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Basic Op Amp Applications
Basic Op Amp Applications
Analog Electronics
Basic Op-Amp Applications
c
Copyright
Virgínio de Oliveira Sannibale, 2003
(Revision December 2012)
Chapter 5
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter we will briefly describe some quite useful circuit based on
Op-Amp, bipolar junction transistors, and diodes.
Rf
V1 R
I1 I
A
− Vo
V2 R
I
+
I2
T
Vn R
AF
In
Figure 5.1: Inverting summing stage using an Op-Amp. The analysis of the
circuit is quite easy considering that the node A is a virtual ground.
DR
107
108 CHAPTER 5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
Vo = − R f I,
we will have
N Rf
Vo = A ∑ Vn , A=−
R
.
n =1
Vi− +
R2
G
−
R1
− Vo
+
R1
−
G R2
Vi+ +
T
Differential
AF
Input Stage Stage
Figure 5.2 shows a very basic In-Amp circuit made out of three Op-
DR
Amps. In this configuration, the two buffers improve the input impedance
of the In-Amp, but some of the problems of the differential amplifier are
5.1. INTRODUCTION 109
still present in this circuit, such as common variable gain, and gain thermal
stability.
A straightforward improvement is to introduce a variable gain on both
amplifiers of the input stage as shown in Figure 5.3(a), but unfortunately,
it is quite hard to keep the impedance of the two Op-Amps well matched,
and at the same time vary their gain and maintaining a very high CMRR.
A clever solution to this problem is shown in Figure 5.3(b). Because of the
virtual ground, this configuration is not very different from the previous
one but it has the advantage of requiring one resistor to set the gain. In
fact, if R3 = R4 then the gain of the Op-Amps A1 and A2 can be set at the
same time adjusting just RG .
For an exhaustive documentation on instrumentation amplifiers con-
sult [2].
Vi− + Vi− +
A1 A1
− −
R1
R3 R3
RG
R4 R4
R2
− −
A2 A2
Vi+ + Vi+ +
(a) (b)
if
R Zf
−
Rf
vs (t)
Zf
Amperometer
is
Rf
−
Rs + v o=−is R f
is
Q
D
T
vi R R
vi
− vo − vo
AF
+ +
(a) (b)
DR
kB T
vo = [ln (vi ) − ln ( RIs )] .
−q
i ≃ Is e−qvi /k B T Is ≪ 1.
5.2. LOGARITHMIC CIRCUITS 113
R R
D
vi vi
− vo Q
− vo
+ +
(a) (b)
Considering that
vo = − Ri ,
thus
vo ≃ − RIs e−qvi /k B T .
R
v1 Logarithmic
R
Amplifier
R
T
v2 Logarithmic
−
Amplifier Anti−Log vo
Amplifier
AF
+
R
R
v1 Logarithmic
Amplifier −
Anti−Log vo
R Amplifier
v2 Logarithmic +
Amplifier
R0
the quality factor Q or the the pass-band interval (ω1 , ω2 ) , and the pass-
band gain A pb
5.3. MULTIPLE-FEEDBACK BAND-PASS FILTER 115
C1
R3
R1 C2
Vi
−
Vo
G
+
R2
R0
√
ω0 = ω2 ω1
ω0
Q =
ω2 − ω1
A pb < 2Q2
Set the same value C for the two capacitors and compute the resistance
values
Q
R1 =
ω0 CA pb
Q
T
R2 =
ω0 C (2Q2 − A pb )
AF
2Q
R3 =
ω0 C
Verify that
R3
A pb = < 2Q2
2R1
DR
iC dv
≪ =S
C dt
D1
− vo
− D0 A
vC
vi A +
+
C0 RESET
V1 , vi > vre f
vo =
V2 , vi ≤ vre f
bit analog digital converter , which converts voltages to the two levels V1
and V2 .
118 CHAPTER 5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
Vi
− Vo
V1
+
R+
Rf
(utp)
V+
t
(ltp)
V+
+Vsat
t
−Vsat
Figure 5.12: Schmitt Trigger and its qualitative response to a signal that swings
up and down between and through the saturation voltages ±Vsat .
1 Otto Herbert Schmitt (1913-1998) American scientist considered the inventor of this
device, that appeared in an article in 1938 with the name of "thermionic trigger"[3].
5.8. PHASE SHIFTER 119
V1 − V+ V+ − Vo V1 R f + Vo R+
I= = , ⇒ V+ = .
R+ Rf R f + R+
The output Vo can have two values, ±Vsat . Consequently, V+ will as-
sume just two trip points values
(utp) (ltp)
When Vi < V+ , Vo is high, and when Vi < V+ , Vo is low.
To set V+ = 0 it requires that
R+
V1 = − Vo
Rf
phase shifted attenuated sinusoid). The Op-Amp provides also the unitary
gain.
120 CHAPTER 5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
R0
R0
−
Vo
Vi
+
C
R
1 − jωRC
H (ω ) = ,
1 + jωRC
Z1
+
− A
Z2
Z
Z3
+
−
Z4
Z5
The fundamental equation of the GIC, which can be found after tedious
calculation, is
Z Z3 Z5
Z= 1
Z2 Z4
By a careful choice of passive components, one can implement types
T
of impedance with values impossible to attain with standard passive com-
ponents. This holds true where the Op-Amps behave very closely to ideal
Op-Amps and if one lead of Z is grounded. For example, we can make:
AF
• impedance scaler
DR
• negative resistance
122 CHAPTER 5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
This circuit is also a gyrator, i.e. a two voltage controlled current sources,
where the currents have opposite direction. For more details consult [7].
1
Z1 = Z2 = R1 , Z3 = R3 , Z4 = , Z5 = R5 ,
jωC
T
AF
DR
5.10. PROBLEMS PREPARATORY TO THE LABORATORY 123
Vi
−
Vo
G
+1.5V +
−10V
3. Design a Schmitt trigger with two diode clamps and one resistor con-
nected to the output.
5. Chose and study at least two circuits to study and design, one from
this chapter and one form the next one on active filters .
T
New circuits different than those ones proposed in this chapter are
also welcome. For a good source of new circuits based on Op-Amps
see [1] , [4], and [2].
AF
DR
124 CHAPTER 5. BASIC OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
T
AF
DR
Bibliography
125
126 BIBLIOGRAPHY
T
AF
DR