1 s2.0 S0096300302003685 Main

Applied Mathematics and Computation 143 (2003) 361–374
www.elsevier.com/locate/amc
On the two-dimensional differential

transform method
Fatma Ayaz
Department of Mathematics, University of Balıkesir, Balıkesir 10100, Turkey
Abstract
In this paper, two-dimensional differential transform method of solution of the initial
value problem for partial differential equations (PDEs) have been studied. New theo-
rems have been added and some linear and nonlinear PDEs solved by using this method.
The method can be easily applied to linear or nonlinear problems and is capable of
reducing the size of computational work. In this work, additionally, analytical form
solutions of two diffusion problems have been obtained and the solutions are compared
very well with those obtained by decomposition method.
Ó 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Two-dimensional differential transform; Partial differential equations; Approximation

methods
1. Introduction
In this study, a new transformation method has been used to solve linear
and nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The concept of differential
transform was first introduced by Zhou [1], who solved linear and nonlinear
initial value problems in electric circuit analysis. Chen and Ho [2] developed
this method for PDEs and obtained closed form series solutions for linear and
nonlinear initial value problems. The transformation method, is called two-
dimensional differential transform, is different from the high-order Taylor
series method, which consists of computing the coefficients of the Taylor series
of the solution using the initial data and the partial differential equation
E-mail address: favaz@balikesir.edu.tr (F. Ayaz).
0096-3003/02/$ - see front matter Ó 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0096-3003(02)00368-5
362 F. Ayaz / Appl. Math. Comput. 143 (2003) 361–374
method. But, the Taylor series method requires more computational work for
large orders. Jang [3] states that ‘‘the differential transform is an iterative
procedure for obtaining Taylor series solutions of differential equations’’. This
method reduces the size of computational domain and applicable to many
problems easily.
In the present work, in order to extent applications of the two-dimensional
differential transform method to different problems, new theorems have been
added to the theory and two diffusion problems have been solved and com-
pared with the decomposition method. Additionally, two different initial value
problem has also been considered to demonstrate its feasibility in solving
PDEs.
2. Two-dimensional differential transform
The basic definitions and fundamental Theorems 1–7 of the two-dimen-

sional transform are defined in [2] as follows:

1 okþh wðx; yÞ
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ; ð1Þ
k!h! oxk oy h ð0;0Þ
where wðx; yÞ is the original function and W ðk; hÞ is the transformed function.
The transformation is called T-function and the lower case and upper case
letters represent the original and transformed functions respectively. The dif-
ferential inverse transform of W ðk; hÞ is defined as
X
1 X
1
wðx; yÞ ¼ W ðk; hÞxk y h ; ð2Þ
k¼0 h¼0
and from Eqs. (1) and (2) can be concluded

X1 X 1
1 okþh wðx; yÞ
wðx; yÞ ¼ xk y h : ð3Þ
k¼0 h¼0
k!h! oxk oy h ð0;0Þ
The following theorems have been proved in [2] and will only be mentioned
here in order to use in Theorems 8–13.
Theorem 1. If wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞ vðx; yÞ; then W ðk; hÞ ¼ U ðk; hÞ V ðk; hÞ.
Theorem 2. If wðx; yÞ ¼ kuðx; yÞ, then W ðk; hÞ ¼ kU ðk; hÞ. Here, k is a constant.
Theorem 3. If wðx; yÞ ¼ ouðx; yÞ=ox; then W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk þ 1ÞU ðk þ 1; hÞ.
Theorem 4. If wðx; yÞ ¼ ouðx; yÞ=oy, then W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðh þ 1ÞU ðk; h þ 1Þ.

F. Ayaz / Appl. Math. Comput. 143 (2003) 361–374 363
Theorem 5. If wðx; yÞ ¼ orþs uðx; yÞ=oxr oy s , then

W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2Þ ðk þ rÞðh þ 1Þðh þ 2Þ ðh þ sÞU ðk þ r; h þ sÞ:
Theorem 6. If wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ, then

k X
X k
W ðk; hÞ ¼ U ðr; h sÞV ðk r; sÞ: ð4Þ
r¼0 s¼0
Theorem 7. If wðx; yÞ ¼ xm y n , then

