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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views104 pages

    Tanka Raj Control Survey

    Uploaded by

    Hrnsbzn NsNzbbzm

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    Unit-I KEVERKING _contre| Survey? - contro! Survey isva method of - Survey tral Provides La a framework of Sorvey points iv in three di dimension | Giy.t) accurately. [ Sight: . = Tt can be defined as lass omit reading of levelling work. pie vo vit) Intermediate Sight (2S )ee> AN Staff veadings 4Kat ave taken ‘behoeen B.S and Fs are tke intermediate’ Sight» vit) change rpomt (cp):- -Dt ic tke ‘point denotng the ay Tag ae level, Dt is point on whith Fs and BS are taken, |[stat ff 4 ee BH Porn? _ ecipstrument used t9 leveleg aety 2 1) level. oF [Ly srt “h) Tron plate level There are +wo main Tass urehens of level ins trurnent . “AY Te prov! idea Tepe horizondal line of sight He) te foes tke ena wel): Lie ypes of leve) L~ A ‘Dumpy level b:) Wye or ¥ level |e) cook's reversible level... a Tilting level [ 2) cushing level E fi aeremane! leve| \ a) Dumpy level: tke telescope carries eyepiece, an dumpy level objective: three: crosswive and: bubble tube. welescope attached 4o tke Spindle where. st can be rotated in’ horicontal direchon, but not in yerheal direchon.. i as Tspindle is qiached to tke tibrach & trivet ENING which carries “three foot Screws: By ~v “foot gerew bobble can be made at centre. by) Wye level or Y leve |. Zn _y level telescope is “kept on to ye shaped Gupport_and tke jelescope Can be yveversed ‘end +to_end- c) Reversible level! In coor's reversible level the telescope "8 Kept in A jacket and the telescope can be worth drawn to veverse end to end. a) TR level: srilting level ie poecise level used to fnd accurate height a{ference between two poms This level carries a titng Screw using which tke bubble can be mode at centre for each pointing of telescope: e) evshing level ' In Cushing level The eyepiece & objec hve Jens can be interchanged endits end. Lf Putomatic “jevel! [Anis level ig Similar te dumpy Jeve) 19 Censtruchon >Avtwmathe level carries’ io ema) ingtrwement Veatied ‘compenseter’ inside tke telescor< which aL [makes line of Sight horicontal even’ if tke telescope | is hited by i amount | g c } qr Digital level! || Sh is am electronic jevel which’ com [and displays digital infermathon about height & distance. ~ Barcoded: staff is used together poter ¢ “Stores ‘Lee + Ari) Sta WZ Te levelling stalf io a straight rectangular red having qradvations , Ke foot of the - statt | ve presenting zero Yeading. . “| Ekeveiing Statf can be Classified wie tee types] | ») seit reading staff. 5 [ ii) Target statt. . | leveling " Staff - | | self Feadiig Soff J Lv osargersrtf jp std ste oaahf Tart Fy | Telescopic sath" - i AAA | @) getf veading gdaff > -~A Self reading staff is tke one which can be read directly by the Instrument man through the Jelescape, ¥) Solid staff xt le Sm in length and qroduated in mete and decimeler i Bross Cor WW) Folding Staff ov Hinge Stalfe Zt is Gm in length & %4+ has too paris each 2m RT) Telescopte staff: - - Top im length sides ‘nte middle 125m length of telescopic staff This middie part again sides {ate bettorm b25m length “part S —E (___ Annapurna Ww.) tavar oraf fs. ~ [- a's length %5 Bn and ake gredvat'en of var [gteel, nicvet) staff ts made from invar metal: | | al le Fever Qrodvet ep 1 [b) “eraer SE LA target Salt isthe one which containe a movecble | target agenst which ceading is taken by staff ||_ man. 1 BR) Iron Plate: Lda ie a trianguiar metal plate With Gms cides | heving round need at middie part of it, bz* is used in staff ground to keep araff Yerheal- | |. tren plate should not be used | 3 = on roan Q.UB) : _ iti.) Barometvic levelling . ——— iv.) Hydrostatic levelling. ee we) Hypsomarric levelling Zz J wat) Spirit levelling et _ if) Trigonomatricel levelling —— wi Gps eS &) Spirit levelling:- [Direct \evelling) \- Tat is a branch of levelling in whieh height difference (or elevation) bendeen foo points are determined by establishing horitental ne of sight using a level and =Acevrate height difference can be determined by apint levelling. 