1.

Explain the spatial evolution of fresnel diffraction into fraunhofer diffraction

Fresnel diffraction or near-field diffraction is a process of diffraction that

occurs when a wave passes through an aperture and diffracts in the near
field. It occurs due to the short distance in which the diffracted waves
propagate, which results in a Fresnel number greater than 1 (F > 1). When the
distance is increased, outgoing diffracted waves become planar and
Fraunhofer diffraction occurs.

2.
3. Why separation between vibrational levels is smaller in an excited electronic state
than in the ground electronic state. 
4. Why is the contrast better in brightness of fringes obtained from the interference of
reflected light rays compared to that obtained from transmitted light rays?
5. Show mathematically that two light beams polarized in perpendicular directions will
not interfere
The intensity relation of two light beams after interference is given by
 where   and   are the individual intensities of the beams and   is the phase
difference. The term   gives the interference value between the
beams. When the light beams are polarizes in perpendicular
directions   and

Hence two light beams polarized in perpendicular directions will not interfere.

6. Can one obtain pure rotational spectra in emission?

8.
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12. Explain why some lines in Raman spectra are found to be plane polarized to different
extents even though the exciting(incident) radiation is completely unpolarized?
13. Hydrogen molecule is diatomic. Obtain the rotational energy levels of this molecule. Write
down the selection rules. Obtain the smallest energy required to excite the lowest rotational
mode.
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19.

The nucleon-nucleon force is that the same no matter whether or not the nucleons ar
protons or neutrons - once the coulomb repulsion has been taken into consideration.
therefore the nuclear force is charge even or charge freelance. for instance the
determination of nuclear sizes from the study of mirror nuclei is predicated on this
charge independence of the nuclear force.

The charge could be a mathematical construct for coping with magnetic attraction
forces (you cannot tell if a body is - ve or +ve charged, simply by wanting.. there is
not any physical label on them) magnetic attraction forces arise thanks to exchange
of photons. nuclear forces (especially the robust nuclear force) is charge freelance
(almost) coz they occur/arise thanks to exchange of gluons (you may additionally
stumble upon the particle-Pi meson). These gluons stick the quarks along. (quarks
constitute/make up protons, neutrons, electrons etc)
20.
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24.
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31. What is the physical significance of displacement current? Provr that the lines of
conduction current plus displacement current are continous.
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34. Explain why Type-II superconductors is better than Type-I superconductor in the
application of superconductor magnets.

Due to the high critical magnetic field, type-II superconductors can be used
for manufacturing electromagnets used for producing strong magnetic field whereas
type-I semiconductors do not have this application

Type-I superconductors have a low Critical magnetic field (Typically in the range of
0.0000049 T to 1T)
but Type-II superconductors have a high Critical magnetic field (Typically greater than 1T)

Type-I superconductors perfectly obey the Meissner effect: Magnetic field cannot penetrate
inside the material.
& Type-II superconductors partly obey the Meissner effect but not completely: Magnetic
field can penetrate inside the material.

Type-I superconductors exhibits a single critical magnetic field.

& Type-II superconductors exhibits two critical magnetic field

In Type-I superconductors the transition from a superconducting state to a normal state due to
the external magnetic field is sharp and abrupt for type-I superconductors.
but in Type-II superconductors the transition from a superconducting state to a normal state
due to the external magnetic field is gradually but not shape and abrupt. At lower critical
magnetic field , type-II superconductor starts losing its superconductivity. At upper critical
magnetic field , type-II superconductor completely loses its superconductivity. The state
between lower critical magnetic field and upper magnetic field is known as an intermediate
state or mixed state.
Due to the low critical magnetic field, type-I superconductors have limited technical
applications.
but due to the high critical magnetic field, type-II superconductors have wider technical
applications

Type-I superconductors easily lose the superconducting state by low-intensity magnetic field.
Therefore, type-I superconductors are also known as soft superconductors
& Type-II superconductors does not easily lose the superconducting state by external
magnetic field. Therefore, type-II superconductors are also known as hard superconductors.

Examples of Type-I superconductors are : Hg, Pb, Zn,etc.

& examples of Type-II superconductors are :  NbTi, Nb3Sn, etc.

35. Assuming equal masses for up(u) and down(d) quarks, find the ratio ( ) of the
magnetic moments of neutron and proton.
36. Distinguish between charge independence and charge symmetry of nuclear force. Give
one example for each of these.

Charge independence
 
The nuclear force is nearly independent of whether the nucleons are neutrons or
protons. This property is called charge independence. 
 
It depends on whether the spins of the nucleons are parallel or antiparallel, and has
a noncentral or tensor component. 
 
This part of the force does not conserve orbital angular momentum, which is a
constant of motion under central forces. 
 
The nuclear force (or nucleon-nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is
the force between two or more nucleons.
 It is responsible for binding of protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei.
To a large extent, this force can be understood in terms of the exchange of virtual
light mesons, such as the pions. 
Sometimes the nuclear force is called the residual strong force, in contrast to the
strong interactions. 
 
For example - the determination of nuclear sizes from the study of mirror nuclei is
based on this charge independence of the nuclear force.

Charge symmetry
 
The nuclear force (or nucleon-nucleon interaction or residual strong force) is
the force between two or more nucleons.
 It is responsible for binding of protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei.
 