W ðk; hÞ ¼ dðk m; h nÞ ¼ dðk mÞdðh nÞ; ð5Þ
where

1; k ¼ m and h ¼ n;
dðk mÞ ¼
0 otherwise:
Theorem 8. If
ouðx; yÞ ovðx; yÞ
wðx; yÞ ¼ ;
ox ox
then
X
k X
h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðr þ 1Þðk r þ 1ÞU ðr þ 1; h sÞV ðk r þ 1; sÞ:
r¼0 s¼0
Proof. From the definition of transform,

W ð0; 0Þ ¼ ¼ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0Þ; ð6Þ
ox ox ð0;0Þ

1 o ouðx; yÞ ovðx; yÞ
W ð1; 0Þ ¼
1!0! ox ox ox ð0;0Þ
2
1 o uðx; yÞ ovðx; yÞ ouðx; yÞ o2 vðx; yÞ
¼ þ
1!0! ox2 ox ox ox2 ð0;0Þ
¼ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 0Þ; ð7Þ

1 o2 ouðx; yÞ ovðx; yÞ
W ð2; 0Þ ¼
2!0! ox2 ox ox ð0;0Þ
¼ 3U ð3; 0ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ 4U ð2; 0ÞV ð2; 0Þ þ 3U ð1; 0ÞV ð3; 0Þ; ð8Þ
W ð0; 1Þ ¼ U ð1; 1ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð9Þ

W ð1; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð2; 1ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ þ 2U ð1; 1ÞV ð2; 0Þ
þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 1Þ; ð10Þ
þ 4U ð2; 2ÞV ð2; 0Þ þ 4U ð2; 1ÞV ð2; 1Þ þ 4U ð2; 0ÞV ð2; 2Þ
þ 3U ð1; 2ÞV ð3; 0Þ þ 3U ð1; 1ÞV ð3; 1Þ þ 3U ð1; 0ÞV ð3; 2Þ: ð11Þ
In general, we have
k X
X h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðr þ 1Þðk r þ 1ÞU ðr þ 1; h sÞV ðk r þ 1; sÞ:
r¼0 s¼0
ð12Þ
Theorem 9. If
wðx; yÞ ¼ ;
oy oy
then
X
k X
h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðh s þ 1Þðs þ 1ÞU ðr; h s þ 1ÞV ðk r; s þ 1Þ:
r¼0 s¼0

W ð0; 0Þ ¼ ¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ; ð13Þ
oy oy ð0;0Þ

W ð1; 0Þ ¼
1!0! ox oy oy ð0;0Þ
2
¼ þ
1!0! oxoy oy oy oxoy ð0;0Þ
¼ U ð1; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ U ð0; 1ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð14Þ

W ð2; 0Þ ¼
2!0! ox2 oy oy ð0;0Þ
¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð2; 1Þ þ U ð1; 1ÞV ð1; 1Þ þ U ð2; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ; ð15Þ
W ð0; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð0; 2ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 2Þ; ð16Þ
þ 2U ð1; 1ÞV ð0; 2Þ; ð17Þ
þ 3U ð2; 3ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ 4U ð2; 2ÞV ð0; 2Þ þ 3U ð2; 1ÞV ð0; 3Þ: ð18Þ
In general, we have
k X
X h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðh s þ 1Þðs þ 1ÞU ðr; h s þ 1ÞV ðk r; s þ 1Þ:
r¼0 s¼0
ð19Þ
Theorem 10. If
wðx; yÞ ¼ ;
ox oy
then
X
k X
h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk r þ 1Þðh s þ 1ÞU ðk r þ 1; sÞV ðr; h s þ 1Þ:
r¼0 s¼0

W ð0; 0Þ ¼ ¼ U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 1Þ; ð20Þ
ox oy ð0;0Þ

W ð1; 0Þ ¼
1!0! ox ox oy ð0;0Þ
2
¼ þ
1!0! ox2 oy ox oxoy ð0;0Þ
¼ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð21Þ