4 | staff. J | ! | — 8 unkense Rd Elevation of @ or Rl of B= QLrof A+ (Bs-F.s) Wt) Trigonometi Cal levelling C Endivect levelling) x i + 1 trigo nometrica) method height dif erence can be derermined f observing yertica) 2 rs ae - angle and horicon- al distance Using o -heodplite, satt and ranging Yod Te IH a A (ea it) Barometric leveliingS= - An this method, height di ference bereeen two poinis is determined by observing atmospheric pressure using a barometer and +emperatre using thermometer, Height difference betoeen, A-B Li ie Ah = YWi-Ho r| = 1833(-4% [logPa- logis \x [2+ Tz th | im ste uu Wiz RE of A We: QL of B Poe pressure ot A Pos pressure ataA To + “Temperature atA T= Temperatore atk | “he tv.) HypSo metric levelling '- RL eof o + (Ssa-Fsay Rb of Bz RL of Of +CBs,-Feu) pe method of determining Re level alifference of to poims for apart or with an obstacle T + in _behveen is termed ac differentia) leveling, cin +his method the level ia sed bear dai {ference Number of points and elevation in @ach points te determined + - It is’ alse knodn as fiy, Compoend or Contnvous levelling. Procedure }- procedure for delermining Rt of 8 far a part from A (Whose Q@ is Known) 1. Setup he level at U), face the Jelescope do Ward ¢ svalf{_of gamer =A and note tke reading as 85. 2. Now, select the stator 16, such hat tt is equidis- yant 1A, face the telescope a+ Staff a+Os-asGs, 4 nore the Yeading as ts. 3. shift The instrument to (2) level dy correctly. 4. Repear the process until tke FS. staff reading 's aaken on staff hold at B- Wy Fy levelting}- -when differential levelling is done +0 tronsfer evel from BM +e any point on sraverse, if te jermed as Fly levelling. -at inveWes taking BS ond FS only. So i4 is termed as. fly levelling . ~ Zk frvolves taking Bs ord FS only. 60 taiis dermed as fly levelling. -lwe in differented levelling *he \evel ig Kept at midway beroeen B.S and F-S to minimize collimatheon error: 5 GS nt te site 2 i (Annapurna) \ Gow: | oh) creck levelling :- [=a is conduct for tke purpose of check'ng a [series of levels. which have previovsely ‘been [peed [+ At tke end of each days work of levels stots from the point and reterning to starting Ppomt lof that day is von with he object of checking a [ke work dene on that day. : =a a V)_ Precise levelling !- | “The leveling dene wrth higher legree of acaracy to obtain accurate result te Known as precise | levelling awe as fellows: | adfirst order precise levelling | - Allowable error FUSE (2. e- distance in Km) | To estblich BN, ||) second order precice levelling tf [| -ANowable error- tare + for metropolitan contol anni udorks. L [¢) Third order “precise evening» —t | ; -allowable error= + jase lorge engineer" 9g i lan ; ! -local cone! and small engineering york. I Ni) profile ond croes-section levelling \- ¥ J Tong edinal ¥-Sechon. mH el Lom ha ] Sn om Sr to | ie —_ l Lom = leveling along CA-B-€) 5S jongitodinal er profile jevelling: levelling along (Sm and Jom) \ef4 and right of centre ® Ine (cL Ne Cross-sechen \evellng , ~The levelling carried out to determine the elevaton’ of points at Mnodn Jistane apart .aleng the : . * ’ > atraight line is called profile leve Ving or longitvdi- al levelling. -Tthe levelling Carried OUt on either cide of main line at _vight omales to determine the yerteal section of earth's Surface on ground is called cross-Sectoning or X-secHoning. viv.) Reciprocal level! og t+ + Caseci) Height difference Cab) =[Bu-¢ )-Ay —cia —- where, (eds error due to corvatvure of earth surface, T Ay T Al — a - AN A Caselli) Heigh* difference (Ah J+ 8)- Ar-e)so} Adding case Gy) andy 2kh = (Bi-e)-Art B, —(A,-e) or, 2Ah= Bi~ e~Ast B,~ Agee or, © Ahe CBa- As)+ CB) -Ar) 2 Hence, RL of B- QL of A- Db Now, eqvating GT angi or, 91- B+ Ao-As = ere or, 2e = (8s-Asy¢ LAr“ 82) Jie (B1-As ) (As-B2) 2 The operation of levelling in whieh difference in \evel of two points ie determined by set of weciprocal readings ie Known as reciprecal levelling. ak ig carried oot when 1+ is impossible to sep level between boo points due 10 intervening obstructons mainly weter bodies. collimation, curvatvre and vefratton errors mini mized Adjustment of leveling !- here are wo wWPper of adyvorment in \evellingt- i.) Temporary Jeveliing ii) permanent levelling \) Temporary ad pss ment '- A) setiog VP rr be) levelling Cc) Eltimation of parallax !-i.) Foousing of eyepiece GY Focusing of object piece. a) seting yp > cjevel ingtrument is Ret vp at avitable height and such that tke 6S and Fg distance are nearly 2qyal: “The tripod should be approximately jevelled with eye fudgement- bs) levelling :- Weep telescope parallel’ te two I] {| Foot screws ard by giving equal \bvt opposites turns te the foot Screws bring the bubble at the centre. —~, -Turm tke telescepe AKrouyh tgo0) & bring the orm bobbie aticentre by turning AKixrd foot Screw. Now, the | bubble should vemain central for all point rq of | 4elescope. |e) ENimaton of Paral + ~while moving eye infront of eyepiece the crosshair llenould coincide Ske staff, Uf not the error is called Parallex error. 