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Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (/chemistry/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-

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Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes

Methods of Preparation of Aldehydes

The organic compounds that contain carbon-oxygen double bonds are referred to as
carbonyl compounds. The Carbonyl group is one of the most significant functional groups
in organic chemistry. Some of these compounds are widely used in the industry for
manufacturing various chemicals and reagents.

Carbonyl compounds (https://byjus.com/chemistry/carbonyl-compounds/) are of two

types, aldehydes and ketones. The compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to
carbon and hydrogen are called aldehydes, while the compounds in which the carbon
group is attached to two carbon atoms are called ketones. The aldehydic or aldehyde
group is denoted as -CHO, whereas the ketone or ketonic group is denoted using -CO. This
article is concerned with the methods of preparation of aldehydes.

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Preparation of Aldehydes
There are various methods that can be used to prepare aldehydes depending upon the
type and requirement of the compounds. Following are some important methods of
preparation of aldehydes.
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1. By Oxidation of Alcohol
After the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, we can get both aldehydes and
ketones. The oxidation of primary alcohols results in the formation of aldehydes while the
oxidation of secondary alcohols produces ketones. The general chemical reaction for
oxidation of primary and secondary alcohol is shown as:

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2. Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
Dehydrogenation means removal of hydrogen. Dehydrogenation of alcohols is widely used
in industries. In this method, a primary alcohol is passed over metal catalysts like Copper
which results in the formation of an aldehyde. This method is preferred for the conversion
of volatile alcohols into aldehydes. For example, the reaction of ethyl alcohol and isopropyl
alcohol with Cu as a catalyst at 573 K temperature produces ethanal and acetone
respectively.

3. From Hydrocarbons
Aldehydes are obtained by the ozonolysis of alkenes.
In ozonolysis, first, an alkene reacts with an ozone molecule which results in the formation
of ozonide. Then the ozonide so formed reacts with zinc dust and water which results in the
formation of either aldehyde or ketone depending on the type of hydrocarbon used.

There are other methods used for the preparation of aldehydes, let’s have a look at those
methods:

From acyl chloride: The hydrogenation of acid chlorides by passing over a catalyst
such as palladium aldehydes is obtained. This reaction is called Rosenmund
reduction.
 From nitriles and esters:  The reaction of nitriles with stannous chloride and
hydrochloric acid produces imine first. then the imine so formed undergoes
hydrolysis to produce aldehyde as the product. This reaction is called the Stephen
Reaction

Click here to know about the Nomenclature of Aldehydes

(https://byjus.com/chemistry/nomenclature-aldehydes/).

We can get aromatic aldehydes with the help of aromatic hydrocarbons by using the
methods given below:

4. By Oxidation of Methylbenzene
Toluene can be oxidised by strong oxidising agents to benzoic acid. The oxidation can be
stopped at the aldehyde stage by using those suitable reagents to convert the methyl
group to an intermediate that cannot be oxidised further.

By using chromyl chloride(CrO2Cl2): The reaction of toluene with chromyl chloride

results in the formation of a chromium complex which on further hydrolysis produces
benzaldehyde. This reaction is called the Etard reaction.

By using chromyl chloride

By using chromic oxide(CrO3): The reaction of toluene or substituted toluene in the

presence of chromic acid in acetic anhydride produces benzylidene diacetate. Then
the benzylidene diacetate on hydrolysis gives the corresponding benzaldehyde.

By using chromic oxide

By Gatterman –Koch reaction: The treatment of carbon monoxide and hydrogen

 chloride with benzene or its derivative in the presence of aluminium chloride gives
benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde. This is called Gatterman –Koch reaction.

By Gatterman –Koch reaction

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1 What is meant by aldehyde?

Aldehyde, part of a family of organic compounds in which a carbon atom forms a

double bond with an oxygen atom, one single bond with a hydrogen atom, and one
single bond with another atom or group of atoms known as R in general chemical
formulas and structural diagrams.

Q2 Is aldehyde acidic or basic?

Aldehydes have a sp2-hybridised, planar carbon core that is bound to oxygen by a

double bond and hydrogen by a single bond. Typically, the C – H bond is not acidic.

Q3 What is the use of aldehydes?

Formaldehyde is used as plant germicides, insecticides, and fungicides in the

embalming, tanning, and processing of glues and polymeric items. It is also used for
modelling and drug checking. Formaldehyde forms Bakelite when combined with
phenol and is used in paints, coatings, and adhesives.

Q4 What are natural aldehydes?

Aldehydes are a class of reactive, organic compounds that can be found in natural
products such as cinnamon bark (cinnamaldehyde) and vanilla bean (vanillin) as well
as in laboratories.

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