Mechanics of Deformable Bodies BSCE 2A

Republic of the Philippines
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Camarines Sur
Table of Contents
I. TOPIC 1: Mechanics of Deformable Bodies and Stress ......................................................... 2
II. TOPIC 2: Plane Stress ........................................................................................................................... 5
III. TOPIC 3: Strain ........................................................................................................................................ 9
IV. TOPIC 4: Strain (pt. 2) ....................................................................................................................... 14
V. TOPIC 5: Torsion.................................................................................................................................. 18
VI. TOPIC 6: Shear and Moment Diagrams..................................................................................... 23
VII. TOPIC 7: Stresses in Beams ............................................................................................................ 27
VIII. TOPIC 8: Horizontal Shearing Stress ......................................................................................... 33
IX. TOPIC 9: Beam Deflection ............................................................................................................... 39
X. TOPIC 10: Statistically Indeterminate Beams ...................................................................... 44
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 1 of 46

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Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

mechanics of deformable bodies
TOPIC 1: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES AND STRESS
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies is a branch of mechanics that deals with how

the forces distributed inside a body which causes internal changes, and deformations.
Unlike in Mechanics of Rigid Bodies that assumes the material to be rigid and no
deformation occurs, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies focuses on the internal stresses
to which eventually will cause the failure of the body.
Sample Problem 1.1 140=

500(1000)
𝐴
A cast-iron column sports an axial
A= 3571.4 mm2
compressive load 250kN. Determine the
𝜋
inside diameter of column if its outside A = 4 (D2 – (0.80)2)
diameter is 200mm and the limiting
𝜋
compressive stress is 50MPa. = 4 (D2 – 0.64D2)
Solution: 𝜋
3571.4 = 4 (0.36 D2)
D= 112.4 mm answer
0.1D
D1 D2= 200mm
0.80 D
0.1D
𝜋
A = 4 (D22 – D12)
𝜋
A = (2002 – D12) Sample Problem 1.3
4
P= A S A steel tube is rigidly attached

𝜋
between an aluminum rod and a bronze
250(1000) = 4 (40000 – D12) (50) rod as shown in the figure. Axial loads are
𝜋 applied at the positions indicated. Find the
5000 = 4 (40000 – D12) maximum value of P that will not exceed a
40000 – D12 = 6366.2 stress in aluminum of 80 MPa, in steel of
150 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
D1 = 183.4mm answer
Solution:
Sample Problem 1.2
3P 2P
Determine the outside diameter of P
a hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile

load of 500kN at a stress of 140MPa. 1m 2m 2.5m
Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth

of the outside diameter.
4P
Solution: 2P
𝑃
S=𝐴 P

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For aluminum: a. Maximum thickness of plate:

𝑃
80= 200 Based on puncher strength:
P = 16000 N 𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
For steel 1
=50[ 𝜋(2.52 )]
2𝑃 4
150= 400 P= 78.125𝝅 kips answer
P = 3000 N answer
Based on shear strength of plate:
For Bronze:
4𝑃 V= tA
100= 500 78.125𝜋 = 40[𝜋(2.5)𝑡]
P = 12500 N answer t= 0.781-inch answer
Sample Problem 1.4 b. Diameter of smallest hole:
What force is required to punch a Based on compression of puncher:

20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
mm thick? The shear strength is 350 1
=50(4 𝜋𝑑 2 )
MN/m2.
P = 12.5𝝅𝒅𝟐 answer
Solution:
Based on shearing of plate:
V= tA
2
12.5𝜋𝑑 = 40[𝜋𝑑(0.25)]
d=0.8 inch answer
Sample Problem 1.6
Find the smallest diameter bolt that

can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-
The resisting area is the shaded 11b if P =400 kN. The shearing strength of
area along the perimeter and the shear the bolt is 300 MPa.
force V is equal to the punching force P.
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝑡𝐴
P = 350[𝜋(20)(25)]
= 549778.7 N
P = 549.8 kN answer
Sample Problem 1.5

The bolt is subject to double shear.
As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be
punched out of a plate having a shearing V= tA
strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress 1
400(1000) = 300[2 ( 𝜋𝑑 2 )]
in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) 4
Compute the maximum thickness of plate d=29.13 mm answer
in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can
be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch Sample Problem 1.7
thick, determine the diameter of the
What force is required to punch a
smallest hole that can be punched.
20-mm diameter hole throungh a 10- mm
Solution: thick plate. The ultimate strength of the
plate material is 450 MPa.
Solution:
The resisting area is the shaded
area along the perimeter and the shear
force V is equal to the punching force P.

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rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing

stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.
𝑉 = 𝑡𝐴
P = 450[𝜋(20)(10)]
=282743 N
P = 282.74 Kn answer Solution:
Based on shearing of rivets:
Sample Problem 1.8
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴
In Fig. 13, assume that a 20-mm- 1 3 2
diameter rivet joins the plates that are 𝑃 = 14 [4 𝜋) ) ]
( (
4 4
each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses 𝑃 = 24.74𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60MPa for shearing of rivet. Based on bearing of rivets:
Determine (a) the minimum thickness of 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
each plate; and (b) the largest average 3 7
tensile stress in the plates. 𝑃 = 18 [4 ( ) ( )]
4 8
𝑃 = 47.25𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Safe load P= 24.74kips answer
Sample Problem 1.10

In the clevis shown in Fig. 15, find
the minimum bolt diameter and the
Solution: minimum thickness of each yoke that will
a. Minimum thickness of each plate. support a load P = 14 kips without
From shearing of rivet: exceeding a shearingstress of 12 ksi and a
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠 bearing stress of 20 ksi.
1
=60 [ 𝜋(202 )] Solution:
4
=6000𝜋𝑁
For shearing of rivets
From bearing of plate material: (double shear)
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝑃 = 𝜏𝐴
6000𝜋 = 120(20𝑡)
1
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎 answer 14 = 12 [2 ( 𝜋𝑑 2 )]
4
b. Largest average tensile stress in the 𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏 answer
plates.
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴 For bearing of yoke:
6000𝜋 = 𝜎[7.85(110 − 20)] 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏 𝐴𝑏
𝝈 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer 14 = 20[2(0.8618𝑡)]
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟏 𝒊𝒏 answer
Sample Problem 1.9 → 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑜𝑘𝑒
The lap joint shown in Fig. 14 is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculatethe maximum safe load P that can
be applied if the shearing stress in the

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TOPIC 2: PLANE STRESS
INTRODUCTION
When dealing with deformable bodies, it is important to remember that

stresses act within the body. This only means that every section you cut on the body
has an equivalent stress. Therefore, to thoroughly analyze the stresses induced, it is
necessary that not only the normal cut section should be considered, but also the
inclined one.
25
Sample Problem 2.1 𝑎 = tan−1 ( ) = 26.56°
50
For a plane stress problem, the ∴ 𝜃 = 90° − 𝑎 = 63.44°

state of stress at a point P is represented by
the stress element as shown in the figure. Angle to be rotated:
By how much angle in degrees the stress 𝜃 63.44°
element should be rotated in order to get = = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕° 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
2 2
the planes of maximum shear stress?
Sample Problem 2.2
For the state of stress shown in the
below figure, what is the normal stress
acting on the plane of maximum shear
stress.
Solution:
Solution:
Normal stress on the plane of maximum

shear stress
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 100 + (−50)
=
2 2
= 25 MPa (tensile) answer
Sample Problem 2.3
For the state of stress (in MPa)

shown in the figure below the maximum
shear stress (in MPa) is
80 − 20 25 − 25
𝐶=( , ) = (30,0)
2 2
In Δ ABC,
BC = 80 − 30 = 50 MPa
AB = 25 MPa

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Solution: Sample Problem 2.5

A section of a beam is subjected to
combined tensile stress of 120 MPa and
shearing stress of 80 MPa. Determine the,
maximum, minimum normal, and shearing
stress in the section.
Solution:
Note: Radius of Mohr circle = max. shear
stress
𝑅 = √(4 − 1)2 + (−4 − 0)2
𝑅=5
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓 answer
Sample Problem 2.4

Determine the:
a. Principal stresses
b. Maximum Shear Stress
c. σn and τn on plane a-a
Using Mohr’s Circle
Plot (fx + Sxy) and (fx + Syz)
From the Mohr’s Circle Shown:
R = √(60)2 + (80)2 = 100 MPa

fmax = 60 + R = 160 MPa answer
fmax = -(100 – 60) = - 40 MPa answer
Smax = R = 100 MPa answer
Sample Problem 2.6

Solution:
80 + (−60) At a certain point in a stressed body,
𝐶= = 10𝑀𝑃𝑎 the principal stresses are fx = 80 MPa and
2
fy = -40 MPa. Determine the normal and
𝑅 = √702 + 402 = 80.623 shearing stresses on the plane whose
normal is at + 30° with X-axis.
a. Principal Stresses
𝜎𝑃1 = 10 + 80.623 =90.623 Solution:
𝜎𝑃2 = 10 − 80.623 =−70.623
𝜎𝑃3 = 𝟎
b. Maximum Shear Stress

𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer
c. σn and τn on plane a-a

40
𝛼 = tan−1 (70) = 29.745°
𝛽 = 90° − 28.745° = 60.255°
𝜎𝑛 = 10 + 80.623 cos 60.255°

𝝈𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑻 answer
R = (80 + 40)/2 = 60
𝜏𝑛 = 80.623 sin 60.255°
𝝉𝒏 = 𝟕𝟎𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑪 answer Sxy = R sin 2𝜃 = 60 sin 60°

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Sxy = 51.96 MPa answer For combined torsion and bending,

OC = R – 40 = 20 𝑇e = √𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 =
√(5000)2 + (750)2 = 5056N-m
fx = OC + OD = OC + R cos 2𝜃 Me= (𝑀 + 𝑇e)/2 = (5000 + 5056)/2
= 5028 N-m
fx = 20 + 60 cos 60° = 50 MPa answer
Diameter based on torsional shearing
Sample Problem 2.7 stress:
s = Te r/ J = 16Te / πd3
At a certain point on a stressed 16(5028 𝑥 1000)
70 = ; d = 71.52 mm
body, the stresses are fx = 40 MPa and fy = - πd^3
5 MPa and Sxy= 30 MPa. What are the
principal planes? Diameter based on flexural stress:
f = Me C/ I = Me (d/2) / πd4/64 =
Solution: 32Me /πd3
32(5028 𝑥 1000)
120= ; d = 75.3 mm answer
πd^3
Therefore, the required diameter is

