Psychology Fourth Canadian Canadian 4th Edition Wade Test Bank 1

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Psychology, Cdn 4e (Wade)

Chapter 8 Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
Quick Quiz (1)

1) Who conducted an experiment on the effects of punishment on learning that was, in reality, an
experiment on obedience?
A) Solomon Asch
B) Stanley Milgram
C) Philip Zimbardo
D) Muzafer Sherif
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Stanley Milgram conducted a classic study on the effects of obedience, which
asked a "teacher" to give a learner increasing increments of shock for wrong answers.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
2) How many of the subjects in the obedience study gave the highest level of shock?
A) about one-third
B) about half
C) about two-thirds
D) about three-fourths
Answer: C
Explanation: C) About two-thirds of the subjects in Milgram's obedience study gave the highest
level of shock, 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
1
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc.
3) Which of the following is NOT a reason people obey an authority figure?
A) becoming entrapped
B) allocating responsibility to the authority
C) accepting moral responsibility
D) wanting to be polite
Answer: C
Explanation: C) People who accept moral responsibility do not generally obey authorities who
order them to do something that violates their standards. It is when responsibility is allocated to the
authority that they obey.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
2
4) What are the two types of causal attributions that people make?
A) dispositional and situational
B) environmental and situational
C) personality traits and dispositional
D) nature and nurture
Answer: A
Explanation: A) When trying to understand the cause of a person's behaviour, we make either
dispositional attributions (caused by personality traits) or situational attributions (caused by the
situation).
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) Which of the following is NOT a result of diffusion of responsibility?

A) bystander apathy
B) mob violence
C) deindividuation
D) fundamental attribution error
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The fundamental attribution error is an error commonly made in attributing
causes to another's behaviour. It is unrelated to diffusion of responsibility. Bystander apathy, social
loafing, and deindividuation all can result from diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
6) What is it called when a person experiences conflict between two attitudes or between an attitude
and a behaviour?
A) cognitive consistency
B) behavioural adjustment
C) cognitive dissonance
D) implicit assumption
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The definition of cognitive dissonance is the state of tension that results from
inconsistent attitudes and behaviours.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) Which of the following is NOT a technique used in coercive persuasion?

A) use of cognitive dissonance
B) promise of salvation
C) isolation
D) use of entrapment
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Cognitive dissonance is not used to try to change beliefs in coercive persuasion.
The other options are, however, commonly used techniques.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3
8) Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of having an ethnic identity?
A) pride in being a member
B) emotional attachment to the group
C) cognitive-behavioural identification
D) conforming behaviour
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Cognitive-behavioural identification is a made-up term.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9) Which of the following is a way of measuring implicit prejudice?

A) anonymous surveys of attitudes
B) face-to-face interviews with individuals
C) survey of discriminatory behaviours
D) measurement of unconscious associations
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The other three choices would not reveal implicit prejudice. Since a person is
unaware of implicit prejudice, they could not reveal it in an interview or survey.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10) What is the most effective strategy to reduce prejudice and us–them thinking?
A) encouraging social contact between groups
B) having groups work together on a task requiring cooperation to reach a common goal
C) establishing legal equality of all groups
D) education about social issues and diversity
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Working together on a task requiring cooperation to reach a mutually desired
goal is the most effective strategy to reduce prejudice, even though it alone is not sufficient.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
4
Quick Quiz (2)
1) In the Stanford prison study, what was it that caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?
A) the instructions given to the guards
B) the actions of the prisoners
C) the social context
D) peer pressure from the other guards
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The social situation can have a very powerful effect on a person's behaviour, as
in the case of the Stanford prison study.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
2) Which of the following is NOT a type of error that is commonly made in explaining the causes of
our own or others' behaviour?
A) self-serving bias
B) fundamental attribution error
C) blaming the victim
D) diffusion of responsibility
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Diffusion of responsibility is an explanation of bystander apathy, not error in
causal attributions.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3) The tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong is
known as:
A) self-serving bias.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) group-serving bias.
D) just-world hypothesis.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The group-serving bias refers to the tendency to explain favourably the
behaviours of members of groups to which we belong.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5
4) Which two effects are common reasons for a change of attitudes?
A) familiarity and validity
B) consistency and validity
C) familiarity and reputation
D) reliability and validity
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Familiarity (the tendency to hold positive attitudes toward familiar people and
things) and the validity effect (where repeated presentation of an argument makes it seem valid) are two
common reasons to change an attitude.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
5) What is one of the most common but least effective techniques for trying to change someone's
attitude?
A) repetition of an argument
B) using scare tactics
C) using famous people to present an argument
D) playing devil's advocate
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Scare tactics, while commonly used, are not very effective in changing an attitude
or behaviour, for example, getting someone to quit smoking.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
6) Who conducted an experiment on conformity in which people were asked to judge the length of
lines?
A) Solomon Asch
B) Philip Zimbardo
C) Stanley Milgram
D) Muzafer Sherif
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The well-known conformity study involving the judgment of line length was
conducted by Solomon Asch.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7) Which of the following is NOT a reason that people conform to social pressure?
A) identification with the group
B) wanting to be liked
C) self-interest
D) belief in critical thinking
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Belief in critical thinking would more likely result in nonconformity.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
6
8) What is the most common explanation of bystander apathy?
A) diffusion of responsibility
B) blaming the victim
C) entrapment
D) acculturation
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Diffusion of responsibility, the idea that the responsibility for action is divided
among the bystanders so that each individual has very little responsibility, is the most likely explanation
for bystander apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
9) Which of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?

A) exaggeration of differences between groups
B) producing selective perception
C) exaggeration of differences within other groups
D) underestimation of differences within other groups
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Stereotypes cause an exaggeration of similarities within other groups, not an
exaggeration of differences.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10) Which of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice?

A) psychological
B) social and cultural
C) cognitive
D) economic
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Prejudice serves psychological, social and cultural, and economic functions.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
7
Test Questions
1) ________ are defined as rules that regulate human life.
A) Norms
B) Routines
C) Stereotypes
D) Roles
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Section: Roles and Rules
Skill: Factual
2) The rules that regulate social life are referred to as social:

A) laws.
B) rules.
C) etiquette.
D) norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
3) Social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards are examples of:
A) routines.
B) roles.
C) stereotypes.
D) norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act. These are all
examples of those rules.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
4) Which of the following is the definition of norm?

A) a program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of members of a society
B) a gradual process in which people escalate their commitment to a course of action
C) rules that regulate human life
D) a given social position that is governed by rules for proper behaviour
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Norms are defined as rules about how we are supposed to act.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
8
5) Doni enters an elevator and she continues facing the back instead of turning around to face the
elevator door. In this example,
A) Doni has violated a role.
B) Doni has violated a stereotype.
C) Doni has violated a norm.
D) Doni has violated her gender role.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) This is an example of violating an unspoken rule or norm about facing forward
on elevators.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
6) An implicit cultural standard has been violated when:

A) a parent allows a 13-year-old to get behind the wheel for a short drive home.
B) the school library is almost completely empty but a student sits right next to a stranger.
C) taxes are due on April 30 but a person doesn't file a return.
D) a driver accelerates during a yellow light in order to cross the intersection.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The first three examples involve violation of laws, but sitting next to a stranger
violates an implicit cultural standard.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
7) Research on social roles suggests that:

A) family roles setting tasks for husbands and wives are similar across cultures.
B) certain aspects of every role must be carried out or there will be penalties.
C) people usually follow social roles with conscious deliberation.
D) male gender roles in Western cultures have been resistant to any changes.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) There are almost always penalties for failing to carry out a social role, even if the
penalty may be nothing more than feeling uncomfortable.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
8) Each person has ________ social role(s).

A) one
B) many
C) three
D) two
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Each person has many social roles, such as a gender role, an occupational role, a
role in their family, a role with friends.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
9
9) Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm violation?
A) a woman who hums loudly while waiting in line to buy movie tickets
B) students who sit next to strangers in the school cafeteria when other seats are available
C) a man in Canada standing so close to an acquaintance that she can feel his breath
D) individuals in Milgram's study who obeyed the authority and delivered shocks
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Individuals in Milgram's study were following a norm or rule about obeying
authorities. All the other choices are examples of violating a norm.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
10) Which of the following is a violation of an implicit cultural standard?

A) a bartender offers a glass of champagne to an underage 18-year-old bride
B) a driver notices that no other cars are around and drives through a red light
C) a woman on a public bus sings "Summer Loving" from the musical Grease
D) a woman in California tans on the beach without a bathing suit top
Answer: C
Explanation: C) All of the choices are examples of people following implicit cultural standards
except for the woman singing on the public bus. She is violating a norm.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
11) Culture is defined as a program of shared ________ that govern the behaviour of people in a
society as well as a set of shared values and beliefs.
A) social roles
B) rules or norms
C) cognitions
D) expectations
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Culture includes shared norms, values, and beliefs that are taught to each
successive generation.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
12) Which of the following is the text's definition of culture?

A) the social roles that people follow with conscious deliberation
B) rules that regulate human life, including implicit standards for community living
C) the social conventions and explicit laws followed by members of a community
D) a program of shared rules that govern the behaviour of members of a society
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Culture involves shared rules or norms that govern our behaviour in a group.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
10
13) Tahir, an Arab, and Jan, a Swede, meet at a dinner for international students. Since the cultures of
the two men differ in regard to ________, both may feel uncomfortable during their conversation.
A) explicit laws
B) attitudes toward higher education
C) knowledge of North American etiquette
D) conversational distance
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Swedes tend to maintain much greater social distance during conversations,
whereas Arabs in general stand the closest together.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
14) ________ generally have the greatest conversational distance compared to other cultures; that is,
they stand further apart when they converse.
A) Latin Americans
B) English and Swedes
C) Arabs
D) Southern Europeans
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The English and Swedes tend to have the greatest conversational distance,
whereas Arabs and Latin Americans stand the closest together.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15) In Stanley Milgram's study of obedience:

A) participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs.
B) participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners.
C) an ominous-looking shock machine had voltage markings from 0 to 450 volts.
D) a learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In Milgram's study the learner was always an actor and the subject was always
the teacher, participants were never shocked, and the learner and teacher were in separate rooms. The
shock machine was marked in increments up to 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
11
16) Before Stanley Milgram conducted his study on obedience, he asked a number of psychiatrists,
students, and middle-class adults how many people would go all the way to the highest voltage under
the instructions of the authority. Milgram found that:
A) psychiatrists accurately predicted that about 45% of the participants would inflict what they
thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
B) psychiatrists predicted that 1 person in 1000 would administer the highest voltage and the
nonprofessionals agreed with this statement.
C) students and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 25% of the participants would
inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
D) psychiatrists, students, and middle-class adults accurately predicted that about 15% of the
participants would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Almost everyone, both professionals and lay people, predicted that most people
would refuse to go beyond 150 volts and that only 1 person in 1000 would administer the highest voltage.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
17) In the Milgram study, ________ predicted that most people would refuse to go beyond 150 volts
when administering shock to other people.
A) no one
B) nonprofessionals
C) professionals
D) both professionals and nonprofessionals
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Almost everyone, both professionals and lay people, predicted that most people
would refuse to go beyond 150 volts and that only 1 person in 1000 would administer the highest voltage.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
18) About ________ of all participants in Milgram's study administered the highest level of shock to
the learner.
A) one-third
B) half
C) one-fourth
D) two-thirds
Answer: D
Explanation: D) About two-thirds of the participants gave the highest level of shock, 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
12
19) Milgram concluded that obedience in his study was a function of the:
A) responses made by the learner.
B) situation of the experiment.
C) religious beliefs of the participant.
D) personality of the participant.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The only thing that changed the outcome of the experiment was if the basic
situation was changed, such as having the experimenter leave the room or having the teacher in the same
room as the learner.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
20) Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

A) about two-thirds of the subjects stopped delivering shocks when the learner first demanded to be
free.
B) about two-thirds of the subjects, from all ages and from all walks of life, obeyed to the fullest
extent.
C) about 90% of the older adults and about 60% of the students stopped administering shocks even
though the experimenter said, "The experiment requires that you continue."
D) almost 90% of the women and about 60% of the men stopped administering shocks even though
the experimenter said, "The experiment requires that you continue."
Answer: B
Explanation: B) About two-thirds of the participants gave the highest level of shock, 450 volts.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
21) When Milgram and his team set up several variations of his original study, they found that
people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when:
A) the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure.
B) the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made.
C) the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer.
D) two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The victim was in an adjoining room in the original experiment and people still
obeyed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
13
22) Replications of Milgram's study of obedience showed:
A) gender differences in a willingness to obey, because 75% of men but only 30% of women inflicted
what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
B) that when the victim said that he had a heart ailment or screamed in agony, 10% of the "teachers"
inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
C) that more than 90% of the subjects in Spain and in the Netherlands inflicted what they thought
were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
D) occupational differences, because 90% of lower-SES individuals and 55% of upper-SES
individuals inflicted what they thought were dangerous levels of shocks to the "learner."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When Milgram's study was conducted in Spain and the Netherlands, obedience
was much higher than in the U.S.A. Occupation, gender, and complaints by the learner made no
difference.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
23) Which of the following actions by the "learner" reduced the likelihood of being shocked by the
"teacher" in Milgram's study?
A) complaining of having a heart ailment
B) screaming in pain
C) Nothing the learner did made a difference.
D) protesting noisily
Answer: C
Explanation: C) In Milgram's study, nothing the learner did made any difference in the outcome
of the study.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
24) Sebastian is a "learner" in Milgram's study. What can he do to reduce the likelihood of being
shocked by the "teacher"?
A) complain of having a heart ailment
B) scream in pain
C) protest noisily
D) Nothing Sebastian does will make a difference.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Sebastian will not be shocked. The learner is always an actor and is not shocked.
But nothing the actor does causes the teacher to stop administering what he believes are real shocks.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
14
25) Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Milgram's study?
A) It was not a realistic situation and could not be compared to real-world obedience.
B) It was unethical because subjects were deceived.
C) It was unethical because the personality traits of the subject were not taken into account.
D) It was unethical because subjects experienced emotional pain.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) There was concern with Milgram's study because subjects were deceived and
experienced psychological pain and because the experiment couldn't be generalized to real-life situations.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
26) In the prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to
discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found
that:
A) within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional
symptoms and physical ailments.
B) the subjects, prisoners and guards, were relieved when the experimenters decided that the study
should be ended early.
C) the guards that tried to be "tough but fair" urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on the
prisoners because it was only an experiment.
D) about 10% of the guards became tyrannical, choosing harsh and abusive methods to maintain
order.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In the Stanford prison study, students-prisoners quickly became distressed and
the study had to be ended more quickly than planned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
27) In the Stanford prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a two-week
experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The
researchers found that:
A) since the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison, the realistic atmosphere
enhanced the role behaviour of prisoners and guards.
B) within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, developing emotional
symptoms and physical ailments.
C) about 5% of the guards became tyrannical, giving the prisoners electric shocks when they were
slow in obeying.
D) 90% of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical guards lighten
up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the Stanford prison study, students-prisoners quickly became distressed and
the study had to be ended more quickly than planned.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
15
28) In the Stanford prison study, it was found that
A) since the study was conducted in an unused wing of a real prison, the realistic atmosphere
enhanced the role behaviour of prisoners and guards.
B) about 5% of the guards became tyrannical, giving the prisoners electric shocks when they were
slow in obeying.
C) about one-third of the guards became tyrannical and almost always chose to be harsh and
abusive.
D) 90% of the guards tried to be "tough but fair" and demanded that the tyrannical guards lighten
up on the prisoners because it was only an experiment.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
29) The Stanford prison study demonstrates how a person's ________ affect(s) behaviour.
A) past experience
B) values
C) role
D) beliefs
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The role we play affects our behaviour by causing us to conform to expectations
for that role.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
30) Critics of the prison study argue that:

A) a make-shift prison in the basement of a university building is not an effective setting to
investigate the factors involved.
B) the participants had watched television shows and movies that provided script information
about how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave.
C) by stopping the study after six days instead of letting it continue for the two-week experimental
period, the researchers had not allowed enough time for dramatic change to occur.
D) the methodology was flawed because participants were not randomly assigned to either the
prisoner condition or the guard condition.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It was thought that prisoners and guards acted the way they did because of
expectations learned from television and movies.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
16
31) Despite the criticism over the famous Prison Study, the researchers involved, Haney and
Zimbardo, continued to increase public awareness about the:
A) traumatic effects prison life can have on prisoners.
B) need for prison guards to learn harsher methods for maintaining control over prisoners.
C) power of the situation and how it can outweigh personality in influencing behaviour.
D) primary importance of personality traits in determining behaviour.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The researchers stated that the study continues to increase public awareness of
how situations can outweigh personality and private values in influencing behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
32) C. P. Snow said that "more hideous crimes have been committed in the name of ________ than in
the name of rebellion."
A) religion
B) the law
C) obedience
D) conformity
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Snow implied that people are more likely to do negative things because they are
obeying orders (behaving as expected in a particular situation) than because they are acting on beliefs
and rebelling.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
33) The primary reason why people obey is that they:

A) are deeply convinced of the authority's legitimacy.
B) are worried about the consequences of disobedience.
C) don't give thought to the other perspective.
D) hope to gain a tangible benefit through their obedience.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Milgram's study as well as in many other situations, people obey because they
perceive the leader as a legitimate authority figure.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
17
34) The primary reason why people obey is that they:
A) are deeply convinced of the authority's legitimacy.
B) are impulsive and don't think through their actions.
C) were taught that disobedience is sinful.
D) don't realize that someone might suffer through their actions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Milgram's study as well as in many other situations, people obey because they
perceive the leader as a legitimate authority figure.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
35) Participants in Milgram's obedience study thought they were participating in a study about the
effects of punishment on learning. Of the factors associated with people's willingness to obey, this aspect
of Milgram's study could be related to:
A) wanting to be polite.
B) routinizing the task.
C) becoming entrapped.
D) the allocation of responsibility to an authority.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In the Milgram study, some people became fixated on the "learning task."
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
36) One of the factors that causes people to obey when they would rather not is that:
A) they need time to decide whether this situation is one that meets the criteria they have been
taught to justify disobedience toward an authority they respect.
B) good manners protect people's feelings and the desire to be polite ensnares people into further
obedience.
C) after careful evaluation of the situation, the inner voice of conscience dictates obedience because
civilization without obedience becomes chaos.
D) they focus on the greater good and know that they are morally obligated to follow
institutionalized rules.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) One reason for obedience is fear of the consequences if one is not polite.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
18
37) ________ is defined as a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a
course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
A) Commitment
B) Obedience
C) Entrapment
D) Conformity
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Entrapment occurs when each successive act of obedience serves to further
commit a person to a course of action.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
38) Which of the following is an example of entrapment?

A) A friend convinces you that it would be fun to stand backwards in the checkout line of the
grocery store, and before you know it, other customers are gawking at you.
B) A friend suggests that in auditioning for the part of James Bond in a local production, you should
emphasize his fears as well as his strengths, and before you know it, you are laughed off stage.
C) A friend states that just because you are the bride there is no reason that you, rather than the
groom, should write the thank-you cards, and before you know it, you are getting the blame.
D) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you
to fill the boxes with dishes, and before you know it, you've packed his kitchen.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) In this choice, you are asked to commit to helping your friend a little more at
each stage until you find it hard to refuse. Thus this is an example of entrapment.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
39) A gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify
their investment of time, money, or effort is called:
A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) acculturation.
D) entrapment.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The definition of entrapment involves a gradual or step-wise escalation of
commitment to a course of action.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
19
40) Which of the following is NOT an example of entrapment?
A) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you
to fill the boxes with dishes, and before you know it, you've packed his kitchen.
B) You get involved part-time with a charity and within months you are chair of the fundraising
committee.
C) A friend invites you over for a visit and when you get there asks if you wouldn't mind watching
the kids while she pops out to the grocery store, and before you know it, you are babysitting all
afternoon.
D) Your mom asks you to come over and take a look at a few things she is throwing away. and
before you know it. you are helping her clean out her attic.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Entrapment refers to a course of action that poses problems.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
41) In Milgram's study, participants were supposed to begin the "punishment" with very small
shocks and gradually increase the voltage. This would be a good example of what is meant by:
A) becoming entrapped.
B) handing responsibility over to the authority.
C) routinization.
D) wanting to be polite.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Entrapment is a process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a
course of action in order to justify their investment in it.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
42) According to the fundamental attribution error, Bob will explain why Joe lost his job last week by
suggesting that:
A) Joe was a troublemaker.
B) the demographics of the company were changing.
C) Joe was unable to create enough revenue.
D) the company needed to save money.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
people's behaviour to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.
Type: MC
Section: Social Influences on Beliefs
Skill: Conceptual
20
43) Social cognition is defined as:
A) an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception,
and other cognitive processes.
B) the processes by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes, and expectations required of
them by their society or culture.
C) the part of a person's self-concept that is based on identification with a nation, culture, or group
in society.
D) a psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on human relationships
and behaviours.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Social cognition involves the effects of our social environment on our thoughts,
beliefs, and other cognitive processes.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
44) Social ________ refers to the effect of social influence on thought, memory, perception, and
beliefs.
A) entrapment
B) attribution
C) attitudes
D) cognition
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social cognition involves the effects of our social environment on our thoughts,
beliefs, and other cognitive processes.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45) Attribution theory examines:

A) predictions about behaviour of people in particular situations.
B) judgments about the personal attributes of others.
C) the explanations a person makes about the causes of behaviour.
D) the psychological traits, or "attributes," that a person possesses.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Attribution theory looks at how a person makes decisions about the causes of
another's behaviour.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
21
46) When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something:
A) with an unconscious motivation.
B) that is a biological trait.
C) in the person's disposition.
D) in the environment.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Situational attributions look at behaviour as being caused by the environment or
situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
47) A panhandler approaches you and your friend for some money. When your friend refuses to give
him any money, you attribute your friend's behaviour to her inherently greedy nature. A social
psychologist is likely to say that you have just made a/an:
A) false attribution.
B) external attribution.
C) dispositional attribution.
D) situational attribution.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A dispositional attribution occurs when we identify the cause of an action as
something in the person.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
48) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to overestimate the role of:
A) dispositional factors in the behaviour of others.
B) situational factors in the behaviour of others.
C) situational factors in their own behaviour.
D) dispositional factors in their own behaviour.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) It is common to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the role
of traits or personality factors in judging other people's behaviour. This is called the fundamental
attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
22
49) A fan at a baseball game watches the left fielder drop a ball next to the stands. If the fan responds
by making the fundamental attribution error, he is most likely to remark that the player:
A) is not a good fielder.
B) was affected by the lights.
C) does not receive enough money.
D) is just having a bad game today.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
50) Which of the following suggests that the speaker is making the fundamental attribution error?
A) "People don't conserve energy in this country because it is still relatively inexpensive."
B) "Politics and religion cause more problems than they solve."
C) "The guy at the next table didn't leave a tip for the waitress because he is cheap."
D) "If I hadn't gotten married and had children, I could have had an exciting career."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency in explaining other
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
51) Janis, an administrative assistant at a London firm, is trying to find reasons for her supervisor's
behaviour. She is likely to:
A) overestimate her supervisor's personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.
B) leap to the attribution that her supervisor's behaviour corresponds to work demands.
C) explore the personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation.
D) ignore dispositional attributions in favour of situational attributions.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) It is common to underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the role
of traits or personality factors in judging other people's behaviour. This is called the fundamental
attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
23
52) When people in Western nations are trying to find reasons for someone else's behaviour, they
tend to:
A) explore the personality traits and the environmental constraints to derive an explanation.
B) ignore dispositional attributions in favour of situational attributions.
C) overestimate personality traits and underestimate the influence of the situation.
D) leap to the attribution that people's behaviours correspond to the context.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error is more common in Western nations.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
53) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in:

A) Kenya.
B) India.
C) Britain.
D) Japan.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The fundamental attribution error is especially common in Western nations such
as Britain.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
54) An international student reads in her psychology textbook that the fundamental attribution error
is especially prevalent in her home country. She is most likely from:
A) Kenya.
B) India.
C) Japan.
D) Britain.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) The fundamental attribution error is especially common in Western nations such
as Britain.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
24
55) ________ occurs when a person chooses attributions for his or her own behaviour that are
favourable.
A) The just-world error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Entrapment
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
56) The tendency, in explaining one's own behaviour, to take credit for one's good actions and
rationalize one's mistakes is called:
A) validity effect.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-serving bias.
D) attitude.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
57) Jade has a tendency to take credit for her good actions and to rationalize her mistakes. This is
called:
A) narcissism.
B) self-serving bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the validity effect.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
25
58) Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to "an off
day." This would be an example of:
A) the just-world hypothesis.
B) the validity effect.
D) the self-serving bias.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Self-serving bias is a tendency to explain our own behaviours in a favourable
way.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
59) Blaming the victim often results when a person strongly believes in the:
A) attribution of responsibility.
B) social identity theory.
C) just-world hypothesis.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A person who believes the just-world hypothesis would be likely to blame a
victim for his or her fate because it would not be just for negative events to happen to innocent people.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
60) According to the just-world hypothesis:

A) people's occupations are just if they involve enjoyment of the task.
B) international cooperation leads to justice.
C) if people work hard for something then they like it more.
D) bad people are punished and good people are rewarded.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person who believes the just-world hypothesis would be likely to blame a
victim for his or her fate because it would not be just for negative events to happen to innocent people.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
26
61) When a student is late for class, if the teacher is like most people, the teacher is most likely to
think:
A) "She was probably delayed by a friend, but I'm sure she will come in any moment now."
B) "She must have been up all night studying and just slept in."
C) "She seems to be lazy, and it's not surprising that she is late."
D) "She must have had an accident and couldn't make it on time."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The impulse to explain other people's behaviour in terms of their personalities is
strong.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
62) An implication one can derive from cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error
is that:
A) dispositional and situational biases are culturally shaped.
B) situational biases are innate.
C) children respond with a situational bias, which become dispositional in adulthood.
D) dispositional biases are innate.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Research suggests that there is considerable cultural influence on many
behaviours, including the fundamental attribution error.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
63) A young actor didn't get the part he wanted in the school play. One might suspect a self-serving
bias if he explained that he didn't get the part because:
A) the part required him to sing, and he doesn't sing well.
B) he just was not a good enough actor.
C) the director wasn't clear in explaining the actor's motivation to him.
D) he hadn't learned the lines as well as others who auditioned for the part.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The self-serving bias refers to the tendency in explaining our own behaviour to
take credit for our good actions and rationalize our mistakes.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
27
64) Henry's occasional lapse is explained by his wife, Edith, as:
A) "Poor Henry is under so much pressure at work."
B) "Henry just never has been good at that."
C) Edith's response would depend on whether they are a happy or an unhappy couple.
D) "That Henry is a hopeless mama's boy."
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Happy couples typically attribute their partner's occasional thoughtless lapses to
situational factors, whereas unhappy couples do just the reverse.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
65) A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities is called a/an:

A) attitude.
B) norm.
C) disposition.
D) attribution.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The definition of an attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
66) Attitudes we are aware of are ________; whereas attitudes we are not aware of are called
________.
A) important; trivial
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) explicit; implicit
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
67) When a person holds an attitude, the:

A) person may not be consciously aware of the particular attitude he or she holds.
B) attitude is usually overt and verifiable by others.
C) attitude will be unrelated to how the person structures his or her social reality.
D) person's behaviour is unlikely to be affected by that attitude.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Attitudes are both implicit and explicit.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
28
68) Which of the following statements about attitudes is true?
A) Explicit attitudes are learned, but implicit attitudes stem from innate personality traits.
B) Attitudes are learned beliefs about people, groups, ideas, or activities.
C) Attitudes are generally a result of learning and experience, but may also be a result of innate
personality traits.
D) Religiosity is dependent only on culture and therefore is learned.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) While most attitudes are learned from our parents, associates, and experiences,
there is evidence that some attitudes may result from core personality traits that are highly heritable.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
69) Cognitive dissonance is:

A) the tendency of members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they
assume that others will do so.
B) a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are
psychologically inconsistent.
C) a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again.
D) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to
suppress disagreement.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When two attitudes held by a person conflict, or when a person's attitudes and
behaviour conflict, the person experiences the uncomfortable tension of cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
70) A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are
psychologically inconsistent is called:
A) routinization.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) the validity effect.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) When two attitudes held by a person conflict, or when a person's attitudes and
behaviour conflict, the person experiences the uncomfortable tension of cognitive dissonance.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
29
74) One way for a person to cope with the unpleasant state of tension associated with cognitive
dissonance is to:
A) engage in groupthink.
B) pretend that the dissonance does not exist.
C) continue the behaviour that led to the dissonance.
D) change his or her attitudes.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) To resolve cognitive dissonance, one of the two attitudes has to change.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
75) The validity effect is the tendency of people to:

A) solve problems using the same procedures that lead to valid results on similar problems.
B) be unable to distinguish between actual experiences and what they have been told.
C) overestimate their abilities to have predicted an event once the outcome is known.
D) believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of times.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to believe
it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
76) Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister, used a technique called the "Big Lie." He knew
that people begin to believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of
times. The formal name for this technique is:
A) the familiarity effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) the validity effect.
D) symbolic racism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to believe
it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
30
77) The "Big Lie" results from:
A) the validity effect.
B) innate personality traits.
C) the familiarity effect.
D) cognitive dissonance.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) When a person hears an opinion or attitude repeatedly, he or she tends to believe
it is true. This is referred to as the validity effect. Joseph Goebbels referred to this technique as the "Big
Lie."
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
78) Which of the following is NOT one of the common ways to influence attitudes as described in our
text?
A) friendly persuasion
B) repetition of an idea or assertion
C) make someone feel part of a chosen group
D) offer monetary incentives
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
79) Which of the following is NOT one of the common ways to influence attitudes as described in our
text?
A) repetition of an idea or assertion
B) providing rational support for your argument
C) association of the message with a good feeling
D) endorsement by an admired or attractive person
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The use of reason, surprisingly, does not always result in attitude change. All of
the other choices, however, would tend to make a person change their attitude to believe what is being
presented.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
31
82) Psychologists prefer the term coercive persuasion over the term brainwashing because
brainwashing:
A) sounds like a physical rather than a mental process.
B) implies a sudden change of mind.
C) implies that the individuals know they are being "cleansed."
D) detracts from the mysterious coercion that occurs.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The term "brainwashing" implies a sudden change of mind without being aware
of what is happening. Coercive persuasion, on the other hand, is designed to suppress an individual's
ability to reason and think critically. It is a gradual process.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
32
83) Coercive persuasion involves all of the following EXCEPT:
A) there is no one simple explanation given for a person's problems.
B) the person is isolated.
C) the person is subjected to entrapment.
D) the leader promises salvation.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Coercive persuasion involves isolation, reducing a person's problems to one
simple explanation, entrapment, a new identity as part of a group, and control of a person's access to
information.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
84) Which of the following is NOT a key process of coercive persuasion?

