digital Flat Panel (DFP). Although DVI is predominantly associated with
computers, it is sometimes used in other consumer electronics such as television sets and DVD
players.
Types of USB:
Standard A Standard B
Micro A Micro B

Type C

Mini A Mini B

Micro A, B, C and Mini B USB Cables are mostly used by android devices.
While Standard B is intended for printers and projectors and Mini A is design for printer.
Let us also identify the ports used by IOs devices
1. Apple 30-pin dock connector
Apple 30-pin dock connector

30-pin connector

Type Data and power connector

Production history

Designer Apple Inc.

 Designed 2003

Manufacturer Apple Inc.

Produced 2003 - 2014 (discontinued)

Superseded by Lightning (12 September 2012)

General specifications

Pins 30

Apple's proprietary 30-pin connector was common to most Apple mobile devices (iPhone (1st
generation), iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, 1st through 4th generation iPod
Touch, iPad, iPad 2, and iPad 3) from its introduction with the 3rd generation iPod classic in 2003 until
the Lightning connector was released in late 2012. Originally, the Apple dock connector
carried USB, FireWire, some controls and line-level audio outputs. As the iPod changed, so did the signals
in the dock connector. Video was added to the connector. FireWire was phased out of the iPods, which
led to a discontinuity in usage of the dock connector.

2. Lightning
Lightning is a proprietary computer bus and power connector created and designed by Apple
Inc. Introduced on September 12, 2012, to replace its predecessor, the 30-pin dock connector, the
Lightning connector is used to connect Apple mobile devices like iPhones, iPads, and iPods to host
computers, external monitors, cameras, USB battery chargers, and other peripherals. Using 8 pins instead
of 30, Lightning is more dense than its predecessor, which was integrated with devices like the iPhone
4 and the iPad 2. The Lightning cable may be inserted into the female port using either side. However,
without an adapter, it is incompatible with cables and peripherals designed for its predecessors.

Lightning Connector

Top and down view of a Lightning cable, showing the 8-pin connector

Type Data and power connector

Production history

Designer Apple Inc.

Produced 2012–present

Superseded 30-pin dock connector

General specifications

Pins 8

Pin out

Receptacle view

Pin 1 GND Ground

 Pin 2 L0p Lane 0 positive

Pin 3 L0n Lane 0 negative

Pin 4 ID0 Identification/control 0

Pin 5 PWR Power (charger or battery)

Pin 6 L1n Lane 1 negative

Pin 7 L1p Lane 1 positive

Pin 8 ID1 Identification/control 1

Lane 0 and 1 may swap in IC of device connector (lanes don't swap if the accessory

identification chip is connected to the ID0 pin)

Since we are now fully aware on computer peripherals, let us identify the five (5) basic component of
computer, namely we have: monitor, keyboard, mouse, system unit and power supply.
Let’s discuss about monitor. I will introduce the 5 types of monitor and 7 types of screen.
1. CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) – is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and
a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images.[1] It modulates, accelerates, and deflects electron
beam(s) onto the screen to create the images. The images may
represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures
(television, computer monitor), radar targets, or other
phenomena. CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in
which case the visible light emitted from the fluorescent
material (if any) is not intended to have significant meaning
to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube
face may cryptically represent the stored data).

2. LCD (Liquid crystal display) - is a flat-panel

display or other electronically modulated optical device that
uses the light-modulating properties of liquid
crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit
light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome. LCDs are available to display
arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed
images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as
in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that
arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other
displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on
(positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement.
For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have
black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and
a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the
backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

3. Plasma Monitor is a type of flat panel display that uses small cells
containing plasma: ionized gas that responds to electric fields, a high
contrast screen with bright, vibrant colors and brightness composed of
xenon and neon gases.
4. SED (Surface-conducted electron-emitted display) is
a display technology for flat panel displays developed by a
number of companies. SEDs use nanoscopic-
scale electron emitters to energize colored phosphors and
produce an image. In a general sense, an SED consists of a
matrix of tiny cathode ray tubes, each "tube" forming a single
sub-pixel on the screen, grouped in threes to form red-green-
blue (RGB) pixels. SEDs combine the advantages of CRTs,
namely their high contrast ratios, wide viewing angles and
very fast response times, with the packaging advantages of
LCD and other flat panel displays. They also use much less
power than an LCD television of the same size.