75.3mm
Sample Problem 2.9
If the principal stresses on a body

are f1 = 40 Mpa, f2 = -70 Mpa, and f3 =
60Mpa. What is the maximum shear
stress?
Solution:
The maximum shearing stress is
Using the formula: equal to one half of the absolute value of
−2𝑠 𝑥𝑦 −2(30)
tan 2𝜃 p = 𝑓 − 𝑓 = 40−(−50) the difference of any two principal
𝑥 𝑦 stresses. Comparing the three
2𝜃 p = -53.13° or -233.13° combinations:
𝜃 p = -26.57° or -166.57° answer
40 − (−70)
By Mohr’s Circle: 𝑠=| | = 55 𝑀𝑝𝑎
2
CD = (40+5)/2 = 22.5 40 − 60
𝑠=| | = 10 𝑀𝑝𝑎
2
Tan 2𝜃 = 30/22.5 −70 − 60
2𝜃 = 53.13° or 233.13° 𝑠=| | = 𝟔𝟓 𝑴𝒑𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜃= 26.57° or 166.57° 2
Since the principal axis is Sample Problem 2.10

counterclockwise from the X-axis, the At a certain section of stresses
principal planes -26.57° or -166.57° from material, the stresses are fx = 50 Mpa, fy = -
the given plane. 10 Mpa, Sxy = -20Mpa. Determine the
Maximum and Minimum normal stresses.
Sample Problem 2.8
Solution:
A solid circular shaft is to be
designed to carry torque of 750 N-m and a Given: σx = 50 Mpa , σy = -10 Mpa,
bending moment of 5000 N-m . Determine τxy = -20 Mpa
the diameter of the shaft without
exceeding a shearing stress of 70 Mpa and fmax =( fx + fy) /2 +
flexural stress of 120 Mpa. 2
√(𝑓𝑥−𝑓𝑦) + (𝑆𝑥𝑦)2
2
Solution:
50+(−10)
fmax = +
Given: M= 5000 N-m; T= 750 N-m 2

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2
√(50−(−10)) + (−20)2 = 56.05 Mpa
2
answer
𝑓𝑥−𝑓𝑦 2
fmin =( fx + fy) /2 - √( ) + (𝑆𝑥𝑦)2
2
50+(−10) 50−(−10) 2
fmin = - √( ) + (−20)2
2 2
= -16.05 Mpa answer
By Mohr’s Circle;
Plot(fx , Sxy) and (fy , Sxy )

[ (50, -20) and (-20 , 20) ]
R = √(30)2 + (−20)2
R = 36.05 Mpa
fmax = 20 + R = 56.05 Mpa answer

fmin = -(R – 20) = -16.05 Mpa answer

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TOPIC 3: STRAIN
INTRODUCTION
This is also called as the unit deformation, which this only means this is the
deformations formed or the result of the stresses acting within the body or material.
Simply, this the ratio of the change of length caused by the applied load, to the
original length.
Sample Problem 3.1 46 200 1.250 0.025 300.12

52 400 2.500 0.05 340.40
The following data were recorded 58 500 4.500 0.09 380.02
during the tensile test of a 14-mm- 68 000 7.500 0.15 441.74
diameter mild steel rod. The gage length 59 000 12.500 0.25 383.27
was 50 mm. 67 800 15.500 0.31 440.44
65 000 20.000 0.4 422.25
Load Elongation Load Elongation
61 500 Failure 399.51
0 0 46 200 1.25
6 310 0.010 52 400 2.50
12 600 0.020 58 500 4.50
18 800 0.030 68 000 7.50
25 100 0.040 59 000 12.5
31 300 0.050 67 800 15.5
37 900 0.060 65 000 20.0
40 100 0.163 65 000 Fracture
41 600 0.433
Plot the stress-strain diagram and

determine the following mechanical
properties:
(a) proportional limits;
(b) modulus of elasticity;
(c) yield point;
(d) ultimate strength; and
(e) rupture strength.
Solution:
Area, A = 0.25π(142) = 49π mm2
Length, L = 50 mm
Strain = Elongation/Length
From stress-strain diagram:
Stress = Load/Area
Load Elongation Strain Stress
a. Proportional Limit = 246.20 MPa
(N) (mm) (mm/mm) (MPa) b. Modulus of Elasticity
0 0 0 0 E = slope of stress-strain diagram
6 310 0.010 0.0002 40.99
within proportional limit
12 600 0.020 0.0004 81.85
18 800 0.030 0.0006 122.13 E = 246.20/0.0012 = 205 166.67
25 100 0.040 0.0008 163.05 MPa = 205.2 GPa
31 300 0.050 0.001 203.33 c. Yield Point = 270.24 MPa
37 900 0.060 0.0012 246.20
d. Ultimate Strength = 441.74 MPa
40 100 0.163 0.0033 260.49
41 600 0.433 0.0087 270.24 e. Rupture Strength = 399.51 MPa

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Sample Problem 3.2 6000(3 × 12 1000(5 × 12)

δ= −
0.5(10 × 106) 0.5(10 × 106)
A solid cylinder of diameter d carries 4000(4 × 12)
an axial load P. Show that its change in +
0.5(10 × 106)
diameter is 4Pν / πEd. 𝛅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟔 𝐢𝐧. (𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠) 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
Solution:
Sample Problem 3.4
A uniform slender rod of length L

and cross-sectional area A is rotating in a
horizontal plane about a vertical axis
through one end. If the unit mass of the rod
is ρ, and it is rotating at a constant angular
velocity of ω rad/sec, show that the total
elongation of the rod is ρω2 L3/3E.
εy
ν=− Solution:
εx PL
εy = −νεx δ=
σx 𝐴𝐸
εy = −𝑣
𝐸
δy −P
= −ν
𝑑 𝐴𝐸
Pd
δy =
1 2
4 πd E
𝟒𝐏𝛎
𝛅𝐲 = 𝛑𝐄𝐝 (𝑶𝒌𝒂𝒚!)
Sample Problem 3.3

from the frigure:
An aluminum bar having a cross- dPx
sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial dδ =
𝐴𝐸
loads applied at the positions shown in Fig. Where:
P-209. Compute the total change in length dP = centrifugal force of differential mass
of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi. Assume the dP = dM ω2 x = (ρA dx)ω2 x
bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral dP = ρAω2 x dx
buckling.
(ρAω2 x dx)x
dδ =
𝐴𝐸
𝐿
ρω 2
ρω2 x 3 L
δ= ∫ x dx =
2
[ ]
𝐸 0 𝐸 3 0
ρω2 3
Solution: δ= [L − 03 ]
𝐸
𝛅 = 𝛒𝛚𝟐 𝐋𝟑 /𝟑𝐄 𝒐𝒌𝒂𝒚!
P1 = 6000 lb tension
P2 = 1000 lb compression
P3 = 4000 lb tension Sample Problem 3.5
A 2-in.-diameter steel tube with a
wall thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a
rigid hole. Find the tangential stress if an
axial compressive load of 3140 lb is
applied. Assume ν = 0.30 and neglect the
possibility of buckling.
Solution:
PL
δ= 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝐴𝐸 𝜀𝑥 = −𝑣 =0
δ = δ1 − δ2 + δ3 𝐸 𝐸

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𝜎𝑥 = 𝑣𝜎𝑦 80
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3
The strain in the x-direction is:

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝜀𝑥 = −𝑣 =0
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎𝑥 = 𝑣𝜎𝑦 → 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
1 80
𝜎𝑥 = ( )
3 3
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer
Sample Problem 3.7
Where: For the block loaded triaxially as

𝜎𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 describe in the figure 1.6, find the
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 uniformly distributed load that must be
𝑃𝑦
𝜎𝑦 =
3140
= (𝜋 × 2.05 ×0.05) = added in the x direction to produce no
𝐴
deformation in the z direction.
9751.15 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Thus, Solution:
𝜎𝑥 = 0.30(0.15)
9430
𝜎𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer
Sample Problem 3.6
A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed

at its ends, is 80 mm in diameter and has a
wall thickness of 3 mm. It fits without
clearance in an 80-mm hole in a rigid
block. The tube is then subjected to an
internal pressure of 4.00 MPa. Figure 1.6
Assuming ν = 1/3 and E = 83 GPa,
determine the tangential stress in the tube. 1
𝜀𝑧 = [𝜎 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )]
Solution: 𝐸 𝑧
Where;
𝜎𝑥 = 6.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝜎𝑦 = 5.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝜎𝑧 = 9.0 𝑘𝑠 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
1
𝜀𝑧 = [9000
29 × 106
− 0.3(6000 − 5000)]
𝜀𝑧 = 2.07 × 10−5
Longitudinal stress: 𝜀𝑧 is positive, thus positive stress is needed
𝑝𝐷 in the x-direction to eliminate deformation
𝜎𝑦 = in z-direction.
4𝑡
4(80)
𝜎𝑦 = The application of loads is still
4 ( 3)
simultaneous:

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(No deformation means zero strain) 𝛿₁ =

3 465 .3825 (75 000)
300 (200 000)
1 𝜹₁ = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦
𝜀𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )]
𝐸
𝜎𝑧 = 𝑣 − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) Elongation due to applied load:
𝑷𝑳
𝜹₁ = 𝑨𝑬
Where;
𝜎𝑦 = 5.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝜎𝑧 = 9.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛) Where:
P = 20 kN = 20 000 N
9000 = 0.30 (𝜎𝑥 − 5000) L = 150 m = 150 000 mm
𝜎𝑥 = 35000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa
𝜎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 + 6000 = 35000
Thus,
𝜎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 29000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑷𝑳
𝜹₂ = 𝑨𝑬
𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑
= 29000 20 000 (150 000)
2(4) 𝛿₂ = 300 (200 000)
𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 232000 𝑙𝑏 𝜹₂ = 𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 answer
Total elongation:
Sample Problem 3.8 δ = δ1 + δ2
δ = 4.33 + 50 = 54.33 mm answer
A steel rod having a cross-sectional
area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is Sample Problem 3.9
suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the A rectangular steel block is 3 inches
lower end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 long in the x direction, 2 inches long in the
kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the y direction, and 4 inches long in the z
total elongation of the rod. direction. The block is subjected to a
triaxial loading of three uniformly
𝑷𝑳
𝜹 = 𝑨𝑬 distributed forces as follows: 48 kips
tension in the x direction, 60 kips
compression in the y direction, and 54 kips
tension in the z direction. If ν = 0.30 and E
= 29 × 106 psi, determine the single
uniformly distributed load in the x
direction that would produce the same
deformation in the y direction as the
original loading.
Where:
P=W=
7850(1/1000)3(9.81)[300(150)(1000)]
P = 3465.3825 N
L = 75(1000) = 75 000 mm
A = 300 mm2
E = 200 000 MPa
Thus, For triaxial deformation (tensile triaxial