A) The leader offers salvation.
B) The person is isolated.
C) A new identity based on the group is created.
D) The person's problems are described as too complex for one person to handle.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Coercive persuasion involves isolation, reducing a person's problems to one
information.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
85) Once a person is a committed follower in a cult that relies upon coercive persuasion, the group is
likely to:
A) have created a new identity for the person now that he or she is among the elite.
B) allow the person to make more choices in how he or she wants to pursue group goals.
C) give "love baths" and affection whenever the person feels personal distress.
D) encourage the person to initiate interactions with family members.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Coercive persuasion involves isolation, reducing a person's problems to one
information.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
33
86) Psychologists studying groups that practice coercive persuasion have noted that:
A) individuals are equally vulnerable to the tactics of coercive persuasion.
B) mentally healthy individuals are rarely vulnerable to these tactics.
C) dispelling illusions of invulnerability to these tactics increases resistance to them.
D) well-educated individuals are rarely vulnerable to these tactics.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) For people to resist coercive persuasion, it is important for them to be aware that
they are not invulnerable to such tactics.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
87) You are required to participate in a perception experiment and so you join seven other students
seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length
from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is interested in studying:
A) conformity.
B) bystander apathy.
C) social loafing.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Solomon Asch studied conformity in this experiment and others like it.
Type: MC
Section: Individuals in Groups
Skill: Applied
88) Angela is a participant in an experiment and joins seven other students seated in a room. She is
shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.
The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is interested in studying:
A) visual perception.
B) depth perception.
C) conformity.
D) absolute threshold.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Solomon Asch studied conformity in this experiment and others like it.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
34
89) Students participated in what they thought was a perception experiment and joined seven others
seated in a room. The group was shown a 10-inch test line and had to choose a line that matched it in
length from a choice of three lines: 8 inches, 10 inches, and 12 inches. The experimenter, Solomon Asch,
had the seven confederates choose a line that was obviously wrong. Asch found that:
A) 60% of the students remained completely independent on every trial.
B) students who did not conform were confident and pleased that they had done well.
C) 20% of the students remained completely independent on every trial.
D) students who conformed expressed certainty that they had made correct decisions.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) While most people conformed their behaviour to the group in Asch's experiment,
about 20% were not influenced by the group at all.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
90) Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:

A) regardless of culture, people are more likely to conform in groups of people that are similar.
B) people in individualist cultures are more likely to conform than individuals from collectivist
cultures.
C) Canadians today are more likely to conform in the Asch paradigm than were Canadians in the
1950s.
D) when people are asked to make these line judgments on their own, about 20% still make mistakes
on the task.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) In Asch's experiments, conformity was more likely if the others in the group
were similar to the subject in several ways.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
91) Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes. He notices smoke coming from
the side of the cafeteria but figures that someone already called the fire department. What phenomenon
does this illustrate?
B) self-serving bias
C) deindividuation
D) just-world hypothesis
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a problem, the less
likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander apathy. Bystander apathy seems to result from
dividing the responsibility to help over the many people who are present, so each individual feels little
personal responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
35
92) If a person had a sudden appendicitis attack in a public place, she would be more likely to be
helped if:
A) four to five people were in the area.
B) one other person was in the area.
C) one dozen people were in the area.
D) several dozen people were in the area.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a person in
trouble, the less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
93) Jared doubles up in pain clutching his stomach. He would be more likely to be helped if:
A) one dozen people were in the area.
B) four to five people were in the area.
C) one other person was in the area.
D) several dozen people were in the area.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a person in
trouble, the less likely it is that anyone will help. This is called bystander apathy.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
94) Bystander apathy results from:

A) social loafing.
B) the familiarity effect.
C) deindividuation.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Bystander apathy seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help over
the many people who are present, so each individual has little personal responsibility. This is referred to
as diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
36
95) Which of the following describes "diffusion of responsibility"?
A) in a group or a crowd, the tendency for each group members to lose awareness of his or her own
individuality
B) in an anonymous group, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions,
assuming that others will do so
C) the tendency of individuals to increase their liking for something that they have worked hard to
attain
D) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to
suppress dissent
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Bystander apathy seems to result from dividing the responsibility to help over
the many people who are present, so each individual has little personal responsibility. This is referred to
as diffusion of responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
97) According to research on the diffusion of responsibility, the best predictor of whether people
would come to the aid of someone who is in need of help is the:
A) sex of the person.
B) personality of the individual.
C) number of people thought to be available to help.
D) physical appearance of the person who needed help.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) The more people there are around you, the less likely that one of them will come
to your aid.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
37
98) Social psychologists explain "bystander apathy" in terms of the "diffusion of responsibility" felt
by people. By this they mean that:
A) as children, adults have learned not to meddle in other people's business.
B) the blame for apathetic behaviour is best placed on the shoulders of society in general.
C) when others are available, people will often assume that someone else will help or should help.
D) in emergency situations, people become emotional and should not be held accountable for their
lack of action.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When others are near, people fail to call for help or come to the aid of a person in
trouble.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
99) As members of an anonymous crowd, individuals:

A) strive to maintain individuality rather than follow the crowd.
B) often fail to take action because they believe that someone else will do so.
C) are apathetic bystanders when someone is in trouble.
D) become uninhibited and likely to engage in combative behaviour.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) In large crowds, people tend to lose their sense of personal identity and behave
as the group does, often engaging in behaviour that is counter to their normal standards. This is referred
to as deindividuation and is often the basis of mob violence.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
100) Research suggests that a person is:

A) more likely to demonstrate mindlessness when feeling deindividuated.
B) likely to feel combative rather than kind when feeling deindividuated.
C) more likely to feel deindividuated when wearing a uniform.
D) more likely to feel deindividuated in a small town.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Deindividuation is more likely in large cities and when people wear uniforms,
because they feel more anonymous and less likely to be recognized.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
38
101) The authors note that studies investigating deindividuation have found that it:
A) has a strong effect on men but very little influence on the behaviour of women.
B) is more common in small towns than in large cities.
C) increases a person's willingness to harm a stranger.
D) makes people more combative and aggressive, and inhibits kindness.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Studies of deindividuation show that it is more likely that a person will conform
his or her behaviour to the group, often engaging in negative behaviours, though sometimes
deindividuation results in more friendly behaviours.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
102) What really seems to be happening when people are in large crowds and anonymous situations is
that they:
A) become mindless and no longer conform to any social norms.
B) become combative and their aggressiveness is released.
C) become uninhibited and their sexual urges are released.
D) conform to the situation's specific norms.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Studies of deindividuation show that a person is more likely conform his or her
behaviour to the norms of the specific situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
103) Adora and Yvette, together with twelve of their closest friends from college, are planning to go to
Florida during reading week. As members of the anonymous crowd of college students, Adora and
Yvette will most likely:
A) become combative because aggressiveness is released in the large group.
B) conform to the local norms of the city of Key West.
C) become uninhibited because mindlessness is increased in a large group.
D) conform to the situation's specific norms and say, "Let's party!"
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Studies of deindividuation show that a person is more likely conform her or his
behaviour to the norms of the specific situation.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
39
105) Eduardo is walking across campus on his way to the school's costume party. He is wearing a silly
gorilla suit. Eduardo sees one of his friends and plays a practical joke on him. What phenomenon does
this illustrate?
A) deindividuation
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) just-world hypothesis
D) self-serving bias
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Deindividuation is increased when uniforms or disguises that make a person
more anonymous are worn.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
106) Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that will encourage a person to "rock the boat"
and be a nonconformist?
A) You know that you are right, and despite the potential consequences, you feel compelled to do
something.
B) You have an ally.
C) You perceive the need for intervention.
D) You become entrapped.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Statement of fact.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
40
107) Which of the following is NOT a situational factor that will encourage a person to "rock the boat"
and be a nonconformist?
A) the knowledge that if you protest a company policy you will be able to find another job
B) the cost-benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved
C) the realization that intervention or help is needed
D) the knowledge that you are the only dissenting person and so it is up to you to take action
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Dissent, or "rocking the boat," is more likely if you perceive a need for
intervention, are encouraged by cultural norms to take action, the cost-benefit ratio supports your
decision to get involved, the situation increases the likelihood that you will take responsibility, you have
an ally, and you are entrapped. Knowing that you are the only dissenter does not encourage action.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
108) Which of the following is a sign of groupthink?

A) an illusion of vulnerability
B) an illusion of anonymity
C) unbiased information seeking
D) self-censorship
Answer: D
Explanation: D) An illusion of invulnerability, biased information seeking, self-censorship, and
an illusion of unanimity are common signs of groupthink.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
109) Which of the following is NOT a sign of groupthink?

A) an illusion of invulnerability
B) weak leadership within the group
C) self-censorship
D) an illusion of unanimity
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Groupthink is more likely to occur in groups with strong leadership.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
41
110) ________ is a tendency for all people on a team or a mission together to agree with each other and
suppress any dissension among their ranks.
A) groupthink
B) conformity
C) consensus
D) deindividuation
Answer: A
Explanation: A) The definition of groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to think
alike and for disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
111) Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group and they usually work well together.
However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called:
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) generational identity.
C) groupthink.
D) self-serving bias.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink, a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed, is more likely in close, friendly groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
112) When close-knit group members experience groupthink, it means that they tend to:
A) overestimate the personality factors of others and underestimate the situation.
B) use problem-solving procedures that have been effective in the group’s past.
C) take individual credit for good decisions and blame the group for others.
D) think alike and to suppress disagreement for the sake of harmony.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Groupthink, a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed, is more likely in close, friendly groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
42
113) When the leader of a close-knit group humiliates dissenters, then it is most likely that ________ is
occurring.
A) the self-serving bias
B) a fundamental attribution error
C) groupthink
D) diffusion of responsibility
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
114) The members of Ike’s fraternity think blindfolding the initiates and covering them with molasses
is a great idea for pledging. Ike does not think this is a good idea, but he decides to keep quiet rather than
offend his fraternity brothers and risk being ridiculed. This illustrates a symptom of:
A) groupthink.
B) deindividuation.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) self-serving bias.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Groupthink is a tendency for all members of a group to think alike and for
disagreement to be suppressed.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
115) A group of officers fighting in Afghanistan must make an important military decision. Under
what circumstances would groupthink be most likely to occur?
A) There is consensus leadership among the officers rather than one directive leader.
B) The officers are concerned that their group is not functioning as a tight-knit team.
C) The officers are aware that it is difficult to make a correct decision.
D) The group members feel under pressure by outside forces.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Groupthink is more likely to occur when members are part of a tightly-knit team
and feel threatened by outside forces.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
43
116) Groupthink can be counteracted by creating conditions that:
A) foster strong, directive leadership.
B) base decisions on unanimity instead of majority rule.
C) explicitly encourage doubt and dissent.
D) help members focus on being team players.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Groupthink can be counteracted by encouraging group members to think for
themselves and be open-minded.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
117) Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes. He notices smoke coming from
the side of the cafeteria but figures that someone already called the fire department. What phenomenon
does this illustrate?
A) just-world hypothesis
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) deindividuation
D) groupthink
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Research has demonstrated that the more people who witness a problem, the less
likely it is that anyone will help. This is called the bystander effect. The bystander effect seems to result
from dividing the responsibility to help over the many people who are present, so each individual feels
little personal responsibility.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
118) The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture,
or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called:
A) ethnocentrism.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) self-serving bias.
D) social identity.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person's social identity results from his or her group membership.
Type: MC
Section: Us versus Them: Group Identity and Conflict
Skill: Factual
44
119) The part of a person's self-concept that is based on identification with a nation, culture, group or
gender is called:
A) social concept.
B) social stereotype.
C) tacit identity.
D) social identity.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) A person's social identity results from his or her membership in particular
groups, such as gender, religious, or ethnic groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
120) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called:
B) ethnocentrism.
D) entrapment.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all
others.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
121) Ethnocentrism can be reduced by:

A) acculturation and accommodation.
B) interdependence in reaching mutual goals.
C) education and awareness.
D) an us–them mentality.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is reduced when two groups must work together to reach mutual
goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
122) The belief that your own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others is called:
A) acculturation.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) stereotyping.
D) ethnic separatism.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all
others.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
45
123) Research on fundamental aspects of ethnocentrism shows that:
A) it occurs in individualist countries but not in collectivist countries, such as China.
B) the "us" category is based on dominant characteristics, such as gender or ethnicity.
C) it almost doesn't matter what the "us" category is based on.
D) it hinders human survival because it fosters competition.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: us. It doesn't really matter
why the group formed, just that the group exists.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
124) The Robbers Cave experiment showed that:

A) watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us–them hostility.
B) interdependence in reaching mutual goals reduces us–them hostility.
C) engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us–them hostility.
D) playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us–them hostility.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Hostility between groups, such as results from ethnocentrism and stereotypes,
can be reduced when two groups must work together to reach mutual goals.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
125) The belief that your own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others appears to:
A) be unique to collectivist cultures.
B) be universal.
C) occur primarily in Western cultures.
D) be an example of groupthink.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Ethnocentrism is universal.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
46
126) Imagine that you have been asked to diffuse the tension and conflict between two rival
neighbourhood groups. If you were to apply Muzafer Sherif's findings in the Robbers Cave study to your
situation, you would:
A) promise the group leaders monetary rewards if they can keep the conflict down between the rival
groups.
B) engage the groups in cooperative action in pursuit of shared goals.
C) encourage the spread of positive rumours about the opposing groups.
D) establish an all-night basketball league and have the groups compete against one another.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The Robbers Cave study illustrated how working together toward a common
goal can be successful in reducing hostility.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
127) John knows and likes the Chinese minority in town, but he privately believes that Anglo culture
is superior. This example illustrates:
A) ethnocentrism.
C) prejudice.
D) stereotyping.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own ethnic group is superior to all others.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
128) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

A) Stereotypes are useful tools, allowing for efficient decisions, information processing, and retrieval
of memories.
B) Stereotypes are summary impressions of a group in which all members of the group are seen as
sharing a common trait or traits.
C) Stereotypes may be positive, neutral, or negative.
D) Stereotypes overestimate differences within other groups and underestimate differences between
groups.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Stereotypes tend to overestimate similarities within groups and differences
between groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
47
129) “We have all sorts of personalities and lots of little quirks, whereas they all act alike and react the
same." This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called:
A) a stereotype.
B) mindlessness.
C) a fundamental attribution error.
D) mental set.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Stereotypes are beliefs about a group that tend to overestimate similarities within
groups and differences between groups.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
130) The statement "All academics are socially inept" provides an example of the summary impression
called:
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) mental set.
C) mindlessness.
D) stereotype.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
131) Jane believes that Honda owners are thrifty and practical, whereas June believes that Honda
owners are stingy and dull. This example illustrates:
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) ethnocentrism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) A stereotype is a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes
that all members of the group share a common trait or traits.
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
48
132) Juan believes that all Anglos are uptight and cold, and he won't listen to any evidence that
contradicts his belief. This example illustrates:
A) stereotyping.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnocentrism.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Prejudice is a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a
negative stereotype, that is typically immune to evidence.
Type: MC
Section: Group Conflict and Prejudice
Skill: Applied
133) The origins of prejudice suggest that:

A) it is a universal human experience.
B) prejudice is the primary cause of war.
C) all prejudices have deep-seated psychological roots.
D) it cannot be explained by evolutionary theories.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Prejudice is not a characteristic that applies only to the mentally ill. Rather it
seems to be an almost universal human experience.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
134) One fact about prejudice is that it:

A) commonly causes conflict between groups.
B) often remains immune to evidence.
C) increases feelings of doubt, fear, and insecurity.
D) is currently regarded as a form of mental illness.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice is typically immune to evidence, decreases feelings of fear and
insecurity, and is a result of rather than a cause of intergroup conflict. It has been thought of as a form of
mental illness in the past, but now seems to be an almost universal human experience.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
49
135) A psychological function of prejudice is to:
A) increase conformity to social norms.
B) make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
C) increase self-esteem.
D) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) One result of prejudice is that it increases self-esteem in the prejudiced persons
because they see themselves as better than others. This is a psychological factor that helps to explain
prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
136) A social function of prejudice is to:

A) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
B) increase conformity to social norms.
C) make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
D) increase self-esteem.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice tends to cause people to conform to social norms, a social function of
prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
137) A cultural function of prejudice is to:

A) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
C) make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
D) increase self-esteem.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) A cultural factor in prejudice is that it helps people to bond to their own ethnic
group.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
138) An economic function of prejudice is to:

A) make official forms of discrimination seem legitimate.
C) increase self-esteem.
D) help people bond to their own ethnic group.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) An economic function of prejudice is that it makes official forms of
discrimination seem legitimate, by justifying the majority group's dominance, status, or greater wealth.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
50
139) Those who investigate prejudice suggest that:
A) confronting prejudiced people with evidence contradicting their beliefs reduces prejudice.
B) it is the flip side of ethnocentrism: “they” are bad and evil.
C) prejudiced people usually have intense pride and strong self-esteem.
D) only psychologically disturbed and unhealthy people become prejudiced.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Prejudice serves some of the same functions as ethnocentrism, increasing a sense
of identity with an ethnic group. With ethnocentrism the belief is that "we" are good and kind, whereas
with prejudice the belief is that "they" are bad and evil.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
140) In research with 15 000 men and women in 19 countries, psychologists found that:
A) sexism is sexism—whether it is hostile or benevolent.
B) benevolent sexism is a particularly insidious form of prejudice.
C) women seldom endorse benevolent sexism, but men often do.
D) healthy societies put women on a pedestal.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Benevolent sexism, because it lacks a tone of hostility and is often not recognized
as sexism, seems to legitimize discrimination against women.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
141) Research on prejudice:

A) shows that female sexism is increasing.
B) concludes that prejudice in Canada has dropped sharply over the past four decades.
C) concludes that prejudice in Canada has remained steady for four decades.
D) shows that male sexism is increasing.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It is very difficult to accurately define and measure prejudice; however, on
surveys in Canada, prejudice of all kinds has been dropping sharply.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
51
142) Gordon Allport would be most likely to agree that:
A) defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally.
B) prejudice is rarely unintentional.
C) defeating explicit prejudice leads to the defeat of implicit prejudice.
D) the past century showed a real decline in prejudiced feelings.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) People may lose their explicit prejudice toward a group but retain an implicit,
unconscious prejudice and negative emotional feelings.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
143) Researchers have developed four different ways to measure implicit prejudices. Which of the
following is NOT one of these three ways?
A) Investigate behaviours to determine aggression.
B) Tap into people's unconscious associations toward a target group.
C) Measure physiological changes in the brain.
D) Have subjects complete prejudice questionnaires in group sessions, rather than individual testing
sessions.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Four ways to measure implicit prejudices are measures of social distance, of
behaviour, of physiological responses, and of unconscious associations.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
145) Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that is necessary before prejudice and
conflict between groups can be lessened?
A) Both sides must have the chance to work and socialize together.
B) Both sides must work together for a common goal.
C) Both sides must have equal legal status and power.
D) Both sides must initiate moral conversions among their members.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) Social psychologists have identified four external conditions that must be met for
prejudice and intergroup conflict to be reduced: 1) Both sides must have equal legal status, economic
opportunities, and power; 2) Authorities and community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms; 3)
Both sides must have opportunities to socialize together, formally and informally; and 4) Both sides must
cooperate, working together for a common goal.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
146) In the context of group conflict and prejudice, the "contact hypothesis" states that:
A) cooperation and contact are both required to reduce conflict and prejudice.
B) direct contact between different groups results in reduced prejudice.
C) contact is not enough to reduce prejudice.
D) indirect contact between different group is enough to reduce prejudice.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) The "contact hypothesis" suggests that prejudice will decline when people have a
52
chance to spend time with and get used to one another.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
147) Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met before prejudice will be decreased?
A) Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal.
B) Both sides must have equal social status in the community.
C) Both sides must have opportunity to work and socialize together, formally and informally.
D) Both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunity, and power.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Almost by definition, if prejudice exists, groups have unequal social status in the
community.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
53
148) Which of the following is NOT an accurate finding regarding conditions that reduce prejudice?
A) Community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms and provide moral support and
legitimacy for both sides.
B) Harmony between groups at multi-ethnic schools demonstrates that contact and friendship are
enough to reduce prejudice.
C) Cooperation often reduces us–them thinking and prejudice by creating an encompassing social
identity.
D) The contact hypothesis has been supported by studies in the laboratory and the real world.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Contact between groups is important, but it is not enough to reduce prejudice.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
149) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

A) outbreaks of horrifying violence are usually the result of inner aggressive drives and the sheer
evilness of the enemy.
B) all humans beings and all cultures contain the potential for good and for evil.
C) healthy people rarely commit terribly disturbing or violent acts.
D) few societies have changed from warlike to peaceful and vice versa.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) Social and cultural psychologists believe that all cultures contain the potential for
good and for evil. Violence results from normal processes, such as ethnocentrism, prejudice,
deindividuation, and stereotyping, and is more likely to occur when government is weak.
Type: MC
Section: The Question of Human Nature
Skill: Conceptual
150) The "banality of evil" means that:

A) weak governments become stronger by emphasizing the evilness of other nations.
B) evil acts are committed by evil people.
C) evil is commonplace, occurring in most societies and nations.
D) all people possess inner aggressive drives.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) Social and cultural psychologists believe that all cultures contain the potential for
good and for evil. Violence results from normal processes, such as ethnocentrism, prejudice,
deindividuation, and stereotyping.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
54
151) The authors note that even if you don't plan to conduct business abroad, it is beneficial to be
aware of cultural rules. They point out that:
A) it is best to focus on general cultural differences before trying to understand individual
variations.
B) it is easy to attribute another person's behaviour to personality rather than a cultural norm.
C) most of us feel comfortable following another culture's rules once we understand them.
D) most of the basic things that you really need to know will be stressed in guidebooks.
Answer: B
Explanation: B) It is easy to misunderstand others if we don't understand the cultural norms that
influence their behaviour.
Type: MC
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Skill: Conceptual
152) When travelling to another country it is important to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) be sure to understand the other culture's rules and customs.
B) remember that every human being is an individual.
C) avoid adopting the behaviours of the culture because it will seem insincere.
D) avoid stereotyping people who belong to different cultural groups.
Answer: C
Explanation: C) When travelling in another country, it is important to understand and follow
their cultural norms, even if it makes you uncomfortable. It is also important to avoid stereotyping.
Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
153) Becca is planning to study for a semester overseas and she knows that it is beneficial to be aware
of another culture's customs. In her research of different customs she learns that:
A) in Latin America it would be insulting to suggest to someone that they lower a price.
B) the social principle of taarof describes the practice of straight talking.
C) most Canadian business owners tend to not be as concerned about instant results as French
business owners.
D) Northern Europeans are used to having a fixed price for goods.
Answer: D
Explanation: D) This choice is the only correct choice. The other options are the opposite of what
would be true for those countries.
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
55
154) Rules that regulate human life (including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural
standards) are called norms.
Answer: TRUE
Explanation: Statement of fact.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
155) Rules that regulate human life (including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural
standards) are called situational attributions.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Rules that regulate human life are called norms.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
156) Norms may be compared to a spider's web because they are invisible, yet strong.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Conceptual
157) A norm is a given social position that is governed by a set of rules for proper behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: A role is a given social position governed by a set of rules.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
56
158) A role is a given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
159) Individuals are generally conscious of the social rules that they follow in their own society.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Individuals are often unaware of the norms that govern their behaviour; the norms are
often invisible.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
160) You learn most of your culture's rules and values the way you learn your culture's language—
without thinking about it.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
161) The purpose of Milgram's study on obedience was to find out how many people would obey an
authority figure when directly ordered to violate their own ethical standards.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
162) The participants in Milgram's study thought they were part of an experiment on the effects of
punishment on learning.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
163) The "learners" in Milgram's study were confederates of Milgram and did not receive any shocks.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
57
164) In Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, the "learners" actually received only very mild shocks.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The learners did not receive any shock.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
165) Before Milgram's study on obedience began, psychiatrists predicted that only 1 person in 1000
would administer the highest voltage.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
166) Before Milgram's study on obedience began, psychiatrists predicted that one person in ten would
administer the highest voltage.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Psychiatrists predicted that 1 person in 1000 would administer the highest voltage.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
167) Individuals who made predictions about Milgram's study on obedience before it began all said
they would disobey the authority figure early in the procedure.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
168) The teachers in Milgram's experiment would sweat, stutter, groan, and dig their fingernails into
their flesh, but they still obeyed.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
169) When Milgram's study was replicated with female subjects, almost none of the women would
inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock to another person.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The women behaved just like the men in Milgram's study.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
58
170) In Milgram's obedience study, 15% of the subjects refused to administer any shocks to the
"learner."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Every single person administered some shock to the "learner."
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
171) In Milgram's study on obedience, every single subject administered some shock to the "learner."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
172) In Milgram's study on obedience only one person obeyed to the fullest extent.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: About two-thirds of all participants obeyed to the fullest extent.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
173) In Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, once the "learner" cried out in pain, 85% of the
participants refused to deliver any more shocks.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The learner's cries had no effect on the participants.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
174) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, people were more likely to disobey when
the experimenter left the room.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
175) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, even when the experimenter left the room,
the participants felt obligated to continue increasing the shock levels as they were told.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Many participants would disobey when the experimenter left the room.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
59
two experimenters issued conflicting demands.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
177) In variations of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience, people's behaviours were not influenced
by whether the person giving orders looked "ordinary" or looked like "an experimenter."
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Participants were less likely to obey when the person giving orders did not look like an
authority figure.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
they worked with peers who refused to go any further in the procedure.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
179) According to Stanley Milgram, obedience is tied to the personalities of the participants rather
than to situational factors.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Milgram thought that obedience is tied to situational factors, not the personalities of the
participants.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
180) The social psychologists who conducted the prison study found dramatic results within a short
period of time.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
181) The social psychologists who conducted the prison study noted that in only a few days, half of
the "prisoners" were begging to be let out.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
60
182) In the prison study, some guards tried to convince other guards not to be so cruel to the
prisoners.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
183) The social psychologists who designed the two-week prison study asked the participants to
extend the study by an extra week because results weren't evident yet.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The study was actually cut short, ending after only six days.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
184) In the prison study, almost all the guards became tyrannical, using harsh and abusive methods to
interact with prisoners.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: About a third of the guards became punitive and harsh.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
185) When the social psychologists who designed the two-week prison study decided to end it after
six days, most of the guards were disappointed.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
186) People might obey, when they really want to disobey, if they have a strong respect for authority.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
187) People might obey, when they really want to disobey, if they define their task in terms of routine
jobs and duties.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
61
188) Routinization is the process of defining an activity in terms of routine duties and roles so that the
behaviour becomes normalized, with little opportunity to ask ethical questions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
189) Most people lack the words to justify disobedience and rudeness toward an authority that they
respect.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
190) Entrapment occurs when someone in authority asks you to do something, and you want to
disobey, but instead you agree to do it.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Entrapment is a process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of
action in order to justify their investment in it.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
191) Entrapment is a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of
action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
192) Social cognition is an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought,
memory, perception, and other cognitive processes.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
193) The fundamental attribution error is sometimes called correspondence bias because of the
underlying assumption that people's dispositions correspond to their behaviours.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
62
194) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in collectivist cultures, such as India or
Japan.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The fundamental attribution is more prevalent in Western nations, where people tend to
believe that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
195) The fundamental attribution error is less prevalent in collectivist cultures, since people are more
group oriented and likely to be aware of situational constraints on behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
196) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in Western cultures, where middle-class
people tend to believe that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
197) The tendency to take credit for one's own good actions and to let the situation account for one's
bad actions is called the self-serving bias.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
198) The tendency to take credit for one's good actions and to let the situation account for one's bad
actions is called the fundamental attribution error.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The tendency to choose attributions that make a person look good is called the self-
serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
199) According to the just-world hypothesis, attributions are affected by the need to believe that the
world is fair, that justice prevails, and that good people are rewarded and bad guys are punished.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
63
200) The tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong is
known as ethnocentrism.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: This is the definition of group-serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
201) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in collectivist countries, such as India and
Korea.
Answer: FALSE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
202) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in North America.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
203) The just-world hypothesis leads to a dispositional attribution called "blaming the victim."
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
204) An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
205) Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two
cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
64
206) Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is incongruent with
his or her behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
207) Routinization is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her
behaviour.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person's belief is
incongruent with his or her behaviour.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
208) Mere repetition of a statement or opinion increases the perception that it is true.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
209) The validity effect is the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true simply because it
has been repeated many times.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
210) The validity effect was called the "Big Lie" by Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's propaganda minister.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
211) An effective way to influence attitudes is to have the argument or product endorsed by someone
who is admired or attractive.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
65
212) Psychologists use the terms "brainwashing" and "coercive persuasion" interchangeably.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Brainwashing implies that a person has a sudden change of mind without being aware of
what is happening. Coercive persuasion is designed to suppress an individual's ability to reason, think
critically, and make choices.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
213) Solomon Asch designed his famous conformity studies in order to see what people would do
when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
214) Replications of Asch's conformity studies have shown that conformity reflects social norms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
215) People from individualist countries are more likely than people from collectivist countries to
conform to the group response in Asch's studies.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: People from individualist countries are less likely to conform than people from
collectivist cultures.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
216) If you were being mugged in a public place, you would be more likely to get help if there were
five people in the area rather than only one person.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: You would be more like to get help if there was only one other person in the area.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
66
217) Bystander apathy occurs when members of a group lose awareness of their own individuality.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Deindividuation, not bystander apathy, occurs when members of a group lose awareness
of their own individuality.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
218) Deindividuation occurs when members of a group lose awareness of their own individuality.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
219) One way in which organizations actively promote the deindividuation of their members, in order
to enhance allegiance to the group, is through the use of uniforms.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
220) Deindividuation eliminates gender differences in aggression.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
221) Research shows that females do not differ from males under conditions of deindividuation, in
terms of aggressive behaviour when they play a competitive war video game.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
222) Altruism is the willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
67
223) In Asch's conformity experiment, the presence of one other person who gave the correct answer
was enough to overcome agreement with the majority.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
224) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called
ethnocentrism.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
225) The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is called self-
serving bias.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others is
called ethnocentrism, not self-serving bias.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
226) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: "us" as compared to "not-us."

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
227) Us–them social identities are strengthened when two groups compete with one another.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
228) Stereotypes are useful tools in the mental toolbox, energy-saving devices that allow us to make
efficient decisions.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
68
229) Stereotypes overestimate the differences within other groups.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
230) Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
231) A prejudice consists of a negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike of a group.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
232) Benevolent sexism is affectionate but patronizing.

Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
233) In the social-psychological view, the horrifying violence of one group against another is due to
such processes as ethnocentrism, obedience to authority, conformity, deindividuation, and prejudice.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
234) The contact and friendship opportunities at multi-ethnic schools lead to harmony and
cooperation between different ethnic groups.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: At many multi-ethnic high schools, ethnic groups often form cliques and gangs, fighting
one another and defending their own ways.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
69
235) Contact and friendship alone are not enough to reduce prejudice and achieve harmony among
groups.
Answer: TRUE
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
236) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychology, some cultures and individuals are just
inherently good or evil.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: From the standpoint of social and cultural psychology, all human beings and all cultures
contain the potential for both good and evil.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
237) In the social-psychological view, the horrifying violence of one group against another is due to
inner aggressive drives that are part of human nature.
Answer: FALSE
Explanation: The social-psychological view is that outbreaks of violence between groups result from
common processes, such as ethnocentrism, obedience to authority, and stereotyping.
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
Match these definitions with the terms they define.

A) social identity
B) social roles
C) social cognition
D) social norms
E) culture
238) An area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception,
and belief.
Answer: C
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
239) A group of rules, values, and beliefs shared by most members of a society and passed from one
generation to another.
Answer: E
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
70
240) Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.
Answer: D
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
241) A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.
Answer: B
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
242) The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, ethnic
group, gender, or other social affiliation.
Answer: A
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
Match these studies with the researchers who completed them.