W ð2; 0Þ ¼
2!0! ox2 ox oy ð0;0Þ
¼ 3U ð3; 0ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 1Þ; ð22Þ
W ð0; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 2Þ þ U ð1; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ; ð23Þ
þ U ð1; 1ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð24Þ
þ 3U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 3Þ þ 2U ð1; 1ÞV ð2; 2Þ þ U ð1; 2ÞV ð2; 1Þ: ð25Þ
In general, we have
k X
X h
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk r þ 1Þðh s þ 1Þ
r¼0 s¼0
U ðk r þ 1; sÞV ðr; h s þ 1Þ: ð26Þ
Theorem 11. If wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞxðx; yÞ, then

k X
X kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t; pÞ:
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
W ð0; 0Þ ¼ ½uðx; yÞvðx; yÞxðx; yÞð0;0Þ ¼ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ; ð27Þ
1 o
W ð1; 0Þ ¼ ½uðx; yÞvðx; yÞxðx; yÞð0;0Þ
1!0! ox
¼ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ
þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ; ð28Þ
1 o2
W ð2; 0Þ ¼ ½uðx; yÞvðx; yÞxðx; yÞð0;0Þ
2!0! ox2
¼ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ
þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ
þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ þ U ð2; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ; ð29Þ
W ð0; 1Þ ¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð0; 0Þ

þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 1Þ; ð30Þ


þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð0; 0Þ: ð32Þ
In general, we have
k X
X kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t; pÞ:
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
ð33Þ
Theorem 12. If
ovðx; yÞ oxðx; yÞ
wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞ ;
ox ox
then
X
k X
kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðt þ 1Þðk r t þ 1Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk r t þ 1; pÞ:

ovðx; yÞ oxðx; yÞ
W ð0; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞ ¼ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ; ð34Þ
ox ox ð0;0Þ

1 o ovðx; yÞ oxðx; yÞ
W ð1; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞ
1!0! ox ox ox ð0;0Þ
¼ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ

þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð35Þ

1 o2 ovðx; yÞ oxðx; yÞ
W ð2; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞ
2!0! ox2 ox ox ð0;0Þ
¼ 3U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð3; 0Þ þ 4U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ

þ U 3ð0; 0ÞV ð3; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ
þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ U ð2; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ; ð36Þ

þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 1ÞXð1; 0Þ; ð37Þ
W ð1; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 1Þ
þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 1ÞXð2; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ
þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 1ÞXð1; 0Þ: ð39Þ
In general we have
k X
X kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðt þ 1Þðk r t þ 1Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk r t þ 1; pÞ: ð40Þ
Theorem 13. If
o2 xðx; yÞ
wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ ;
ox2
then
k X
X kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk r t þ 2Þðk r t þ 1Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t þ 2; pÞ:

o2 xðx; yÞ
W ð0; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ ¼ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð41Þ
ox2 ð0;0Þ

1 o o2 xðx; yÞ
W ð1; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ
1!0! ox ox2 ð0;0Þ

þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð42Þ

1 o2 o2 xðx; yÞ
W ð2; 0Þ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ
2!0! ox2 ox2 ð0;0Þ

þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ 6U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð3; 0Þ
þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð43Þ
W ð0; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 1Þ
þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð44Þ
W ð0; 2Þ ¼ 2U ð0; 2ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 1Þ
þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð2; 1Þ þ 2U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð2; 0Þ
þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð2; 1Þ þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 2ÞXð2; 0Þ; ð45Þ
þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð0; 0Þ: ð46Þ
In general, we have
k X
X kr X
h X
hs
W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk r t þ 2Þðk r t þ 1Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t þ 2; pÞ: ð47Þ
3. Solving PDE by using differential transform
Some linear and non-linear PDEs are considered and solved by using the
method.
Following two problems related to the slow diffusion processes. The non-
linear diffusion equation with initial condition is given by

ou o ou
¼ DðuÞ ;
ot ox ox ð48Þ
uðx; 0Þ ¼ f ðxÞ:
This process is determined by the diffusion term of the form
DðuÞ ¼ un ; n > 0: ð49Þ
Substituting Eq. (49) into Eq. (48) diffusion processes can be obtained. For
n ¼ 1, as cited in [4], Eq. (48) with Eq. (49) models an isothermal percolation of
a perfect gas through a microporous medium [5–7]. Moreover, for n ¼ 2, the
same equation supports a process of melting and evaporation [5,6] of metals.
Problem 1. In Eq. (48), taking the diffusion term as u with the initial condition
(as shown in IC), the following initial value problem PDE is obtained:
ou ou ou o2 u
¼ þu 2; ð50Þ
ot ox ox ox
1
I:C ðx; 0Þ ¼ x2 ; x > 0; c > 0; arbitrary constant: ð51Þ
c
Taking two-dimensional transform of Eq. (50) we have
X
k X
h
ðh þ 1ÞU ðk; h þ 1Þ ¼ ðr þ 1Þðk r þ 1ÞU ðr þ 1; h sÞ
r¼0 s¼0
k X
X h
U ðk r þ 1; sÞ þ ðk r þ 1Þðk r þ 2Þ
r¼0 s¼0
U ðr; h sÞU ðk r þ 2; sÞ: ð52Þ
By applying the initial condition Eq. (51) into Eq. (52) we obtain
U ði; 0Þ ¼ 0; i ¼ 0; 1; 3; . . . ; m; ð53Þ
1
U ð2; 0Þ ¼ : ð54Þ
c
Substituting Eqs. (53) and (54) into Eq. (52), and by recursive method, the
results corresponding to m ! 1 are listed as follows:
6
U ð2; 1Þ ¼ ; ð55Þ
c2
36
U ð2; 1Þ ¼ ; ð56Þ
c3
216
U ð2; 3Þ ¼ : ð57Þ
c4
Substituting all W ðk; hÞ into Eq. (2), we have series solution as follows:

1 6 36 216
uðx; tÞ ¼ x2 þ 2 t þ 3 t2 þ 4 t3 þ : ð58Þ
c c c c
This is the same result with that obtained by decomposition method and a
closed form solution of the equation is given by [4]

1
uðx; tÞ ¼ x2 : ð59Þ
c 6t
Problem 2. In Eq. (48), taking the diffusion term as u2 , the following PDE is
obtained as:
ou ou ou o2 u
¼ 2u þ u2 2 ; ð60Þ
ot ox ox ox
ðx þ hÞ
I:C ðx; 0Þ ¼ pffiffiffi ; where h and c > 0; are arbitrary constants;
2 c
ð61Þ
with the initial condition Eq. (61). Taking the two-dimensional transform of
Eq. (60), we have
k X
X kr X
h X
hs
ðh þ 1ÞU ðk; h þ 1Þ ¼ 2 ðt þ 1Þðk r t þ 1Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞU ðt þ 1; sÞU ðk r t þ 1; pÞ

Xk X kr X h Xhs
þ ðk r t þ 1Þðk r t þ 2Þ
r¼0 t¼0 s¼0 p¼0
U ðr; h s pÞU ðt; sÞU ðk r t þ 2; pÞ: ð62Þ
By applying the initial condition Eq. (61) into Eq. (62), we obtain
ðx þ hÞ
U ð0; 0Þ ¼ pffiffiffi ; ð63Þ
2 c
1
2 c
U ði; 0Þ ¼ 0; i ¼ 2; 3; . . . ; m: ð65Þ
Substituting Eqs. (63)–(65) into Eq. (62), and by recursive method, the results
corresponding to m ! 1 are listed as follows:
ðx þ hÞ 1
2 c 2c
ðx þ hÞ 3
2 c 8c2
ðx þ hÞ 5
U ð0; 3Þ ¼ pffiffiffi : ð68Þ
2 c 16c3
Substituting all U ðk; hÞ into Eq. (2), we obtain the series form solution as

ðx þ hÞ 1 3 5 3
uðx; tÞ ¼ pffiffiffi 1 þ t þ 2 t2 þ t þ : ð69Þ
2 c 2c 8c 16c3
This is also the same result with that obtained by decomposition method and in
a closed form solution is given by [4]
1
uðx; tÞ ¼ ðc tÞð1=2Þ ðx þ hÞ: ð70Þ
2
Problem 3. Consider the following nonlinear partial differential equation [8]