𝑷𝑳 stresses):
𝜹₁ = (compressive stresses are negative stresses)
𝑨𝑬

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𝟏 pD 1.5 (1200)
𝜺𝒚 = 𝑬 [𝝈𝒚 − 𝒗(𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒛)] 𝜎𝑦 = =
4𝑡 4 (10)
𝑃ₓ 48 𝜎𝑦 = 45 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑥 = = = 𝟔. 𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝐴𝑦𝑧 4 (2)
𝜎𝑥 = tangential stress
(𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) pD 1.5 (1200)
𝑃𝑦 60 𝜎𝑦 = 2𝑡 = 2 (10)
𝜎𝑦 = = = 𝟓. 𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊
𝐴𝑥𝑧 4 (3) 𝜎𝑦 = 90
(𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝑃𝑧 54 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑧 = = = 𝟗. 𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝜀𝑥 = −𝑣
𝐴𝑥𝑦 2 (3) 𝐸 𝐸
90 45
(𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝜀𝑥 = 200 000 − 0.3(200 000)
Thus, 𝜀𝑥 = −3.825 × 10−4
1
𝜀𝑦 = 29 × 106 [−500 − 0.30(6000 +
∆𝐷
9000)] 𝜀𝑥 = 𝐷
∆𝐷 = 𝜀𝑥 𝐷 = (−3.825 × 10−4 ) (1200)
𝜺𝒚 = −𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
∆𝑫 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎 answer
𝜀𝑦 is negative, thus, tensile force is
required in the x-direction to produce the
same deformation in the y-direction as the
original forces.
For equivalent single force in the x-

direction:
(uniaxial stress)
𝜺𝒚
𝒗 = −
𝜺𝒙
−𝑣𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑦
𝜎𝑥
−𝑣 = 𝜀𝑦
𝐸
𝜎𝑥
−0.30( ) = −𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
29 × 106
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟑𝟏 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑃ₓ
𝜎𝑥 = = 31 666.67
4 (2)
𝑃𝑥 = 253 333.33
𝑷𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒃 answer
Sample Problem 3.10
A welded steel cylindrical drum

made of a 10-mm plate has an internal
diameter of 1.20 m. Compute the change in
diameter that would be caused by an
internal pressure of 1.5 MPa. Assume that
Poisson's ratio is 0.30 and E = 200 GPa.
Solution:
𝜎𝑦 = longitudinal stress

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TOPIC 4: STRAIN (PT. 2)
INTRODUCTION
Vessels are commonly seen material at home, pipes and tanks. These vessels that
carry fluids or gas under pressure, are subjected to tensile stresses. The failure of these
vessels is called bursting which is developed across the longitudinal and transverse
sections.
Sample Problem 4.1 Solution:

𝑝𝐷
At a temperature of 80°C, a steel 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to 12,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
be shrunk onto a locomotive driving wheel 12 𝑖𝑛
2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, (1400 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(2 𝑓𝑡) ( )
1 𝑓𝑡
which is at a temperature of 25°C. =
2𝑡
Determine the contact pressure between 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒊𝒏 answer
the tire and wheel after the assembly cools
to 25°C. Neglect the deformation of the Sample Problem 4.3
wheel caused by the pressure of the tire.
Assume α = 11.7 μm/(m·°C) and E = 200 A bronze bar 3 m long with a cross
GPa. sectional area of 320 mm2 is placed
between two rigid walls as shown in the
Solution:
figure. At a temperature of -20°C, the gap Δ
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 = 2.5 mm. Find the temperature at which
𝑃𝐿 the compressive stress in the bar will be 35
= 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇
𝐴𝐸 MPa. Use α = 18.0 × 10-6 m/(m·°C) and E =
𝑃 = 𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇 𝐴𝐸 80 GPa.
𝑃 = (11.7 𝑥 10−6 )(80° − 25°)
(90 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 12 𝑚𝑚)(200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝑃 = 138,996 𝑁
Solution:
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛿 + ∆
𝐹 = 2𝑃
𝑝𝐷𝐿 = 2𝑃
𝑝(2000 𝑚𝑚)(90 𝑚𝑚) = 2(138,996 𝑁)
𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer
Sample Problem 4.2 𝜎𝐿

𝛼𝐿 ∆𝑇 = + 2.5 𝑚𝑚
𝐸
Calculate the minimum wall
thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to (18 𝑥 10−6 )(3000 𝑚𝑚)(∆𝑇)
carry a gas at a pressure of 1400 psi. The (35 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(3000 𝑚𝑚)
=
diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress (80000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
is limited to 12 ksi. + 2.5 𝑚𝑚

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∆𝑇 = 70.6℃ pressure that can be applied if the

longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa,
𝑇 = 70.6℃ − 20℃
and the circumferential stress is limited to
𝑻 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟔℃ answer 60 MPa.
A water tank, 22 ft. in diameter, is Based on circumferential stress

1
made from steel plates that are 2 in. thick. (tangential):
Σ𝐹𝑉 = 0
Find the maximum height to which the
𝐹 = 2𝑇
tank may be filled if the circumferential
𝑝(𝐷𝐿) = 2(𝜎𝑡 𝐿𝑡 )
stress is limited to 6000 psi. The specific
𝑝𝐷
weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3. 𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
Solution: 𝑝(450)
60 =
2(20)
𝜎𝑡 = 6000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝 = 5.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑏 12𝑖𝑛 2
𝜎𝑡 = 6000 2 ( ) = 864 000 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
Based on longitudinal stress:

Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝐹=𝑃
Assuming the pressure distribution to be 1
uniform: 𝑃 ( 𝜋𝐷 2 ) = 𝜎𝑡 (𝜋𝐷𝑡)
4
𝜌 = 𝛾ℎ = 62.4ℎ 𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
4𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 62.4ℎ(𝐷ℎ) 𝑝(450)
140 =
𝐹 = 62.4ℎ(22)ℎ2 4(20)
𝑝 = 24.89 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹 = 1 372.8ℎ2
𝑇 = 𝜎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = 864000(𝑡ℎ) Use 𝒑 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂. answer
1 1
𝑇 = 864000 ( 𝑥 ) ℎ = 36 000ℎ
2 12
Σ𝐹 = 0
𝐹 = 2𝑇
1 372.8h2 = 2(36 000ℎ)
𝒉 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟒𝟓 𝒇𝒕 answer
Sample Problem 4.5 Sample Problem 4.6

A cylindrical pressure vessel is A tank shown is fabricated from
1
fabricated from steel plating that has a 8
inch steel plate. Calculate the maximum
thickness of 20mm. The diameter of the
longitudinal and circumferential stress
pressure vessel is 450mm and its length is
caused by an internal pressure of 125 psi.
2.0m. Determine the maximum internal

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Solution: Solution:
Longitudinal stress: 𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
1 𝐴𝐸
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 125 [1.5(2) + 𝜋(1.5)2 ] (12)2 𝛿 = 𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.8 𝑚𝑚
4
𝛿𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝐹 = 85 808.62 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 (2000 𝑚𝑚)
=
1
[ 𝜋(602 − 502 )] (100,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 11,000𝜋 𝑁
𝑃=𝐹
1
𝜎𝑡 [2(2 𝑥 12) ( )
8
1
+ 𝜋(1.5 𝑥 12) ( )]
8
= 85 808.62 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 (2000 𝑚𝑚)
𝛿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =
1
𝜎𝑡 = 6 566.02 𝑝𝑠𝑖 [ 𝜋(502 )] (200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
4
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 50,000𝜋 𝑁
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer
Circumferential Stress: ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 125[ (2 𝑥 12)𝐿 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛

+ 2(0.75 𝑥 12)𝐿 ]
𝑃 = 50,000𝜋 𝑁 + 11,000𝜋 𝑁
𝐹 = 5 250 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑃 = 61,000𝜋 𝑁
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵 answer
Sample Problem 4.8

A reinforced concrete column 200
mm in diameter is designed to carry an
axial compressive load of 300 kN.
Determine the required area of the
2𝑇 = 𝐹 reinforcing steel if the allowable stresses
1 are 6 MPa and 120 MPa for the concrete
2 [𝜎𝑡 ( ) 𝐿] = 5 250𝐿 and steel, respectively. Use Eco = 14 GPa
8
and Est = 200 GPa.
𝜎𝑡 = 21 000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Solution:
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝒔𝒊 answer
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑐𝑜 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡
Sample Problem 4.7 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
( ) = ( )
𝐴𝐸 𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝐸 𝑠𝑡
A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and
2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast 𝜎𝐿 𝜎𝐿
( ) = ( )
iron 5 mm thick. Compute the load that 𝐸 𝑐𝑜 𝐸 𝑠𝑡
will compress the combined bar a total of
𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝐿 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐿
0.8 mm in the length of 2 m. For steel, E = =
14000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

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100𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 7𝜎𝑠𝑡 5000

𝐴= = 137.36 𝑚𝑚2
36.4
When 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎
100𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 7(120 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 8.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!
1 2
𝜋𝑑 = 137.36
4
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎 answer
Sample Problem 4.10
Steel railrod reels 10m long are laid

with a clearance of 3mm at a temperature
of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails
just touch? What stress would be induced
in the rails at that temperature if there
were no initial clearance? Assume 𝛼 =
11.7 𝜇𝑚/(𝑚017°𝐶) and E= 200 GPa.
When 𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
100(6 𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 7𝜎𝑠𝑡 Solution:
𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 85.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 120 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦! 𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿(∆𝑇)
𝛿𝑇 = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
Use 𝜎𝑐𝑜 = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 85.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
3 = (11.7 𝑥 10−6 )(10 000)(𝑇𝑓 − 15)
∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0
𝑻𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟒°𝑪 answer
300 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜
300 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝜎𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑐𝑜
300000 = 79.71𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 60000𝜋
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐 answer
Sample Problem 4.9

A steel rod is stretched between
two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of
5000 N at 20°C. If the allowable stress is
not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the
minimum diameter of the rod? Assume
𝛼 = 11.7 𝜇𝑚/(𝑚017°𝐶) and E = 200 GPa.
Solution:
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑇 + 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎𝐿 𝑃𝐿
= 𝛼𝐿 (∆𝑇) +
𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝑃
𝜎 = 𝛼𝐸 (∆𝑇) +
𝐴
130 = (11.7 𝑥 10−6 )(200 000)(40)
5000
+
𝐴

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TOPIC 5: TORSION
INTRODUCTION
Eccentric concentrated loads are applied to the material, to which, causes

internal stresses and deformations. However, what would happen if, rather of the
application of concentrated load, there will be Torque or also called as Twisting
Moment (F x d) on one end instead. With the application of twisting moment at one
end, a new stress and deformation is formed and these will be called as Torsional
Shearing Stress, and Angle of Twist.
What is the minimum diameter of a 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.

solid steel shaft that will not twist through 𝜃𝐴/𝐵 = 0
more than 3° in a 6-m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What 𝑇𝐿
(𝛴 ) =0
maximum shearing stress is developed? 𝐽𝐺 𝐴/𝐵
Use G = 83 GPa.
𝑇𝐴 (2)(10002 ) (𝑇𝐴 − 300)(2)(10002 )
+
Solution: 1
𝜋(254 )(35000)
1
𝜋(504 )(28000)
32 32
𝑇𝐿 (𝑇𝐴 − 1000)(2.5)(10002 )
𝜃= +
𝐽𝐺 1
𝜋(254 )(83000)
32
𝜋 12(6)(10003 ) =0
3∘( )=
180 ∘ 1 2𝑇𝐴 2(𝑇𝐴 − 300) 2.5(𝑇𝐴 − 1000)
𝜋𝑑 4 (83000)
32 4 + +
(25 )(35) (504 )(28) (254 )(83)
𝒅 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 =0
16𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐴 − 300 20(𝑇𝐴 − 1000)