A) Solomon Asch
B) Stanley Milgram
C) Muzafer Sherif
D) Phillip Zimbardo
243) obedience studies

Answer: B
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
244) conformity studies

Answer: A
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
245) Robbers Cave study

Answer: C
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
246) Stanford prison study

Answer: D
Type: MA
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Factual
71
A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Just-world hypothesis
D) Cognitive dissonance
E) Entrapment
247) the notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served, that
bad people are punished and good people are rewarded
Answer: C
Type: MA
Section: Roles and Rules; Social Influences on Beliefs
Skill: Factual
248) the tendency, in explaining other people's behaviour, to overestimate personality factors and
underestimate the influence of the situation
Answer: A
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
249) a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify
their investment of time, money, or effort
Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
250) a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are
psychologically inconsistent, or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behaviour
Answer: D
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
72
251) the tendency, in explaining one's own behaviour, to take credit for one's good actions and
rationalize one's mistakes
Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual

B) deindividuation
C) familiarity effect
D) group-serving bias
E) validity effect
252) in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking action because they assume that others will
Answer: A
Type: MA
Section: Social Influences on Beliefs; Individuals in Groups
Skill: Factual
253) the tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the
more familiar they are with it
Answer: C
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
254) the tendency to explain favourably the behaviours of members of groups to which we belong
Answer: D
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
73
255) in groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality
Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
256) the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been
repeated many times
Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual

A) stereotype
B) ethnic identity
C) acculturation
D) prejudice
E) ethnocentrism
257) a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share
a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral)
Answer: A
Type: MA
Section: Us versus Them: Group Identity and Conflict; Group Conflict and Prejudice
Skill: Factual
74
258) the belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
Answer: E
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
259) a person's identification with a racial, religious, or ethnic group

Answer: B
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
260) a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group based on a negative stereotype

Answer: D
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
261) the process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the
mainstream culture
Answer: C
Type: MA
Skill: Factual
75
262) In Rwanda in 1994, members of the Hutu tribe killed thousands of Tutsis, a rival tribe. Thousands
of Tutsis took refuge at the convent of two Hutu nuns, Sister Maria Kisito and Sister Gertrude. But the
nuns reported them to the Hutu militia and assisted in the ensuing massacre of those who had fled to
them for shelter. What social-psychological reasons are there for this prejudice and hatred between
groups?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
* Their behaviour was a result of the powerful influence of the environment.
* Prejudice is a universal human experience.
* It serves psychological, social, and cultural functions.
* It is the flip side of ethnocentrism: Not only are "we" all good (ethnocentrism), but "they" are all bad
(prejudice).
Type: SA
Section: Chapter 8 Introduction
Skill: Conceptual
263) Adolf Eichmann supervised the death of millions of Jews during the Second World War. Shortly
before his execution, Eichmann said, "I am the victim of a fallacy." What did he mean by this? What was
the fallacy?
* The fallacy was the widespread belief that a person who does monstrous deeds must be a monster.
* Eichmann meant that he was not an evil person.
* He meant that his evil behaviour was the result of the situation, not his personality.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
264) Name and describe an implicit cultural standard from your cultural background. How would
you feel if you violated this norm?
* Examples: An individual should not sing loudly on a public bus. A person should not sit on the floor in
the elevator.
* A person violating these implicit standards generally would feel uncomfortable or anxious.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
76
265) Our text suggests an exercise, "Dare to Be Different," to see what happens when an individual
violates a norm. If you tried this exercise, explain what norm you violated and how you felt when you
did it. Explain the reactions of onlookers. If you didn't try this exercise, then describe your hypothetical
reaction to seeing the person ahead of you in the grocery store checkout line facing the wrong direction.
Would you say anything to the person?
* It makes other people uncomfortable to see someone violating a social norm.
* People will generally try to ignore someone who violates a social norm if that person is a stranger.
* If the person is someone you know, you will probably try to get that person to change his or her
behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
266) Before conducting his study on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked a number of psychiatrists,
students, and middle-class adults to predict how many people they thought would deliver shocks at the
highest levels. What predictions did they make?
* The psychiatrists predicted that most people would refuse to give shocks greater than 150 volts.
* They also predicted that only 1 in 1000 people would administer the highest level of shock.
* The predictions of the nonprofessionals were similar to those of the psychiatrists.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
267) What criticisms have been raised regarding Milgram's comparison of his study with the brutality
of the Nazis in the Second World War?
* The people in Milgram's study obeyed only when the researcher was right there, and even then they felt
very uncomfortable.
* The Nazis acted without direct supervision by authorities, without external pressure, and without
feelings of anguish.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
77
268) When students were held as "prisoners," how did they respond during the first days of the
experiment? Why did the researchers end the study at Day 6, instead of Day 14 as initially planned?
* Most of the "prisoners" became distressed and helpless. Some developed emotional symptoms and
physical ailments. One panicked and broke down.
* The "guards" began to enjoy their power. About a third became punitive and harsh.
* The study was ended after six days because of the alarming changes in the students' behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
269) Describe the story of entrapment told by the 25 men who had served in the Greek military during
the authoritarian regime that ended in 1974.
* First the men were ordered to stand guard outside the interrogation and torture cells.
* Then they stood guard inside the detention rooms and observed the torture of prisoners.
* Then they helped beat up prisoners.
* Finally they became actively involved in the torture.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
270) What cultural differences have been found in regard to the fundamental attribution error?
* The fundamental attribution error refers to overestimating the role of dispositional factors and
underestimating the role of situational factors in other people.
* The fundamental attribution error is more prevalent in Western nations, where people tend to believe
that individuals are responsible for their own actions.
* The fundamental attribution error is less common in East Asian countries, where people are more group
oriented and more likely to be aware of situational constraints on behaviour.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
271) Wynn is distracted and preoccupied when he sees Aurelia behaving in an unusual way. What
attributions is Wynn, a high school student in Canada, likely to make about Aurelia’s behaviour?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key point.
* Wynn is likely to assume that Aurelia's behaviour is due to a personality trait, rather than the situation.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
78
272) Tadako is distracted by the unusual behaviour of a classmate at her high school in Japan. What
attributions is Tadako likely to make about her classmate?
* Tadako is likely to assume that her classmate's behaviour is due to an unusual situation.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
273) What is an attitude? Give an example of an attitude that would be considered explicit and one
that would be considered implicit.
* An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.
* An explicit attitude is one we are aware of, such as a belief that modern culture causes violence.
* An implicit attitude is one we are unaware of but that may still influence our behaviour, such as a subtle
prejudice against foreigners.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
274) What is cognitive dissonance? List one example of this state of tension.
* Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person holds two incongruent beliefs or
when a person's behaviour is incongruent with his or her stated attitude.
* An example is the discomfort that occurs when a person who professes that smoking is bad for your
health nevertheless continues to smoke.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
275) Describe the technique that Joseph Goebbels called the "Big Lie."
* The "Big Lie" refers to the validity effect.
* If something is repeated often enough, even an outright lie, people will begin to believe it is true.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
79
276) Describe the experimental design of the conformity studies conducted by Solomon Asch.
* Eight students are seated around a table. All act like subjects, but only one is an actual subject.
* The students are shown a standard line and three comparison lines. Their task is to choose the
comparison line that matches the standard in length. The correct answer is obvious.
* The first seven students, who are not the subjects, give the same incorrect answer.
* The question is whether the actual subject will give the correct answer or a conforming answer.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
277) Londoners were stunned when a 10-year-old boy was stabbed to death by four teenagers. There
were at least 10 witnesses, but no one called the police or aided the boy. Based on your reading, what
reasons could explain this bystander apathy?
* Diffusion of responsibility is responsible for bystander apathy.
* The responsibility for taking action is divided among so many people that no one person feels much
personal responsibility.
* Everyone assumes that someone else will help.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
80
278) Explain the role played by deindividuation in the wild behaviour of fans in Vancouver following
the Vancouver Canucks’ loss of the seventh game in the 2011 Stanley Cup.
* Deindividuation occurs when people feel anonymous in a large crowd and lose awareness of their
individuality.
* In such situations, people tend to conform to the norms of the specific situation.
* As an example, students on spring break conform to the "Let's party!" norm of fellow students.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
279) Describe the features of groups that are vulnerable to groupthink.

* Groupthink is more likely to occur in close-knit groups when there is an illusion of invulnerability,
biased information seeking, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters to conform, and an illusion of
unanimity.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
280) Define ethnic identity and acculturation.

* Ethnic identity is defined as a close association with a religious or ethnic group.
* Acculturation refers to one's identification with the dominant culture.
* Some people feel marginal, connected to neither their ethnicity nor the dominant culture.
* Many Canadians refuse to be pigeonholed into any category.
* In the 2006 Census, 42% of Canadians reported having multiple ethnic origins, compared with 19% in
the 1996 census.
Type: SA
Skill: Applied
81
281) What is meant by the term ethnocentrism? Give one example to illustrate this term.
* Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own culture or nation is superior to all others.
* Examples: Ethnocentrism is embedded in some languages. Even Canadians are ethnocentric.
Type: SA
Skill: Conceptual
282) What important positive role do stereotypes play in human thinking?

* Stereotypes can be useful tools to help us make efficient decisions.
* They can help us quickly process new information and retrieve memories.
* They allow us to organize experience, make sense of differences among individuals and groups, and
predict how people will behave.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
283) List the procedures used by researchers to measure implicit prejudice.