with the initial condition by Eq. (72):
ou ou
¼ u2 þ ; ð71Þ
ot ox
I:C uðx; 0Þ ¼ 1 þ 2x: ð72Þ
Taking the two-dimensional transform of Eq. (71), we obtain
X
k X
h
ðh þ 1ÞU ðk; h þ 1Þ ¼ U ðr; h sÞU ðk r; sÞ þ ðk þ 1ÞU ðk; hÞ
r¼0 s¼0
ð73Þ
and from Eq. (72),
U ð0; 0Þ ¼ 1; ð74Þ
U ð1; 0Þ ¼ 2; ð75Þ
U ði; 0Þ ¼ 0; i ¼ 2; 3; . . . ; m: ð76Þ
are obtained. Substituting Eqs. (74)–(76) into Eq. (73), and by recursive
method, the result are listed as follows:
U ð0; 1Þ ¼ 3; ð77Þ
U ð0; 2Þ ¼ 5; ð78Þ
U ð1; 0Þ ¼ 2; ð79Þ
U ð1; 1Þ ¼ 4; ð80Þ
U ð1; 2Þ ¼ 16; ð81Þ
U ð2; 1Þ ¼ 6: ð82Þ
Substituting all U ðk; hÞ into Eq. (2), we obtain the series solution as
uðx; tÞ ¼ 1 þ 3t þ 2x þ 5t2 þ 4tx þ 6tx2 þ 16t2 x þ ð83Þ
This result is also same as the result in [8].
Problem 4. Consider the following linear partial differential equation with the
initial condition by Eqs. (85) and (86):
o2 u o2 u o2 u
2
3 þ ¼ 0; ð84Þ
ox oxot ot2
I:C1 ðx; 0Þ ¼ x2 ; ð85Þ
ouðx; 0Þ
I:C2 ¼ ex : ð86Þ
ot
Taking two-dimensional transform of Eq. (84), we obtain
ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞU ðk þ 2; hÞ 3ðk þ 1Þðh þ 1ÞU ðk þ 1; h þ 1Þ
4ðk þ 1Þðk þ 2ÞU ðk þ 2; hÞ ¼ 0; ð87Þ
from Eq. (85),
U ð0; 0Þ ¼ 0; ð88Þ
U ð1; 0Þ ¼ 0; ð89Þ
U ð2; 0Þ ¼ 1; ð90Þ
U ði; 0Þ ¼ 0; i ¼ 3; 4; . . . ; n; ð91Þ
and from Eq. (86),
U ð0; 1Þ ¼ 1; ð92Þ
U ð1; 1Þ ¼ 1; ð93Þ
2
U ð2; 1Þ ¼ ; ð94Þ
2!
2
U ði; 1Þ ¼ ; i ¼ 3; 4; . . . ; n: ð95Þ
n!
Substituting Eqs. (88)–(95) into Eq. (87) and by recursive method, the results
corresponding to n ! 1 are listed as
1
U ð0; 2Þ ¼ ; ð96Þ
8
13
U ð0; 3Þ ¼ ; ð97Þ
96
U ð1; 1Þ ¼ 1; ð98Þ
1
U ð2; 1Þ ¼ : ð99Þ
2
Substituting all U ðk; hÞ into Eq. (2), we obtain the series solution form as
follows:
1 13 1
uðx; tÞ ¼ t t2 þ t3 þ x2 þ xt þ x2 t þ ð100Þ
8 96 2
and the analytical solution of the problem is given by [9] as follows:
4 ðxþðt=4ÞÞ 1
uðx; tÞ ¼ e eðxtÞ þ x2 þ t2 : ð101Þ
5 4
When Eqs. (100) and (101) are compared, it can be seen that these two results
are quite compatible for small values of t. For example, for x ¼ 0:5 and t ¼ 0:01
analytic solution is 0.26645 and transform solution is 0.26624. For x ¼ 0:5 and
t ¼ 0:05 analytic solution is 0.33154 and transform solution is 0.33095.
4. Conclusion
Two-dimensional differential transform have been applied to linear and

nonlinear differential equations. The results for the first two examples showed
that exactly the same solutions have been obtained with decomposition
method. The present method reduces the computational difficulties of the other
methods and all the calculations can be made simply. On the other hand the
results are quite reliable.
As a result, this method can be applied to many complicated linear and
nonlinear PDEs and does not require linearization, discretization or pertur-
bation.
References
[1] J.K. Zhou, Differential Transformation and its Application for Electrical Circuits, Huazhong
University Press, Wuhan, China, 1986 (in Chinese).
[2] C.K. Chen, S.H. Ho, Solving partial differential equations by two dimensional differential
transform, Appl. Math. Comput. 106 (1999) 171–179.
[3] M.J. Jang, C.L. Chen, Y.C. Liu, Two-dimensional differential transform for partial differential
equations, Appl. Math. Comput. 121 (2001) 261–270.
[4] A.M. Wazwaz, Exact solutions to nonlinear diffusion equations obtained by the decomposition
method, Appl. Math. Comput. 123 (2001) 109–122.
[5] E.A. Saied, The non-classical solution of the inhomogeneous non-linear diffusion equation,
Appl. Math. Comput. 98 (1999) 103–108.
[6] E.A. Saied, M.M. Hussein, New classes of similarity solutions of the inhomogeneous nonlinear
diffusion equations, J. Phys. A 27 (1994) 4867–4874.
[7] L. Dresner, Similarity Solutions of Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, Pitman, New
York, 1983.
[8] E.C. Zachmanoglou, D.W. Thoe, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations with
Applications, Dover, New York, 1976.
[9] W.A. Strauss, Partial Differential Equations an Introduction, John Wiley, Singapore, 1992.