16𝑇 16(12)(10002 ) + + =0
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 35 28 83
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋(113.983 ) 16 1 75 20 20000
𝑇𝐴 + 𝑇𝐴 − + 𝑇𝐴 − =0
25 28 7 83 83
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 8527
𝑇 = 251.678
11620 𝐴
Sample Problem 5.2 𝑇𝐴 = 342.97𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝛴𝑀 = 0
A shaft composed of segments AC,
𝑇𝐴 + 𝑇𝐵 = 300 + 700
CD, and DB is fastened to rigid supports
342.97 + 𝑇𝐵 = 1000
and loaded as shown in Fig. P-323. For 𝑇𝐵 = 657.03𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
bronze, G = 35 GPa; aluminum, G = 28 GPa,
and for steel, G = 83 GPa. Determine the 𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 342.97𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
maximum shearing stress developed in 𝑇𝑎𝑙 = 342.97 − 300 = 42.97𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
each segment. 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 342.97 − 1000 = −657.03𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
= −𝑇𝐵 (𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!)
16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝐷 3
𝜏𝑏𝑟 = 16(342.97)(1000)𝜋(253)
𝝉𝒃𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
16(42.97)(1000)
𝜏𝑎𝑙 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜋(503)
16(657.03)(1000)
𝜏𝑠𝑡 = = 𝟐𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜋(253)

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Sample Problem 5.3 Sample Problem 5.4
A torque T is applied, as shown in The compound shaft shown in the

the figure, to a solid shaft with built-in figure is attached to rigid supports. For the
ends. Prove that the resisting torques at bronze segment AB, the diameter is 75
the walls are 𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑏/𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 = 𝑇𝑎/𝐿. mm, τ ≤ 60 MPa, and G = 35 GPa. For the
How would these values be changed if the steel segment BC, the diameter is 50 mm, τ
shaft were hollow? ≤ 80 MPa, and G = 83 GPa. If a = 2 m and b
= 1.5 m, compute the maximum torque T
that can be applied.
Solution:
𝛴𝑀 = 0
Solution:
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
𝜃1 = 𝜃2 𝛴𝑀 = 0
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑏𝑟 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
( ) =( )
𝐽𝐺 1 𝐽𝐺 2 𝜃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜃𝑠𝑡
𝑇1𝑎 𝑇2 𝑏
= 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺 𝐽𝐺 ( ) =( )
𝑏 𝐽𝐺 𝑏𝑟 𝐽𝐺 𝑠𝑡
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑎) 𝑇𝑏𝑟 2 1000)
( )( 𝑇𝑠𝑡 (1.5)(1000)
𝑎 =
𝑎 132𝜋 (754 )(35000) 1
( 4 )( )
𝑇2 = 𝑇1
𝑏
→ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑏) 32 𝜋 50 83000
𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 1.6011𝑇𝑠𝑡 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑎)
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2𝑏): 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 0.6246𝑇𝑏𝑟 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑏)
𝑎
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇1
𝑏
𝑇1 𝑏 + 𝑇1 𝑎
𝑇=
𝑏
(𝑏 + 𝑎)𝑇1
𝑇=
𝑏
𝐿𝑇1
𝑇= 16𝑇
𝑏 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒃/𝑳 (𝒐𝒌𝒂𝒚!) 𝜋𝐷3
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝜏𝑏𝑟 ≤ 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2𝑎):
16𝑇𝑏𝑟
𝑏 60 =
𝑇 = 𝑎 𝑇2 + 𝑇2 𝜋(753 )
𝑇2 𝑏 + 𝑇2 𝑎
𝑇= 𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 4970097.75𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
(𝑏 + 𝑎)𝑇2 𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 4.970 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝑇=
𝑎 → 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒
𝐿𝑇2
𝑇=
𝑎 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑏)
𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒂/𝑳 (𝒐𝒌𝒂𝒚!)
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 0.6246(4.970)
If the shaft were hollow, Equation
(1) would be the same and the equality θ1 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 3.104 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
= θ2, by direct investigation, would yield
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝜏𝑏𝑟 ≤ 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎
the same result in Equations (2a) and (2b).
Therefore, the values of 𝑇1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 are the 16𝑇𝑠𝑡
80 =
same (no change) if the shaft were hollow. 𝜋(503 )

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𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 1963495.41𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚 1
𝜃= 𝛴𝑇𝐿
𝐽𝐺
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 1.963 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚 1
→ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜃= [600(2)
1
𝜋 (24 )(4 × 106 )
31
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2𝑎) + 800(3)](122 )
𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 1.6011(1.963) 𝜃 = 0.0825𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 3.142 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝜽 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟑 ∘ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1), 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑇𝑏𝑟
= 3.142 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑠𝑡 Sample Problem 5.6
= 1.963 𝑘𝑁 · 𝑚
A hollow bronze shaft of 3 in. outer
𝑇 = 3.142 + 1.963 diameter and 2 in. inner diameter is
slipped over a solid steel shaft 2 in. in
𝑻 = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵 ⋅ 𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
diameter and of the same length as the
hollow shaft. The two shafts are then
Sample Problem 5.5 fastened rigidly together at their ends. For
bronze, 𝐺 = 6 × 106 psi, and for steel,
A solid aluminum shaft 2 in. in
𝐺 = 12 × 106 psi. What torque can be
diameter is subjected to two torques as
applied to the composite shaft without
shown in the figure. Determine the
exceeding a shearing stress of 8000 psi in
maximum shearing stress in each segment
the bronze or 12 ksi in the steel?
and the angle of rotation of the free end.
Use 𝐺 = 4 × 106 psi. Solution:
𝜃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜃𝑏𝑟
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
( ) =( )
𝐽𝐺 𝑠𝑡 𝐽𝐺 𝑏𝑟
𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝐿 𝑇𝑏𝑟 𝐿
=
1 1
( 4 )( 6) ( 4 4 )( 6)
32 𝜋 2 12 × 10 32 𝜋 3 − 2 6 × 10
Solution: 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑏𝑟
16𝑇 6 = → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 192 × 10 390 × 106
𝜋𝐷 3
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑡 + 𝑇𝑏𝑟 → 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑏𝑟

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥2 =
16(600)(12)
= 𝟒𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝒑𝒔𝒊 192 × 106
𝜋 ( 23 ) 𝑇= 𝑇 + 𝑇𝑏𝑟
390 × 106 𝑏𝑟
answer
𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 0.6701𝑇
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 3 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:
16(800)(12) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑏𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥3 = = 𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜋(23 ) 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡 390 × 106
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑠𝑡 + 𝑇
𝑇𝐿 192 × 106 𝑏𝑟
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 0.3299𝑇

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𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒 𝐷 = 46.70 𝑚𝑚

(𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 0.6701𝑇)
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡:
16𝑇𝐷 𝑇𝐿
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ] 𝜃=
𝜋(𝐷 4 − 𝑑 4 ) 𝑏𝑟 𝐽𝐺
16(0.6701𝑇)(3) 1
8000 = 𝜃= 𝛴𝑇𝐿
𝜋(34 − 24 ) 𝐽𝐺
𝑇 = 50789.32𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑖𝑛 1
𝑇 = 4232.44𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡 4 ∘ (𝜋180 ∘) = [450(2.5)
1 4 ( )
32 𝜋𝐷 83000
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 0.3299𝑇): + 1200(2.5)](10002 )
16𝑇𝐷 𝐷 = 51.89 𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑠𝑡 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑫 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝒎 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
16(0.3299𝑇)
12000 =
𝜋(23 ) Sample Problem 5.8
𝑇 = 57137.18𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑖𝑛
The compound shaft shown in the
𝑇 = 4761.43𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡
figure is attached to rigid supports. For the
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑇 = 𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝒍𝒃 · 𝒇𝒕. 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 bronze segment AB, the maximum
shearing stress is limited to 8000 psi and
for the steel segment BC, it is limited to 12
Sample Problem 5.7
ksi.
A solid steel shaft is loaded as Determine the diameters of each
shown in the figure. Using G = 83 GPa, segment so that each material will be
determine the required diameter of the simultaneously stressed to its permissible
shaft if the shearing stress is limited to 60 limit when a torque T = 12 kip·ft is applied.
MPa and the angle of rotation at the free For bronze, 𝐺 = 6 × 106 psi and for
end is not to exceed 4 deg. steel, 𝐺 = 12 × 106 psi.
Solution:
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟: Solution:
16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16𝑇
𝜋𝐷 3 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜋𝐷 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒:
16𝑇𝑏𝑟
8000 = 3
𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑟
3
𝑇𝑏𝑟 = 500𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑟 𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 16𝑇𝑠𝑡
12000 = 3
16(450)(1000) 𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡
60 =
𝜋𝐷 3 3
𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 750𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑖𝑛
𝐷 = 33.68 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡:
16(1200)(1000)
60 =
𝜋𝐷 3

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𝛴𝑀 = 0 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿
( ) +( )
𝑇𝑏𝑟 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇 𝐽𝐺 𝑜𝑓 6.5′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐽𝐺 𝑜𝑓 3.25′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑏𝑟 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 12(1000)(12) 𝜋
=6∘( )
𝑇𝑏𝑟 + 𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 144000𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑖𝑛 180 ∘
3 3
500𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑟 + 750𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡 = 144000
3
𝐷𝑏𝑟 = 288/𝜋 + 1.5𝐷𝑠𝑡 3 𝑇(6.5)(122 )
→ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1) 1
( 4 )( 6)
𝜃𝑏𝑟 = 𝜃𝑠𝑡 32 𝜋 2 12 × 10
𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 𝑇(3.25)(122 ) 𝜋
( ) =( ) + =
1 30
𝐽𝐺 𝑏𝑟 𝐽𝐺 𝑠𝑡 ( 4 )( 6)
32 𝜋 1.5 12 × 10
𝑇𝑏𝑟 (6) 𝑇𝑠𝑡 (4) 𝑇 = 817.32𝑙𝑏 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡
=
1 4 ( 6) 1 4( 6)
32 𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑟 6 × 10 32 𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡 12 × 10 16𝑇
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑇𝑏𝑟 𝑇𝑠𝑡 𝜋𝐷 3
4 = 4
𝐷𝑏𝑟 3𝐷𝑠𝑡 𝜏𝑜𝑓 6.5′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 16(817.32)(12)𝜋(23)
3
500𝜋𝐷𝑏𝑟 750𝜋𝐷𝑠𝑡3 = 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
4 = 4
𝐷𝑏𝑟 3𝐷𝑠𝑡 16(817.32)(12)
𝜏𝑜𝑓 3.25′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 =
𝜋 (1.53 )
𝐷𝑠𝑡 = 0.5𝐷𝑏𝑟
= 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)
Sample Problem 5.10
3 )3
𝐷𝑏𝑟 = 288/𝜋 − 1.5(0.5𝐷𝑏𝑟
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a
𝐷𝑏𝑟 = 288/𝜋 diameter of 4 in is subjected to a torque of
15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum
𝑫𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟔𝒊𝒏. 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
shearing stress and the angle of twist. Use
𝑫𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓(𝟒. 𝟐𝟔) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝒊𝒏. 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐺 = 12 × 106 psi.
Solution:
Sample Problem 5.9
16𝑇 16(15)(1000)(12)
The two-steel shaft shown in the 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝜋𝐷 3 𝜋(43 )
figure, each with one end built into a rigid 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14324𝑝𝑠𝑖
support have flanges rigidly attached to 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝒌𝒔𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
their free ends. The shafts are to be bolted
together at their flanges. However, initially 𝑇𝐿 15(3)(1000)(122 )
there is a 6° mismatch in the location of the 𝜃= =
𝐽𝐺 1
( 4 )( 6)
bolt holes as shown in the figure. 32 𝜋 4 12 × 10
Determine the maximum shearing stress 𝜃 = 0.0215𝑟𝑎𝑑
in each shaft after the shafts are bolted 𝜽 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 ∘ 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
together. Use 𝐺 = 12 × 106 psi and
neglect deformations of the bolts and
flanges.
Solution:
𝜃𝑜𝑓6.5′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜𝑓3.25′ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 6 ∘

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TOPIC 6: SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF A BEAM
A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie in a plane containing the
longitudinal section of the bar. According to determinacy, a beam may be determinate
or indeterminate.
Instruction:
TYPES OF LOADING
Loads applied to the beam
Write shear and moment equations
may consist of a concentrated load
for the beams in the following
(load applied at a point), uniform
problems. In each problem, let x be
load, uniformly varying load, or an
the distance measured from left end
applied couple or moment. These
of the beam. Also, draw shear and
loads are shown in the following
moment diagrams, specifying values
figures.
at all change of loading positions and
at points of zero shear. Neglect the
mass of the beam in each problem.
Sample Problem 6.1
Beam loaded as shown in the fig. below.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

Statically determinate
beams are those beams in which the
reactions of the supports may be Solution:
determined using the equations of
static equilibrium. The beams
shown below are examples of
statically determinate beams.