* measures of behaviour
* measures of physiological responses in the brain
* measures of unconscious associations
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
284) One problem in studying prejudice is that not all prejudiced people are prejudiced in the same
way. What varieties of prejudice are discussed in the textbook? Describe the two types of male “sexism.”
* Prejudice may be either explicit or implicit.
* Prejudice may result in either intentional or unintentional discrimination toward others.
* Unintentional discrimination often results from ignorance, rather than active dislike or hatred.
* “Hostile sexism” involves an active dislike of women.
* “Benevolent sexism” is superficially positive, but nonetheless patronizing and discriminatory.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
82
285) The philosopher Hannah Arendt, when covering the trial of Adolf Eichmann, used the phrase
"the banality of evil" to explain how this Nazi officer supervised the deportation and death of millions of
Jews. What did she mean by this phrase?
* She meant that evil is commonplace.
* All people and all cultures contain the potential for both good and evil.
* Evil deeds can be done by otherwise good people who are caught in situations where such normal as
ethnocentrism, obedience to authority, and conformity occur.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
286) Wise travellers use their knowledge of cultural differences to expand their understanding of
human behaviour, while avoiding the trap of stereotyping. What wisdom have you acquired about
cultural differences from our chapter on social and cultural psychology?
* It is important to try to understand other cultures’ rules, manners, and customs.
* When visiting in another culture, a person should try to follow the norms of that culture.
* It is important to be aware that individual variability occurs and that not everyone in a particular
culture is the same. In other words, avoid stereotyping people.
Type: SA
Skill: Factual
287) At the beginning of the book, we read about the critical thinking principle "Examine the
Evidence." How does this guideline relate to social psychology in regard to deindividuation? Does the
evidence suggest that, because a mob is engaged in a criminal act, an individual perpetrator is not
responsible for her or his actions? How mindless are mindless crowds?
* The evidence suggests that people in large mobs are not "mindless."
* As an example, interviews with some of the six men convicted of murder in South Africa revealed that
some were tremendously upset, were well aware of their actions, had debated the female murder victim's
guilt, had thought about running away, and had consciously tried to rationalize their behaviour. Thus
they were not "mindless."
* In almost every incident of mob violence there are some individuals who do not participate, who
remain mindful of their own values.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
83
288) One common form of oversimplification is argument by anecdote. Anecdotes are often a source
of stereotyping as well. Explain how an anecdote might be a source of stereotyping. Illustrate your
explanation with an example that shows how a stereotype of a different generation could develop.
* Anecdotes are stories of a personal experience.
* An anecdote can give us information about a member of a particular group and we might then assume
that all members of the group are like that one individual.
* Example – You might read a story in the newspaper about a group of irresponsible teenagers who
vandalize a school and decide that all teenagers are irresponsible and engage in malicious mischief.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
289) In our textbook's first chapter, you read about the critical thinking principles "Don't
Oversimplify" and "Consider Other Interpretations." How do these guidelines relate to social psychology
in regard to attribution, especially when encounters occur with those from other cultures?
* Using a dispositional attribution to explain another's behaviour may be an oversimplified explanation.
* Considering other interpretations means that we should look at situational and cultural factors that may
influence a person's behaviour before rushing to judgment.
* Behaviour often has more than one cause. To make a single attribution, whether dispositional or
situational, may be oversimplifying the situation.
Type: ES
Section: Chapter 8
Skill: Conceptual
290) Erich Fromm has been quoted as saying, "Even the most sadistic and destructive man is human, as
human as the saint." Your textbook describes two Hutu nuns, Sister Gertrude and Maria Kisito, who
behaved in ways descriptive of Fromm's quote. Explain how.
* Both sisters, living in a Benedictine convent, reported the presence of 7000 Tutsis seeking shelter there.
All of those Tutsis were massacred. When they were tried, the nuns said they did it because "we were all
going to perish."
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
84
291) In every society, family roles set tasks for parent and child, husband and wife. Relying on your
own observations and on media portrayals, assess the family roles that are evident in the majority culture
of Canada. Then examine how these family roles were enacted in your own family. Do you anticipate
changes in norms for family roles as you move through adulthood?
* Parents are responsible for taking care of their children and modelling responsible behaviour.
* Historically, mothers are responsible for care of young children and of the home, and fathers are
responsible for financial support of the family.
* Children should listen to and obey their parents.
* Family roles have changed over the years and probably will continue to change.
* For example, fathers are becoming more involved in child care and mothers often contribute to financial
support.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
292) The obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram has become world famous. More than 1000
people went through replications of the study. In addition, researchers in other countries, such as Spain
and the Netherlands, have used Milgram's procedures. Explain, in detail, the procedures that Milgram
used in his study and then analyze his results and those results found by other researchers. What
conclusions did Milgram reach? How have critics reacted to his research?
* Each subject was assigned the role of "teacher" and was to use punishment in the form of electric shock
when the "learner" (actually a confederate of the researcher) made an error.
* The shock level was increased by 15 volts after each error, up to a maximum of 450 volts.
* Every subject administered some shock and about two-thirds went all the way to 450 volts.
* There was no difference between males and females, different age groups, or people from different
walks of life.
* Many protested, but they continued after the researcher encouraged them to continue.
* Researchers in other countries had similar results, some with as much as 90% compliance.
* Milgram concluded that obedience was a function of the situation rather than of the personalities of the
subjects.
* Critics consider the study unethical because subjects were deceived, many subjects suffered emotional
pain, and the situation was not realistic.
* Critics also objected to the parallel Milgram drew between his subjects and the Nazis.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
85
293) According to attribution theory, the explanations we create of our behaviour and the behaviour
of others generally fall into two categories. Describe these two categories. In your essay, discuss key
concepts in attribution theory, such as the fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, group-serving
bias, and the just-world hypothesis.
* Attributions are either situational or dispositional.
* An example of a situational attribution is, "Joe stole the money because his family is starving."
* An example of a dispositional attribution is, "Joe stole the money because he is a born thief."
* Two common errors in attribution are the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias.
* The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating dispositional attributions for the behaviour
of others.
* The self-serving bias and group-serving bias involve making favourable attributions for our own
actions. If we have done something good, we use a dispositional attribution; if we have done something
wrong, we use a situational attribution.
* Attributions are also affected by the need to believe that the world is fair and that justice prevails (just-
world hypothesis); the good are rewarded and the bad are punished.
* The just-world hypothesis leads to blaming the victim by using a dispositional attribution.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
86
294) What "weapons" are used as advertisers, politicians, and friends try to influence attitudes?
Analyze the role that the validity effect plays in friendly persuasion.
* Familiarity – We tend to hold positive attitudes toward familiar people or things.
* The validity effect (the "Big Lie") – even a lie, repeated often enough, comes to be believed.
* Repetition will, therefore, result not only in familiarity with, but also in belief in arguments that have
been repeatedly presented.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
295) Solomon Asch, in his experiments testing conformity, wanted to know what people would do
when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact. What was found in Asch's studies and in the
many replications of his work?
* Asch found that only 20% of the students remained independent on all trials, one-third conformed to
the group's incorrect answer more than half the time, and the rest conformed at least some of the time.
* Whether they conformed or not, the students felt uncertain and uncomfortable.
* Replications in the Western world have shown that conformity has decreased since the 1950s.
* Replications in other countries revealed that conformity varies with cultural norms.
* In individualist cultures, such as those of many Western nations, people are somewhat less likely to
conform.
* In cultures that value social harmony, like many East Asian countries, the tendency to conform is
greater.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
296) Dissent and altruism are a matter of personal conviction, but situational factors are also involved.
Analyze five situational factors that are involved when a person decides to "rock the boat" and choose
conscience over conformity.
Answer: A good answer will include five of the following key points.
* A person perceives the need for intervention or help.
* Cultural norms encourage taking action.
* The situation increases the likelihood that a person will take responsibility.
* The cost–benefit ratio supports a person's decision to get involved.
* A person has an ally who is also willing to get involved.
* Entrapment has occurred.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
87
297) People form a summary impression of a group, believing that all members of a group share a
common trait. The traits may be positive, negative, or neutral, but in each case they help organize
experience. The problem is that sometimes this process can distort reality. Analyze three different ways
that reality is distorted through stereotypes. How do cultural values play a role in affecting how people
evaluate a particular action?
* Differences between groups are exaggerated. ("We are a lot different than them.")
* Differences within other groups are underestimated. ("They're all alike.")
* Perception is selective. That is, only the evidence that is consistent with the stereotype is attended to.
* Cultural values cause us to perceive people whose actions are different as inferior in some way.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
298) It is widely believed that prejudice is the primary cause of conflict and war between groups.
According to our text, is prejudice more likely to be a cause of war or a result of war? Explain your
answer, illustrating your response by noting the rise and fall of attitudes toward Chinese immigrants in
the nineteenth century in North America.
* Prejudice is more likely to be a result rather than a cause of war.
* When the Chinese were working in the gold mines and potentially taking jobs from white labourers,
whites described them as depraved, vicious, and bloodthirsty.
* A decade later, when the Chinese began working at difficult and dangerous jobs on the transcontinental
railroad that few white men wanted, prejudice against them declined. They were described as hard-
working, industrious, and law-abiding.
* When the railroad was finished and the Chinese competed for scarce jobs during the Depression,
prejudice increased again. They were viewed as criminal, crafty, conniving, and stupid.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
299) One problem in studying prejudice is that not all prejudiced people are prejudiced in the same
way. What varieties of prejudice are discussed in the textbook? Describe the two types of male "sexism."
* Prejudice may be either explicit or implicit.
* Prejudice may result in either intentional or unintentional discrimination toward others.
* Unintentional discrimination often results from ignorance, rather than active dislike or hatred.
* "Hostile sexism" involves an active dislike of women.
* "Benevolent sexism" is superficially positive, but nonetheless patronizing and discriminatory.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
88
300) Describe in detail the procedures used by researchers measuring prejudice through implicit
measures rather than through attitude questionnaires.
* Measures of behaviour involve observing how people behave when they are with a possible object of
prejudice.
* Measures of physiological responses and unconscious associations involve, for example, measuring
activity in the amygdala when viewing pictures of possible objects of prejudice, or using a research
method designed to measure a person's feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with a
particular stimulus
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
301) Sociocultural research suggests four conditions that must be met before conflict and prejudice
between groups can be lessened. Describe each of these conditions in detail.
* Both sides must have equal legal status, economic opportunities, and power.
* Authorities and community institutions must endorse egalitarian norms and thereby provide moral
support and legitimacy for both sides.
* Both sides must have opportunities to work and socialize together, formally and informally.
* Both sides must cooperate, working together for a common goal.
Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
302) Our authors explain the benefits of reviewing the psychological research on culture when
travelling to a different country. What advice do they give? What examples help illustrate the need for
this advice?
* Be sure you understand the other culture's rules, manners, and customs.
* When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
* Avoid stereotyping.
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
89

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Psychology, Cdn 4e (Wade)

Quick Quiz (1)

5) Which of the following is NOT a result of diffusion of responsibility?

7) Which of the following is NOT a technique used in coercive persuasion?

9) Which of the following is a way of measuring implicit prejudice?

9) Which of the following is NOT a way in which stereotypes distort reality?

10) Which of the following is NOT a type of function served by prejudice?

2) The rules that regulate social life are referred to as social:

4) Which of the following is the definition of norm?

6) An implicit cultural standard has been violated when:

7) Research on social roles suggests that:

8) Each person has ________ social role(s).

10) Which of the following is a violation of an implicit cultural standard?

12) Which of the following is the text's definition of culture?

15) In Stanley Milgram's study of obedience:

20) Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

30) Critics of the prison study argue that:

33) The primary reason why people obey is that they:

38) Which of the following is an example of entrapment?

45) Attribution theory examines:

53) The fundamental attribution error is especially prevalent in:

60) According to the just-world hypothesis:

65) A belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities is called a/an:

67) When a person holds an attitude, the:

69) Cognitive dissonance is:

75) The validity effect is the tendency of people to:

84) Which of the following is NOT a key process of coercive persuasion?

90) Replications of Asch's conformity experiment show that:

94) Bystander apathy results from:

99) As members of an anonymous crowd, individuals:

100) Research suggests that a person is:

108) Which of the following is a sign of groupthink?

109) Which of the following is NOT a sign of groupthink?

121) Ethnocentrism can be reduced by:

124) The Robbers Cave experiment showed that:

128) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE?

133) The origins of prejudice suggest that:

134) One fact about prejudice is that it:

136) A social function of prejudice is to:

137) A cultural function of prejudice is to:

138) An economic function of prejudice is to:

141) Research on prejudice:

149) From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

150) The "banality of evil" means that:

202) The just-world hypothesis is especially prevalent in North America.

204) An attitude is a belief about people, groups, ideas, or activities.

220) Deindividuation eliminates gender differences in aggression.

226) Ethnocentrism rests on a fundamental social identity: "us" as compared to "not-us."

230) Stereotypes underestimate the differences within other groups.

232) Benevolent sexism is affectionate but patronizing.

Match these definitions with the terms they define.

Match these studies with the researchers who completed them.

243) obedience studies

244) conformity studies

245) Robbers Cave study

246) Stanford prison study

Match these definitions with the terms they define.

Match these definitions with the terms they define.

259) a person's identification with a racial, religious, or ethnic group

260) a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group based on a negative stereotype