 To a large extent, this force can be understood in terms of the exchange of virtual
light mesons, such as the pions. 
 
Sometimes the nuclear force is called the residual strong force, in contrast to the
strong interactions.
For example the determination of nuclear sizes from the study of mirror nuclei is based on
this charge independence of the nuclear force.
37. A sphere of radius R moves with velocity u in an incompressible, non-viscous ideal fluid.
Calculate the pressure distribution over the surface of the sphere. Do you think that a force
is necessary to keep the sphere in uniform motion?
Answer:- We are having a sphere of radius R with velocity u in incompressible and non-
viscous ideal fluid.First we have to find pressure distribution over the surface of sphere.
Bernoullis equation for irrotational steady flow of incompressible and non-viscous fluid can
be written as:- 1/2ρv² + P + U = constant Where, Constant if no external force is present=U
Velocity of fluid=v Pressure=P Mass of density = ρ Consider a point (R, θ ) on surface of
sphere and other point at infinity , where we can define the pressure as Pₒ.Then we have 1/2
ρu²(cos²θ+ 1/4 sin²θ)+P =1/2ρu²+Pₒ P=1/2 ρu² + Pₒ-1/2 ρu²(cos²θ+ 1/4 sin²θ) P=1/2 ρu² (1 -
cos²θ - 1/4 sin²θ)+Pₒ Using,[cos²θ + sin²θ=1], we get P= 1/2 ρu² (sin²θ - 1/4 sin²θ)+Pₒ P=1/2
ρu²(3/4sin²θ)+Pₒ{This is the pressure over surface of sphere} Now we have to check
whether we need a force to keep the sphere in motion. Net force exerted by pressure on
sphere is in direction of u is Taking Upper limit = π ; Lower limit = 0 F= ∫ P cosθ ds F= ∫ { 1/2
ρu²(3/4sin²θ) + Pₒ}×2πRsinθcosθR dθ F=∫ ( 3/8ρu²sin²θ + Pₒ)×2πRsinθcosθR dθ F= 0
Therefore there is no force required to keep the sphere in uniform motion. It can be called as
the sphere moves uniformly without friction.
Bernoullis principle. In fluid dynamics , It states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occur
simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in fluid potential energy .
Pressure over the surface of sphere is:- P=1/2 ρu²(3/4sin²θ)+Pₒ Hence net force exerted by
pressure on sphere is in direction of u is zero. Therefore no force is required to keep the
sphere in uniform motion.
38. For a system consisting of one proton and one neutron (not necessarily a deuteron),
write down the various possible states specifying clearly its isospin, spin and orbital quantum
numbers.
39. Write an expression for the profile (t = 0) of a harmonic wave moving in the +x-direction
such that at x=0, =l0; at x= /6, =20 and at x=5 /12, = 0. (The notations carry usual
meanings)
40. Deduce the expression for the magnetic dipole moment with the help of Schmidt single
particle model
41. Derive the expression for the average energy of a quantum oscillation of frequency .
Assume Fermi-Dirac distribution and E-E > 2, where E is the Fermi level.
42. On a space-time diagram after the Lorentz transformation with given v we get new tilted
axis ct' and x'. For a point on the ct' axis which is at the (geometrical) distance on the
diagram measured from the origin, find the values of t' and t.
Special Relativity, we introduce the concept of space-time. To describe the location of an
object in space-time, we must specify both the location/position coordinates (x, y, z) and the
time “coordinate”, t. Since time, t, has the dimension of time, we usually specify the time
coordinate by multiplying it by speed of light, ct, so that it has dimensions of length. Thus,
position in space-time is given by 4 coordinates: (x,y,z,ct).
43. Prove that when light goes from one point to another via a plane mirror, the path followed
by light is the one for which the time of flight is the least.

In the reflection of light, an incident angle must be equal to the reflection angle. By
using the Fermat principle, we can prove the law of reflection and refraction.
According to this principle, light takes the shortest path to travel between two
points.

also in space , the light travels in gravity . therefore , it takes a path where the path
taken by light is the leasst .

So , if we perform a experiment in which there at 2 stars at a long distance , if light

passes from one end of the space to the other ,
then suppose there were two parts , 1) a straight line ,
2) its a curved path .

Suppose , a straight line is longer than compared to curved path .

then , the light would choose , a curved path .

as compred to straight line .

Light always travels in a straight line. It does not bend while travelling. It follows the
shortest path between the starting point and the endpoint, which is a straight line.

Light travels at different speeds in different materials. When you shine a beam of

light from one material into another (like from air to water) it bends in such a
way that the path it takes from one point to another requires the least possible
time.

Fermat's principle, in optics, statement that light traveling between two points seeks
a path such that the number of waves (the optical length between the points) is
equal, in the first approximation, to that in neighbouring paths.

Maxwell's equation claims that the speed of light is a universal constant, 186,000
miles per second so long as that speed of light is measured in a vacuum. But this
statement leads to a paradox, as velocities are additive in our everyday
experience.

44. Determine the energy of attraction between an electric dipole and a plane conducting
surface at zero potential.
Use method of electrical images and give step-by-step solution.

45. What are the necessary conditions which must be satisfied in order to apply the method
of images?
46.

This law is called Planck's Law;

ii)