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Sample Problem 6.2
Beam Loaded as shown in the figure below.
Sample Problem 6.4

Solution: Solution:
Sample Problem 6.3
Solution:
Sample Problem 6.5

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Solution:
Sample Problem 6.7

Solution:
Sample Problem 6.6
Sample Problem 6.8

Cantilever beam carrying a
distributed load with intensity varying
from wo at the freeend to zero at the wall,
as shown in Fig.

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Solution:
Sample Problem 6.9

Solution:

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TOPIC 7: STRESSES IN BEAMS
INTRODUCTION
Evaluating the stress in materials and how to calculate the shear and moment in
beams are combined and will present the concept of elastic curve of beams applied
with loadings, as well as the fundamentals of stresses in beams which can be
calculated using the flexural formula or the bending stress formula.
Sample Problem 7.1 Maximum Bending Stress

= 112.5 N/mm^2 answer
A simply supported beam with a
span of 6 meters is subjected to a Therefore, the maximum bending stress
uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m. The in the beam is 112.5 N/mm^2.
beam has a rectangular cross-section with
Sample Problem 7.2
a width of 200 mm and a depth of 300 mm.
Calculate the maximum bending stress in A cantilever beam with a length of 4
the beam. meters and a rectangular cross-section
(width = 150 mm, depth = 250 mm) is
Solution:
subjected to a concentrated load of 10 kN
Step 1: Calculate the total load on the at its free end. Determine the maximum
beam: shear stress in the beam.
Total Load = Uniform Load × Span Solution:
Total Load = 5 kN/m × 6 m = 30 kN
Step 1: Calculate the maximum shear
Step 2: Calculate the maximum bending force:
moment: Maximum Shear Force = Applied Load =
10 kN
Maximum Bending Moment = (Total Load
× Span) / 8 Step 2: Calculate the section modulus:
Maximum Bending Moment = (30 kN × 6 Section Modulus (Z) = (Width × Depth^2)
m) / 8 = 22.5 kNm /6
Section Modulus = (150 mm × (250
Step 3: Calculate the section modulus:
mm)^2) / 6 = 3,125,000 mm^3 = 3125
Section Modulus (Z) = (Width × Depth^2) cm^3
/6
Section Modulus = (200 mm × (300
mm)^2) / 6 = 3,000,000 mm^3 = 3000 stress:
cm^3 Maximum Shear Stress = (Maximum
Shear Force × Distance from Neutral Axis)
Step 4: Calculate the maximum bending / Section Modulus
stress: Distance from Neutral Axis = Depth / 2 =
250 mm / 2 = 125 mm
Maximum Bending Stress = (Maximum
Bending Moment × Distance from Neutral Maximum Shear Stress = (10 kN × 125
Axis) / Section Modulus mm) / 3125 cm^3
Distance from Neutral Axis = Depth / 2 = Maximum Shear Stress = 0.4 N/mm^2
300 mm / 2 = 150 mm answer
Maximum Bending Stress = (22.5 kNm × Therefore, the maximum shear stress in
150 mm) / 3000 cm^3 the beam is 0.4 N/mm^2.

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Sample Problem 7.3 moment occurs at the center and is given

by:
A solid circular beam with a
diameter of 200 mm is subjected to a Maximum bending moment (M) = (Load
torsional moment of 20 kNm. Determine per unit length) x (Length)^2 / 8
the maximum shear stress in the beam. = (10 kN/m) x (4 m)^2 / 8
Solution: = 20 kNm
Step 1: Calculate the polar moment of
inertia: Now, we can determine the
Polar Moment of Inertia (J) = (π/32) × maximum bending stress (σ) using the
(Diameter)^4 formula:
J = (π/32) × (200 mm)^4 = 314,159,265 Maximum bending stress (σ) = (Maximum

mm^4 = 314.16 cm^4 bending moment (M) x Distance from
neutral axis (y)) / Section modulus (Z)
stress: The distance from the neutral axis
Maximum Shear Stress = (Torsional can be assumed to be half of the beam's
Moment × Radius) / Polar Moment of height (h/2), and the section modulus (Z)
Inertia is given by (bh^2)/6, where b is the beam's
width and h is the beam's height.
Radius = Diameter / 2 = 200 mm / 2 =
100 mm Assuming a rectangular beam with
a width of 0.2 meters and height of 0.4
Maximum Shear Stress = (20 kNm × 100 meters, we can calculate:
mm) / 314.16 cm^4
Distance from neutral axis (y) = (0.4 m) /
Maximum Shear Stress = 6.36 N/mm^2 2 = 0.2 m
answer
Section modulus (Z) = (0.2 m) x (0.4 m)^2
Therefore, the maximum shear stress is
/ 6 = 0.0133 m^3
6.36N/mm^2.
Therefore,
Sample Problem 7.4
Maximum bending stress (σ) = (20 kNm x
A simply supported beam with a 0.2 m) / 0.0133 m^3
length of 4 meters is subjected to a
uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. ≈ 299.25 MPa answer
Determine the maximum bending stress So, the maximum bending stress
experienced by the beam and its location. experienced by the beam is approximately
Solution: 299.25 MPa, and it occurs at the bottom
fiber of the beam.
To solve this problem, we can start
by calculating the reaction forces at the Sample Problem 7.5
supports. Since the beam is simply A cantilever beam with a length of 6
supported, each support will exert half of meters is subjected to a concentrated load
the total load. of 20 kN at its free end. Determine the
Reaction force at each support = (10 maximum shear stress and its location in
kN/m) x (4 m) / 2 = 20 kN the beam.
Next, we can calculate the Solution:

maximum bending moment at the center To solve this problem, we can start
of the beam. Since the load is uniformly by calculating the reaction force at the
distributed, the maximum bending fixed end of the cantilever beam. Since the

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beam is fixed at one end, the reaction force Step 2: Calculate the Support Reactions
will be equal to the applied load.
Since the beam is simply supported,
Reaction force at the fixed end = 20 kN the support reactions are equal and
opposite at both ends. Let's denote the
Next, we can determine the reaction forces at each support as R.
maximum shear force at any section along Considering the equilibrium of forces in
the beam. Since the load is concentrated at the vertical direction, we can write:
the free end, the maximum shear force
occurs at that location and is equal to the ΣFy = 0
applied load. R + R - (10 kN/m * 6 m) = 0
2R = 60 kN
Maximum shear force (V) = 20 kN R = 30 kN
Therefore, each support reaction is 30 kN.
To calculate the maximum shear stress (τ),
we use the formula: Step 3: Calculate the Maximum Bending
Moment
Maximum shear stress (τ) = (Maximum
shear force (V) x Distance from neutral The maximum bending moment
axis (y)) / Section modulus (Z) occurs at the center of the beam where the
shear force is maximum. Using the
The distance from the neutral axis
equation for the bending moment of a
can be assumed to be half of the beam's
uniformly distributed load, we can
height (h/2), and the section modulus (Z)
calculate the maximum bending moment
is given by (bh^2)/6, where b is the beam's
(M_max):
width and h is the beam's height.
M_max = (wL^2) / 8
Assuming a rectangular beam with
a width of 0.3 meters and height of 0.5 Where:
meters, we can calculate: w = Uniformly distributed load = 10 kN/m
L = Length of the beam = 6 m
Distance from neutral axis (y) = (0.5 m) /
2 = 0.25 m answer
Substituting the values, we have:
Section modulus (Z) = (0.3 m) x (0.5
M_max = (10 kN/m * 6 m^2) / 8
m)^2 /6 answer
M_max = 7.5 kNm answer
Sample Problem 7.6 Therefore, the maximum bending
A simply supported beam with a moment is 7.5 kNm.
length of 6 meters is subjected to a Step 4: Calculate the Maximum Shear Force
uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m
over the entire span. Determine the The maximum shear force occurs at
maximum bending moment and the the supports where the load is applied.
maximum shear force in the beam. Provide Since the load is uniformly distributed, the
diagrams and figures to illustrate the shear force at each support is half of the
solution. total load. Thus, the maximum shear force
(V_max) is:
Solution:
Step 1: Analyzing the beam. V_max = (10 kN/m * 6 m) / 2
V_max = 30 kN answer
The beam is simply supported at
both ends, so we have support reactions at Therefore, maximum shear force is 30 kN.
each end. Additionally, there is a uniformly To summarize:
distributed load acting over the entire
span. The diagram below shows the free - The maximum bending moment is 7.5
body diagram of the beam. kNm.