5. OLED (organic light-emitting diode display) also known as

an organic EL (organic electroluminescent) diode, is a light-
emitting diode (LED) in which
the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic
compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This
organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least
one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to
create digital displays in devices such
as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such
as smartphones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. A major area
of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

Types of Screen
1. Glossy screen - is an electronic display with a glossy surface. In
certain light environments glossy displays provide better color
intensity and contrast ratios than matte displays. The primary
disadvantage of these displays is their tendency to reflect any external
light, often resulting in an undesirable glare.

2. Directional
screen - The goal of
display is to maximize the perceived image
quality, e.g., resolution, brightness, and color
reproduction. They can provide up to 5 times
increased gain when compared to high-gain
screens and up to 15 times brighter reflection
than a matte screen. In addition, they provide
uniform brightness across all viewing directions,
which addresses the problem of "hot-spotting" in
high-gain screens.

3. Polarized 3D screen uses polarization glasses to

create the illusion of three-dimensional images by
restricting the light that reaches each eye (an example
of stereoscopy).To present stereoscopic images and
films, two images are projected superimposed onto the
same screen or display through different polarizing
filters. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which
contain a pair of different polarizing filters. As each
filter passes only that light which is similarly polarized
and blocks the light polarized in the opposite direction,
 each eye sees a different image. This is used to produce a three-dimensional effect by projecting the
same scene into both eyes, but depicted from slightly different perspectives. Multiple people can view
the stereoscopic images at the same time.

4. Autostereoscopic (3D) screen - Autostereoscopic

displays provide 3D perception without the need for
special glasses or other head gear. Drawing upon three
basic technologies, developers can make two different
types of autostereoscopic displays: a two-view, head-
tracked display for single-viewer systems or a
multiview display that supports multiple viewers.

5. Touch screen is both an input and output device and normally layered on the top of an electronic
visual display of an information processing system. The display is often an LCD or OLED display
while the system is usually a laptop computer, tablet, or smartphone. A user can give input or control
the information processing system through simple
or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with a
special stylus or one or more fingers. Some touchscreens
use ordinary or specially coated gloves to work while
others may only work using a special stylus or pen. The
user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed
and, if the software allows, to control how it is displayed;
for example, zooming to increase the text size. The
touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what
is displayed, rather than using a mouse, touchpad, or other
such devices (other than a stylus, which is optional for most modern touchscreens).

6. Tablet screens is a portable device that uses a touchscreen as its primary input device. Most tablets
are slightly smaller and weigh less than the average laptop.
While some tablets include fold out keyboards, others, such as
the Apple iPad and Motorola Xoom, only offer touchscreen
input. Early tablet touchscreens were designed to work with
light pens, but most modern tablets support human touch input.
Many tablets now support multitouch input, which allows you
to perform gestures with multiple fingers, such as pinching an
image to zoom out, or spreading your fingers apart to zoom in.
Tablets without physical keyboards allow you to enter text using a pop-up keyboard that appears on
the screen.

7. A Foldable screen or flexible display or rollable

display is an electronic visual display which is flexible in
nature, as opposed to the traditional flat screen
displays used in most electronic devices. In recent years
there has been a growing interest from numerous consumer
electronics manufacturers to apply this display technology
in e-readers, mobile phones and other consumer
electronics. Such screens can be rolled up like a scroll without the image or text being distorted.
Technologies involved in building a rollable display include electronic ink, Gyricon, Organic LCD,
and OLED.