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Applied Mathematics and Computation 143 (2003) 361–374

On the two-dimensional diﬀerential

Keywords: Two-dimensional diﬀerential transform; Partial diﬀerential equations; Approximation

E-mail address: favaz@balikesir.edu.tr (F. Ayaz).

2. Two-dimensional diﬀerential transform

The basic deﬁnitions and fundamental Theorems 1–7 of the two-dimen-

and from Eqs. (1) and (2) can be concluded

Theorem 3. If wðx; yÞ ¼ ouðx; yÞ=ox; then W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðk þ 1ÞU ðk þ 1; hÞ.

Theorem 4. If wðx; yÞ ¼ ouðx; yÞ=oy, then W ðk; hÞ ¼ ðh þ 1ÞU ðk; h þ 1Þ.

Theorem 5. If wðx; yÞ ¼ orþs uðx; yÞ=oxr oy s , then

Theorem 6. If wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞ, then

Theorem 7. If wðx; yÞ ¼ xm y n , then

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

¼ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð2; 0Þ; ð7Þ

W ð0; 1Þ ¼ U ð1; 1ÞV ð1; 0Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð9Þ

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

¼ U ð1; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ U ð0; 1ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð14Þ

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

¼ 2U ð2; 0ÞV ð0; 1Þ þ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 1Þ; ð21Þ

W ð0; 1Þ ¼ 2U ð1; 0ÞV ð0; 2Þ þ U ð1; 1ÞV ð0; 1Þ; ð23Þ

U ðk  r þ 1; sÞV ðr; h  s þ 1Þ: ð26Þ

Theorem 11. If wðx; yÞ ¼ uðx; yÞvðx; yÞxðx; yÞ, then

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

W ð0; 1Þ ¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 1ÞXð0; 0Þ

W ð0; 2Þ ¼ U ð0; 2ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 0Þ þ U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð0; 1Þ

W ð1; 1Þ ¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð1; 1Þ

U ðr; h  s  pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk  r  t þ 1; pÞ:

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

¼ U ð1; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ

¼ 3U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð3; 0Þ þ 4U ð0; 0ÞV ð2; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ

W ð0; 1Þ ¼ U ð0; 1ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 0Þ þ U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð1; 1Þ

U ðr; h  s  pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk  r  t þ 1; pÞ: ð40Þ

U ðr; h  s  pÞV ðt; sÞXðk  r  t þ 2; pÞ:

Proof. From the deﬁnition of transform,

¼ 6U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð3; 0Þ þ 2U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð2; 0Þ

¼ 12U ð0; 0ÞV ð0; 0ÞXð4; 0Þ þ 6U ð0; 0ÞV ð1; 0ÞXð3; 0Þ

U ðr; h  s  pÞV ðt; sÞXðk  r  t þ 2; pÞ: ð47Þ

3. Solving PDE by using diﬀerential transform

U ðr; h  sÞU ðk  r þ 2; sÞ: ð52Þ

U ðr; h  s  pÞU ðt þ 1; sÞU ðk  r  t þ 1; pÞ

U ðr; h  s  pÞU ðt; sÞU ðk  r  t þ 2; pÞ: ð62Þ

Problem 3. Consider the following nonlinear partial diﬀerential equation [8]

Two-dimensional diﬀerential transform have been applied to linear and

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U ðk r þ 1; sÞV ðr; h s þ 1Þ: ð26Þ

U ðr; h s pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk r t þ 1; pÞ:

U ðr; h s pÞV ðt þ 1; sÞXðk r t þ 1; pÞ: ð40Þ

U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t þ 2; pÞ:

U ðr; h s pÞV ðt; sÞXðk r t þ 2; pÞ: ð47Þ

U ðr; h sÞU ðk r þ 2; sÞ: ð52Þ

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U ðr; h s pÞU ðt; sÞU ðk r t þ 2; pÞ: ð62Þ