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- The maximum shear force is 30 kN. The formula for stress in a beam is given
by:
Please note that the above solution
assumes that the beam is linear-elastic and Stress = (M * c) / I
behaves within the elastic limit. It also
Where:
neglects the self-weight of the beam. In
practical scenarios, additional M = Bending moment at the section
considerations might be required. c = Distance from the neutral axis to the
outer fiber
Sample Problem 7.7 I = Moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
Consider a simply supported beam area
with a length 'L' and a uniformly Since we are interested in the
distributed load 'w' over its entire length. maximum stress, we'll calculate the
The beam is supported at both ends. bending moment and the distance 'c' at the
Solution: center of the beam.
To solve this problem, we'll use basic The bending moment at the center
principles of statics and beam theory. of a simply supported beam under a
uniformly distributed load is given by:
Step 1: Analyzing Diagram
M = (w * L^2) / 8
Let's start by drawing a free body
diagram of the beam. The beam will have The distance 'c' at the center is
reactions at the supports, which we'll equal to the height of the beam divided by
denote as R1 and R2. The uniformly 2.
distributed load 'w' acts downwards over Step 4: Substitute Values and Calculate
the entire length of the beam. Stress
Step 2: Equilibrium Equations Substitute the values of M and c into

the stress formula to calculate the
We can apply the equilibrium maximum stress in the beam.
equations to find the reactions at the
supports. The sum of vertical forces must Stress = ((w * L^2) / 8) * (h / 2) / I
be zero, and the sum of moments about answer
any point must be zero. Where 'h' is the height of the beam
Sum of vertical forces: and 'I' is the moment of inertia of the cross-
sectional area. The moment of inertia
R1 + R2 - wL = 0 ... (Equation 1) depends on the shape of the beam.
Sum of moments about R1:
Note: The specific values of 'w', 'L', 'h', and
R2 * L - wL^2/2 = 0 ... (Equation 2) the shape of the beam are not provided in
the problem, so you'll need to substitute
Solving these equations simultaneously the appropriate values based on the
will give us the values of R1 and R2. specific beam and loading conditions
Step 3: Stress Calculation you're considering.
Once we have the reaction forces, Sample Problem 7.8

we can calculate the maximum stress in
A cantilever beam, 50 mm wide by
the beam. For a simply supported beam
150 mm high and 6 m long, carries a load
under uniformly distributed load, the
that varies uniformly from zero at the free
maximum stress occurs at the center of the
end to 1000 N/m at the wall. (a) Compute
beam.
the magnitude and location of the

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maximum flexural stress. (b) Determine

the type and magnitude of the stress in a
fiber 20 mm from the top of the beam at a
section 2 m from the free end.
2000
𝑀𝑦 (1000)(55)
fb = = 9
50(150)3
𝐼
12
fb = 0.8691 MPa = 869.1 kPa tension
Solution: answer
1
M=F(3 𝑥)
𝑦 1000 Sample Problem 7.9
=
𝑥 6
500 A simply supported beam, 2 in wide
y= x
3 by 4 in high and 12 ft long is subjected to a
1
F = 2 𝑥𝑦 concentrated load of 2000 lb at a point 3 ft
F = 2 𝑥(
1 500
x) from one of the supports. Determine the
3
250 maximum fiber stress and the stress in a
F= 𝑥2 fiber located 0.5 in from the top of the
3
Thus, beam at midspan.
250 1
M=( 𝑥 2 ) (3 𝑥)
3 Solution:
250
M= 𝑥 3
ΣMR2=0
9
Part (a):
The maximum moment occurs at the

support (the wall) or at x = 6 m.
250 250
M= 𝑥3 = (63 )
9 9
M = 6000 N.m
𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑐
(fb)max = = 𝑏ℎ3
𝐼
𝑀𝑐 6000(1000)(75)
12
12R1=9(2000)
(fb)max = = 50(150)3 R1=1500lb
𝐼
12
(fb)max = 32 MPa answer ΣMR1 = 0
12R2 = 3(2000)
Part (b): R2 = 500lb
At a section 2 m from the free end or at x
= 2 m at fiber 20 mm from the top of the Maximum fiber stress:
beam:
𝑀𝑐 450(12)(2)
250 250 (fb)max = 𝐼
= 2(4)3
M= 9
𝑥3 = 9
(23 ) 12
2000
M= 𝑁. 𝑚 (fb)max = 10, 125 psi answer
9

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𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝑐 ( )c
ƿ
fb = =
I I
1
𝐸𝑐 (29 𝑥 106)( )
fb = = 8
ƿ 200.5
fb = 18079.8psi
fb = 18.1ksi=18.1ksi answer
1
1( )3
𝐸𝐼 (29 𝑥 106 ) 4
M= = 12
Stress in a fiber located 0.5 in from the ƿ 200.5
top of the beam at midspan:
M=188.3 lb∙in = 188.3 lb∙in answer
𝑀𝑚 4500
=
6 9
Mm = 3000lb⋅ft
𝑀𝑦
fb = 𝐼
3000(12)(1.5)
fb =
2(4)3
12
fb = 5,062.5 psi answer
Sample Problem 7.10
A flat steel bar, 1 inch wide by ¼

inch thick and 40 inches long, is bent by
couples applied at the ends so that the
midpoint deflection is 1.0 inch. Compute
the stress in the bar and the magnitude of
the couples. Use E = 29 × 106 psi.
Solution:
(ƿ – 1)2 + 202 = ƿ2
Ƿ2 − 2ρ + 1+ 400 = Ƿ2
2ρ = 401
Ρ = 200.5 in
𝐸𝐼
M= ƿ

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TOPIC 8: HORIZONTAL SHEARING STRESS
INTRODUCTION
The Horizontal Shear Stress is (normally) a maximum at the neutral axis of the
beam. This is the opposite of the behavior of the Bending Stress which is maximum at
the other edge of the beam, and zero at the neutral axis.
Sample Problem 8.1 fv3 = (18.31 × 10−6 )(240000)

𝐟𝐯𝟑 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
A timber beam 80 mm wide by 160 Layer 4 (The Neutral Axis, NA)
mm high is subjected to a vertical shear V Q4 = Q 3 + (80)(20)(10)
= 40 kN. Determine the shearing stress Q4 = 240000 + 16000
developed at layers 20 mm apart from the Q4 = 256000 mm3
top to bottom of the section. fv4 = (fv )max = (18.31 ×
−6 )
10 (256000)
Solution:
𝐟𝐯𝟒 = (𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
b = 80 mm
bh3 80(1063)
I= = = 27.31 × Checking:
12 12
6
10 mm 4 For rectangular section
VQ 40(1000)Q 3V (3)(40)(1000)
fv = = (27.31×106)(80) (fv )max = 2bd =
Ib (2)(80)(160)
fv = (18.31 × 10 −6 )
Q (fv )max = 4.6875 MPa
Sample Problem 8.2

A uniformly distributed load of 200
lb/ft is carried on a simply supported
beam span. If the cross-section is as shown
in the figure, determine the maximum
length of the beam if the shearing stress is
limited to 80 psi. Assume the load acts over
the entire length of the beam.
Layer 1 (20 mm from top and bottom
layers)
Q1 = (80)(20)(70)
Q1 = 112000 mm3
fv1 = (18.31 × 10−6 )(112000)
𝐟𝐯𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
layers)
Q 2 = Q1 + (80)(20)(50)
Q 2 = 112000 + 80000
Q 2 = 192000 mm3
Solution:
fv2 = (18.31 × 10−6 )(192000) VQ
𝐟𝐯𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚 fv =
Ib
layers)
Q 3 = Q 2 + (80)(20)(30)
Q 3 = 192000 + 48000
Q 3 = 240000 mm3

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1800
fv1 = 1232 [1(8)(4.5)]
( )(2)
3
fv1 = 78.90 psi
1800
fv2 = [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5)]
1232
( 3 ) (2)
fv2 = 94.24 psi
1800
fv3 = [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5)
1232
( 3 ) (2)
+ 1(2)(2.5)]
Where: fv3 = 105.19 psi
fv = 80 psi
V = 100 L 1800
fv4 = [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5)
Q = 8(5)(2.5) − 6(4)(2) = 52 in3 1232
( ) (2)
8(103 ) 6(83 ) 1232
3
I= − = in4 + 1(2)(2.5) + 1(2)(1.5)]
12 12 3
b = 8 − 6 = 2 in fv4 = 111.77 psi
Thus, 1800
100L(52) fv5 = [1(8)(4.5) + 1(2)(3.5)
80 = 1232 1232
(
3
)(2) ( 3 ) (2)
𝐋 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 𝐟𝐭 + 1(2)(2.5) + 1(2)(1.5)
+ 1(2)(0.5)]
Sample Problem 8.3 fv5 = (fv )max = 113.96 psi
For a beam with the same cross Checking:

section as that in Problem 2, plot the 1800(52)
(fv )max =
shearing stress distribution across the (
1232
3
)(2)
section at a section where the shearing (𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝐩𝐬𝐢
force is V = 1800 lb.
Sample Problem 8.4
The T section shown in the figure is

the cross-section of a beam formed by
joining two rectangular pieces of wood
together. The beam is subjected to a
maximum shearing force of 60 kN. Show
that the NA is 34 mm from the top and the
Solution:
VQ V
INA = 10.57 × 106 mm4. Using these
fv = = Ib Ay′ values, determine the shearing stress (a) at
Ib
the neutral axis and (b) at the junction
From the solution of Problem 2 between the two pieces of wood.
Q = 8(5)(2.5) − 6(4)(2) = 52 in3
8(103 ) 6(83 ) 1232 4
I= − = in
12 12 3
b = 8 − 6 = 2 in
Solution:
A1 = 200(40) = 8000 mm2 ; y1 = 20 mm
A2 = 20(100) = 2000 mm2 ; y2 = 90 mm

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A = A1 + A2 (𝐟𝐯)𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚

A = 8000 + 2000
A = 10000 mm2 Web:
b = 20 mm
60000(112000)
(fv )web = (10.57×106 )(20)
(𝐟𝐯)𝐰𝐞𝐛 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Sample Problem 8.5
Determine the maximum and

minimum shearing stress in the web of the
Ay̅ = ∑ Ay wide flange section in the figure if V = 100
10000y̅ = 8000(200 + 2000(90) kN. Also, compute the percentage of
y̅ = 34 mm vertical shear carried only by the web of
the beam.
By transfer formula for moment of inertia

I = I̅ + Ad2
bh3
I= + Ad2
12
200(403 )
I1 = + 8000(142 ) =
12 Solution:
2634666.67 mm4 VQ
20(1003) fv = Ib
I2 = + 2000(562 ) =
12
7938666.67 mm4
Thus,
INA = I1 + I2
INA = 2634666.67 + 7938666.67
INA = 10573333.34 mm4
INA = 10.57 × 106 mm4
(a) At the neutral axis

Q NA = 200(34)(17) = Where:
115600 mm3 V = 100(1000) = 100000 N
V = 60(1000) = 60000 N 120(2003) 100(1603 )
I= − =
12 12
VQ 60000(115600) 4
(fv )NA = = (10.57×106)(200) 45866666.67 mm
Ib
b = 20 mm
(𝐟𝐯)𝐍𝐀 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Maximum horizontal shear stress occurs
(b) At the junction between the two
at the neutral axis
pieces of wood
QNA = 120(20)(90) +
Q = 100(20)(56) = 112000 mm3
20(80)(40) = 280000 mm3
V = 60(1000) = 60000 N
Flange: Thus,
100000(280000)
b = 200 mm (fv )max = (45866666.67)(20)
60000(112000)
(fv )flange = (10.57×106)(200) (𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚

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Minimum horizontal shear stress in the 71573333.33 mm4

web occurs at the junction of flange and b = 20 mm
web
Q = 120(20)(90) = 216000 mm3 At the neutral axis
QNA = 120(20)(110) +
Thus, 20(100)(50)
100000(216 000)
(fv )min = (45866666.67)(20) QNA = 364000 mm3
(𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚 VQ 100000(364000)
(fv )max = = (71573333.33)(20)
Ib
The horizontal shearing stresses vary (𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
parabolically from the top to the bottom of
the web. Recall that the average height of At the junction of flange and web
parabolic segment is 2/3 of its altitude Q = 120(20)(110)
measured from its base. Thus, Q = 264000 mm3
2
(fv )ave = (fv )min + [(fv )max − (fv )min ] VQ 100000(264000)
3 (fv )min = = (71573333.33)(20)
Ib
2
(fv )ave = 23.55 + [30.52 − 23.55] (fv )min = 18.44 MPa
3
(fv )ave = 28.20 MPa
Average shear stress
2
Shear force carried by web alone (fv )ave = (fv )min + [(fv )max − (fv )min ]
3
Force = Stress × Area 2
Vweb = (fv )ave Aweb (fv )ave = 18.44 + [25.43 − 18.44]
3
Vweb = 28.20(160 × 20) (fv )ave = 23.10 MPa
Vweb = 90229.33 N
Vweb = 90.23 kN Shear force carried by web alone
Force = Stress × Area
Percentage of shear force carried by Vweb = (fv )ave Aweb
web alone Vweb = 23.10(200 × 20)
Vweb
%Vweb = × 100% Vweb = 92400 N
V
90.23 Vweb = 92.4 kN
%Vweb = × 100%
100
%𝐕𝐰𝐞𝐛 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝟑% Percentage of shear force carried by
web alone
Sample Problem 8.6 %Vweb =
Vweb
× 100%
V
92.4
Rework Problem 5 assuming that %Vweb = × 100%
100
the web is 200 mm instead of 160 mm. %𝐕𝐰𝐞𝐛 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒%

VQ
fv = Ib A plywood beam is built up of 1/4-
in. strips separated by blocks as shown in
the figure. What shearing force V will cause
a maximum shearing stress of 200 psi?
Where:
V = 100(1000) = 100000 N
120(2403 ) 100(2003 )
I= − =
12 12

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VQ
fv = Ib Show that the maximum shearing
stress in a beam having a thin-walled
tubular section of net area A is τ = 2V / A.
Solution:
VQ
fv = Ib
Where:
fv = 200 psi
1
Q = 2[2(1)(5.5)] + 3 [6 ( ) (3)] = 4 Where:
3
35.5 in fv = τ
4.75(123) 4(103 ) 2r
I= − = 350.67 in4 y̅ = π
12 12
1 1 2r
b = 3 (4) = 0.75 in Q = (2πrt) ( ) = 2r 2 t
2 π
Thus, dA = (r dθ)t = rt dθ
y
V(35.5)
200 = (350.67)(0.75) sinθ = r ; y = r sinθ
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟏. 𝟔𝟗 𝐥𝐛 b 2π
I = ∫a y2 dA = ∫0 (r 2 sin2 θ)(rt dθ)
2π
Sample Problem 8.8 I = r 3 t ∫0 sin2 θ dθ
2π 1
Show that the shearing stress I = r 3 t ∫0 (1 − cos2θ)dθ
2
r3 t 2π
developed at the neutral axis of a beam I=
1
[θ − cos2θ]
2 2
with circular cross section is τ = (4/3)(V / 0
r3 t 1
π r2). Assume that the shearing stress is I= [2π − cos4π] = πr 3 t
2 2
uniformly distributed across the neutral
axis. b = 2t
Solution: Thus,
VQ V(2r2 t) 2Vr2 t 2V
fv = τ = πr3 t(2t) = 2πr3 t2 = 2πrt
Ib
𝟐𝐕
𝛕= 𝐀
Sample Problem 8.10

The cross-section of a beam is an
isosceles triangle with vertex uppermost,
Where:
of altitude h and base b. If V is the vertical
fv = τ
1 4r 2 shear, show that the maximum shearing
Q = Ay = πr 2 ( ) = r 3 stress is 3V / bh located at the midpoint of
2 3r 3
1
I = 4 πr 2 the altitude.
b = 2r
Solution:
VQ
Thus, fv =
2 Ib
V( r3 ) 8Vr3
3
τ= 1 2
πr (2r)
= 6πr5 Where:
4 1 2 1
𝟒 𝑽 Q = 2 xy [3 (h − y)] = 3 xy(h − y)
𝛕= ( )
𝟑 𝛑𝐫 𝟐

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1
I = 36 bh3
b=x
Thus,
1
V[ xy(h−y)]
3
fv = 1
( bh3 )x
36
12Vy(h−y)
fv = bh3
12V
fv = bh3 (h − 2y) = 0
h = 2y
1
y = 2h
Maximum shearing stress occurs at the

mid-height of the altitude, h
12V 1 1 2
(fv )max = [h (2h) − (2 h) ]
bh3
12V 1 2 1
(fv )max = [ h − h2 ]
bh3 2 4
12V 1 2
(fv )max = ( h )
bh3 4
𝟑𝐕
(𝐟𝐯)𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐛𝐡

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Module 9: BEAM DEFLECTION
INTRODUCTION
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from

its original unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral
surface of the beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The configuration
assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam.
Methods of Deflection Analysis when x=0, y=0

𝐶2 =0
A. Double Integration method when x = 4 m, y = 0
B. Area-moment method 0 = 37.5 (4)3 + 12.5(0.5)4 − 12. 5(2.5)4
C. Moment Diagram by Parts + 𝐶1 (4)
𝐶1 = −478.125 𝑁. 𝑚2
A. Double Integration Method
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 37.5(2)3 + 12.5(𝑥 − 3.5)4
Sample Problem 9.1 − 12.5(𝑥 − 1.5)3
Compute the midspan value of EI y − 478.125(𝑥 )
for the beam loaded as shown. At midspan, x = 2 m.
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 37.5(2)3 + 0 − 12.5(0.5)4
− 478.125(2)
𝑬𝑰 𝒚 = −𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 (negative sign
indicated downward deflection)
Sample Problem 9.2

Solution:
Compute the value of EI y at the right end
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
of the beam.
4𝑅2 = 300 (20(2.5)
𝑅2 = 375 𝑁
𝑅1 = 300(2) − 375
𝑅2 = 225 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
300 300
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 225𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 3.5)2 − 2 (𝑥 −
1.5)2
225𝑥 150(𝑥 − 3.5)3 Solution:
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′ = +
2 3 ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
150(𝑥 − 1.5)3 4𝑅2 = 400 (3)(1.5) + 400(5)
− + 𝐶1
3 𝑅2 = 950 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′ = 112.5𝑥 2 + 50(𝑥 − 3.5)3 𝑅1 = 400(3) + 400 − 950
− 50(𝑥 − 1.5)3 + 𝐶1 𝑅1 = 650 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 37.5𝑥 2 + 12.5(𝑥 − 3.5)4 ′′
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 𝑀
− 12.5(𝑥 − 1.5)4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 650𝑥 + 950(𝑥 − 4)
+ 𝐶2 400 400 2
+ (𝑥 − 3)2 − 𝑥
2 2
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′ = 325𝑥 2 + 475(𝑥 − 4)2
+ 66.67(𝑥 − 3)3 − 66.67𝑥 3
+ 𝐶1
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 108.33𝑥 3 + 158.33(𝑥 − 4)3
+ 16.67(𝑥 − 3)4 − 16.67𝑥 4

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+𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 when x=0, y=0

when x=0, y=0 𝐶2 = 0
𝐶2 = 0
when x=4m, y=0
when x = 4, y=0 0 = 75 (4)3 − 12.5(4)4 − 12. 5(2)4
2(𝑥 )3 (2)4 2(2)3 (4)4 + 𝐶1 (4)
0= + − − + 𝐶1 (4) 𝐶1 = −450 𝑁. 𝑚2
3 12 3 12
𝐶1 = −4.33 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚2
2𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 2)4 2(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑥 4
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = + − −
3 12 3 12
− 4.33𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 75𝑥 3 − 12.5𝑥 4 + 12.5(𝑥 − 2)4

+ 450𝑥
At midspan, x = 2 m.
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 75(2)3 − 12.5(2)4 + 12.5(0)
− 450(2)
Midway between the supports, x=2m. 𝑬𝑰 𝒚 = −𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 (downward) answer
2(2)3 (2)4
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = +0−0− − 4.33(2) Note: 10GN/m2 =10000 MPa
3 12
𝑬𝑰 𝒚 = −𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎𝟑 (negative sign 4000
10000I ( 360 ) = 500(1000) 3
indicates downward deflection)
𝑰 = 𝟒. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒 answer
Sample Problem 9.3
Compute the value of EI y at Sample Problem 9.4
midspan for the beam loaded as shown. If Compute the midspan value of EI for the
E=10GN/m2, what value of I is required to beam loaded as shown.
limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of
the span?
Solution:
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
4𝑅2 = 300 (2)(1)
𝑅2 = 150 𝑁
𝑅1 = 300(2) − 150
𝑅1 = 450 𝑁
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
300𝑥 2 300(𝑥 − 2)2 Solution:
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 450𝑥 − +
2 2
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 225𝑥 − 50𝑥 + 50 𝑥 − 2)3 + 𝐶1
′ 2 3 ( ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 75𝑥 3 − 12.5𝑥 4 + 12.5(𝑥 − 2)4 4𝑅2 = 4(2) + 2(2)(1) + 2(2)(5)
+ 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑅2 = 8 𝑘𝑁

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𝑅1 = 4 + 2(2) = 2(2) − 8 −296([10004 )

ℎ3 = 125,000(−10)
𝑅1 = 4 𝑘𝑁
𝒉 = 𝟔𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒎 answer
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀
2(𝑥 − 2)2
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑥 + − 4(𝑥 − 2)
2
2(𝑥 )2
−
2
′ 2
(𝑥 − 2)3 2
𝑥3
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + − 2(𝑥 − 2) −
3 3
+ 𝐶1
2𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 2)4 2(𝑥 − 2)3 𝑥 4
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = + − −
3 12 3 12
+ 𝐶1 𝑥+𝐶2
When x=0, y=0

𝐶2 = 0 Sample Problem 9.6
when x=4, y=0 For the beam loaded as shown in
2(4)3 (2)4 2(2)3 (4)4 Fig. P-637, determine the deflection 6 ft
0= + − − + 𝐶1 (4) from the wall. Use E = 1.5 × 106psi and I =
3 12 3 12
𝐶1 = −4.33𝑁. 𝑚2 40 in4.
2(𝑥 )3 (𝑥 − 2)4 2(𝑥 − 2)3
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = + −
3 12 3
(𝑥 )4
− − 4.33𝑥
12
Midway between the supports, x=2m
2(2)3 (2)4
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = +0−0− − 4.33(2) Solution:
3 12
𝑬𝑰 𝒚 = −𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 (negative sign 𝑅𝐶 = 80(8) = 640 𝑙𝑏
indicates downward deflection) 𝑀𝐶 = 80(8)(4) = 2, 560 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡
B. Area-moment Method
Sample Problem 9.5

The cantilever beam shown in Fig.
P-636 has a rectangular cross-section 50
mm wide by h mm high. Find the height h
if the maximum deflection is not to exceed
10 mm. Use E = 10 GPa.
Solution: 1
1 𝑡𝐵/𝐶 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼
1 1
1 1 10 𝑡𝐵/𝐶 = (1,5×106 )(40) [2 (6)(3, 840)(2) −
−10 = 50ℎ3 2
[− (2)(4)( 3 ) − 1
10,000(
12
) 6(2, 560)(3) − 3 (6)(1, 440)(1.5)][123 ]
1 8
(4)(16)( )][10004 ]
2 3 1
3
−10 = 125,000ℎ3 [−
296
][10004 ] 𝑡𝐵/𝐶 = [27, 360][123 ]
(1,5×106 )(40)
3

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𝑡𝐵/𝐶 =-0.787968 in
Thus, 𝛿𝐵 = | 𝑡𝐵/𝐶 | = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟖 𝒊𝒏

answer
Sample Problem 9.7

For the cantilever beam shown in
Fig. P-638, determine the value of EIδ at
the left end. Is this deflection upward or
downward?
Solution:
1 4
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = (2)(800)( )
2 3
1 10
+ (4)(2400)( )
2 3
1 8
− (2)(2000)( )
2 3
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑 answer
1 14
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵 = (2)(800)( )
2 3
̅A 1 8
EItA/B = (AreaAB )X + (4)(2400)( )
1 8 2 3
EItA/B = (2(2)(3) − 2 (4)(1))(3) 1 10
20 − (2)(2000)( )
EItA/B = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍 ∙ 𝐦𝟑 answer 2 3
3
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵 = 𝟗, 𝟖𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑 answer
∴ EItA/B = 6.67 kN ∙ m3 upward
Sample Problem 9.9
C. Moment Diagram by Parts
For the beam loaded as shown in
Sample Problem 9.8 Fig. P-625, compute the moment of area of
the M diagrams between the reactions
For the beam loaded as shown in about both the left and the right reaction.
Fig. P-624, compute the moment of area of (Hint: Draw the moment diagram by parts
the M diagrams between the reactions from right to left.)
about both the left and the right reaction.
Solution: Solution:
∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
6𝑅1 = 400 + 1000(2) 4𝑅1 = 400(3)(2.5) + 500(2)
𝑅1 = 400𝑁 𝑅1 = 1000𝑁
∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0
6𝑅2 = 1000(2) − 400 4𝑅2 = 400(3)(1.5) + 500(2)
𝑅2 = 600𝑁 𝑅2 = 700𝑁

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1 4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = (4)(2800)( )
2 3
1 2
− (2)(1000)( )
2 3
1 3
− (3)(1800)( )
3 4
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = 𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑 answer
1 8
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵 = (4)(2800)( )
2 3
1 4
− (2)(1000)( )
2 3
1 9
− (3)(1800)( )
3 4
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵 = 𝟗, 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑 answer
Sample Problem 9.10

For the beam loaded as shown in
Fig. P-626, compute the moment of area of
the M diagrams between the reactions
about both the left and the right reaction.
Solution:
By Symmetry:
1
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 2 (400)(3)
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 600 𝑙𝑏
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵

1 5
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = (5)(1500)( )
2 2
1 5
− (3)(450)( )
3 2
(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐴 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋̅𝐵
= 𝟖, 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ∙ 𝒇𝒕𝟑
answer

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Module 10: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAM
INTRODUCTION
If the number of reactions exerted upon a beam exceeds the number of equations
in static equilibrium, the beam is said to be statically indeterminate. In order to solve
the reactions of the beam, the static equations must be supplemented by equations
based upon the elastic deformation of the beam.
Sample Problem 10.1 3𝐿 3𝑥

𝐿− =𝑥−
4 4𝐿
(Problem 1 and 2) A propped cantilever
beam (fixed at one end and simple 3𝑥 2 4𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿2 = 0
supported at the other end) has a span L of (3x - L)(x-L) = 0; x = L/3 & x = L answer
6.0 meters. The beam carries a 𝑳
concentrated load moment M at the simply ∴ 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡
supported end. 𝟑
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
Problem 1: Give the location of the
maximum deflection measured form the Sample Problem 10.2
simply supported end?
Problem 2: From problem 1, what is the
Solution: maximum deflection of the beam.
Solution:
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛿𝐶 = 𝑡𝐵/𝐴
1 𝐿 𝐿 1 𝐿 𝑀 2𝐿
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [𝑀 ( ) ( ) − ( ) ( ) ( )]
𝐸𝐼 3 6 2 3 2 9
𝑴𝑳𝟐
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = − 𝟐𝟕𝑬𝑰 answer
Sample Problem 10.3

A propped beam (fixed at one and
simple supported at the other end) is
subjected to uniform load of 10kN/m) and
a concentrated load of 40kN at the
midspan. Determine the reaction at the
simple support of the span is 10m.
1 Solution:
𝑡𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 )𝑋𝐵 = 0
𝐴 𝐸𝐼
𝐿 1 2𝐿
(𝑀𝐿) ( ) + (𝐿)(−𝑅𝐿) ( ) = 0
2 2 3
From the figure shown:

𝜃 = 𝜃𝐵𝐴 = 𝜃𝐵𝐶
1 1
(𝑀𝐿 + (−𝑅𝐿)(𝐿))
𝐸𝐼 2
1 1
= (𝑀𝑥 + (−𝑅𝐿)(𝐿))
𝐸𝐼 2
1 3𝐿 1 3𝑀
𝑀𝐿 − ( ) 𝐿2 = 𝑀𝑥 − ( ) 𝑥 2
2 2𝐿 2 2𝐿

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Solution: 1 1 3𝑤𝐿 1 𝑤𝐿2

𝜃 = [( ) (𝐿) ( ) (𝐿 ) − (𝐿 ) ( )]
By Area-Moment Method: 𝐸𝐼 2 8 3 2
𝑤𝐿3
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 0 =
48𝐸𝐼
1 1 20 600(6)3 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎
𝑡𝐵 = [ (10)(10𝑅) ( ) 𝜃= = answer
𝐴 𝐸𝐼 2 3 48𝐸𝐼 𝑬𝑰
1 25
+ (5)(−200) ( )
2 3 Sample Problem 10.6
1
+ (10)(−500)(7.5)] = 0 (Problem 6 to 10) A propped beam 6 m
3
𝑹 = 𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑵 answer long carries a load that varies uniformly
from 10kn/m at the fixed end to zero at the
Sample Problem 10.4 simple support.
(Problem 4 and 5) A propped cantilever Problem 6: What value most nearly gives
beam (fixed at one end and simply the vertical reaction at the simple support
supported at the other end) has a span L of in kN?
6m. The beam carries a uniform load w of
Solution:
600kN/m throughout the span.
Reaction
Problem 4: Determine the reaction at the 1
simple support. 𝑡𝐵 = [𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵 × 𝑋̅𝐵 ] = 0
𝐴 𝐸𝐼
Solution: 1 1 1
[ (6)(6𝑅 )(4) × (6)(60)(4.8)] = 0
𝐸𝐼 2 4
𝑹 = 𝟔𝒌𝑵 answer
Sample Problem 10.7
Problem 7: From problem 6, what value

most nearly gives the moment at the fixed
end in kN-m?
Solution:
𝑀𝐴 = 6𝑅 − 60 = −𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 answer
Sample Problem 10.8

Solve for the reaction R:
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 0 Problem 8: From problem 6, what value
1 1 2𝐿 1 𝑤𝐿2 3𝐿 most nearly give the location of the
[( ) (𝐿)(𝑅𝐿) ( ) − (𝐿) ( ) ( )]
𝐸𝐼 2 3 3 2 4 maximum deflection measured from the
=0 simple support?
𝑤𝐿
𝑅=
8
3(600)(6)
𝑅= = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑵 answer
8
Sample Problem 10.5
Problem 5: From problem 4, Compute the

rotation at the simply supported end.
Solution:
1 1
𝜃 = 𝜃𝐴𝐵 = [( ) (𝐿)(𝑅𝐿)
𝐸𝐼 2
1 𝑤𝐿2
− (𝐿 ) ( )] = 0
3 2

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Solution: Solution:
Deflection and Rotation Rotation at simple support (y’ @ x = 0)
By Double Integration Method: 5(0)4
𝑤 10 5𝑥 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 3(0)2 − − 18
= ;𝑤= 72
𝟏𝟖
𝑥 6 3 𝒚′ = − answer
𝑬𝑰
1 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑅𝑥 − (𝑥 )(𝑤) ( )
2 3
1 2 5𝑥
= 6𝑥 − (𝑥 ) ( )
6 3
5𝑥 3
𝑀 = 6𝑥 −
18
′′
5𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑀 = 6𝑥 −
18
4
5𝑥
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − + 𝐶1
72
When x=6 and y’=0
5(6)4
𝐸𝐼 (0) = 3(6)2 − + 𝐶1 ; 𝐶1 = −18
72
At maximum deflection, y’ = 0
5(𝑥 )4
𝐸𝐼 (0) = 3(𝑥 )2 − − 18
72
5𝑥 4 − 216𝑥 2 + 1296 = 0
2
(216 ± √(−216)2 − 4(5)(1296))
𝑥 =
2(5)
= 7.2
𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 answer
Sample Problem 10.9

most nearly gives the maximum deflection
of the beam?
Solution:
Maximum Deflection, (y @ x = 2.68)
5(𝑥 )4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 3(𝑥 )2 −
′
− 18
72
𝑥5
3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − − 18𝑥 + 𝐶2
72
When y = 0, x=0, and C2 = 0

(2.68)5
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (2.68)3 − − 18(2.68) + 0
72
𝟑𝟎.𝟗𝟏𝟏
𝒚= − answer
𝑬𝑰
Sample Problem 10.10

most nearly gives the rotation at the
simple support?

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies BSCE 2A

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Republic of the Philippines

PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 1 of 46

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies is a branch of mechanics that deals with how

Sample Problem 1.1 140=

P= A S A steel tube is rigidly attached

a hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile

Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 2 of 46

For aluminum: a. Maximum thickness of plate:

Sample Problem 1.4 b. Diameter of smallest hole:

What force is required to punch a Based on compression of puncher:

Sample Problem 1.6

Find the smallest diameter bolt that

Sample Problem 1.5

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 3 of 46

rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing

Safe load P= 24.74kips answer

Sample Problem 1.10

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 4 of 46

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

When dealing with deformable bodies, it is important to remember that

For a plane stress problem, the ∴ 𝜃 = 90° − 𝑎 = 63.44°

Normal stress on the plane of maximum

Sample Problem 2.3

For the state of stress (in MPa)

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 5 of 46

Solution: Sample Problem 2.5

Sample Problem 2.4

R = √(60)2 + (80)2 = 100 MPa

Sample Problem 2.6

b. Maximum Shear Stress

c. σn and τn on plane a-a

𝜎𝑛 = 10 + 80.623 cos 60.255°

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 6 of 46

Sxy = 51.96 MPa answer For combined torsion and bending,

Therefore, the required diameter is

Sample Problem 2.9

If the principal stresses on a body

Since the principal axis is Sample Problem 2.10

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 7 of 46

Plot(fx , Sxy) and (fy , Sxy )

fmax = 20 + R = 56.05 Mpa answer

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 8 of 46

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Sample Problem 3.1 46 200 1.250 0.025 300.12

Plot the stress-strain diagram and

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 9 of 46

Sample Problem 3.2 6000(3 × 12 1000(5 × 12)

A uniform slender rod of length L

Sample Problem 3.3

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 10 of 46

The strain in the x-direction is:

Sample Problem 3.7

Where: For the block loaded triaxially as

𝝈𝒙 = 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟒 𝒑𝒔𝒊 answer

Sample Problem 3.6

A 150-mm-long bronze tube, closed

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 11 of 46

(No deformation means zero strain) 𝛿₁ =

Thus, For triaxial deformation (tensile triaxial

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies | BSCE 2A (2022-2023) Page 12 of 46

For equivalent single force in the x-