4 strve difference of level between & and 8 CA): (Ar) ound & Measure ~pe -Derived Wo pegs A,B oo the gr distance - -setup the level midway peneen A\Gand take two Staff readings Ay and 8 Setup 22 ‘sAprerent difference of evel ber” AE BCAhAE AS) x Again Setup te level near staff at A® 6 tave two readings Agand Bo Collmation error !- Abs-Dha =f (Aken ne of sight ts above horicontal ‘tine. t ! Ef (-) the line of staht j¢ belo® horizontal tne, | ps Dy-Da hos coltmation errov —C Ahi Ah) af Value @f és, ft has collimation error = (Ahs - Aha) Do-Da Di hat cohimapon error: Abs-Ahe xd, Dr-ds Do hat colimabon error = Ahbi-An yd, B-du correction +o be apphed +o sie tf readings ot Sew setup - correct ctatf veoding ot A ~ AoW | Ahi-Blu \yd, Up y-de J o " rT at 8 ~ B2,-\ bhi -ahlydr Lod | Beotiag—et —amd—recerdieg —ey- level :- Be Booking and vedveing | of level “There ave #00 methods of book'og and redveing of levely i) Height of instromert_ov Colima hor method i) Rise_omd fall_ method 1) Height of instrument or conimation method! : 4 — 1 i a pees ; a Lt | Pee Ao A : Te Scar |e re ie [\ ae alyp cae Ged Fenn RED chage MPH 5 = In the method height of instrument 4g Caleviated by adding BS with Trifal RL lor RL Of BM), To get Rl of forward Staf{ station, Fs or Ts Yeading? are Subta- ete) from HI: Hr= Rl of BH + BS. Reading RL of forwarl stats= HI-FS.ov 1S = Arithmetic check ?- SBs- SFE tlast RL- Rrot RL ‘Annapurna Date x) Ree Ward Fall) Hethed» |- an this method RS. ia gubtacied from bacesight +2 get erise) or Pall © or Ab height difference. - To obtain gt of forward omff stavon, vise 's Ladded ov fall 1S Subtracted from RL of backward Stahon. Bs-F.s = + (rise) or =(Fall) = RL of forward statf stator. QL of bacteward Sta Ron + | Vise or- fal - Avitamete check? Tf Eas-ale - Zrise ~ Zfa ~ last QL- Arot Rb —- Field work in spirit Vevelling!- 4) planning! Planning is dene in te office , =A Work diagram is prepared to carryout spirit || \evetiing. [ -Selection of sie for survey is decided. =Survey team and instrument selection ete. 2) Reco nnainssante !- [ ~ Available topographic map is collected and route of il are deter mind spirit levelling iS shown on tke map, lneeten, ik | Vocation of feicard ard backward Staten pesition > Permanent benchmark (pBN), temporary benchmer kUBM) Land otker BN, are also ond elected. = Backsight and forward distante should be nearly [equal 2 Time and @vdgei are also decided as per tke accuret: || vequired . - monumentabon is tke Procedure of Marking benchmark on tke around. - Wooden pegs, concrete pillars; Steel eae car be Used 3) Monuments ton *- + + TBM shovld be marked in such way that they shovldl || last long. A) observation:and Recording = ~ During sobservation ind Recording Ake followity she be considered , ~ Vitkvee wires attjf reading Should be taken and mae ad Valve shevld be accepted: staf{ reading shovid be taken after removal of focusing Crossuire by eyepiece parailex error by f and Staff by focusing objective Sere. = Reading ghouvid be observed Accurately and should be recorded correctly: = The readings shovld be booked ov reeorcled in the field level book.’ S) computations: ~The readings Yecorded in the level book are now Competed te obtain the reduced level [RL) of Various | _stanons. ~The compotion of RL can be done using any of these 0 methed. a) Us method b:) Rise and fall methed | NTR TINE TERT TT TTT TEE eer HTT ET) 7 Rise and fall method are more prefered for accurate! Spirit levelling. QL | Pomarne oh irmnre aT state [distame[ Ss [xs | es [ risen) | Fant) | _ Height difference CAh ) eae-Re dd ip ‘yve’> Rise T tp. ever Fan Bi ef forward stations Ru of backwad Station +CB.S-Fs) | f Annapurna 4) | Arthmeh'c checle!- Z2RBS-4FS = SRise-sfall= last Ar-Arst RL he precavtions to be taken during Spirit levelling: ~ collimation error Should be checked and adjysted betre goin} +o the feld. "Three wires Yeading shovld be read to minimize graduation “error. -_observatons and vecordiag (booking) should be Yetorded correctly on feld book.’ ~- Onswument should be handted with proper care and shovid be protected from son high wind, Water etc. + Staff should be erecid Vertically, = level instrument should be adjusted and levetting levelled correctly, rage: / Date Errore in levelling )- i) personal error Th) Noval error thy) Tretrumertal error i) personel Error» personal errors include the following *- a) Error in sighting b) Error in manipulaton!- 1s) Carelessly setting up the level Ais) tmperfect foovsing of eyepiece 4 ovjective Ni) Bubble not being central at the time of tewing read ng t) Brrors in reading the staff 3. A) Sievoeie eevee y) Reading the staff Ypwards, rnstedl ° downward. 7 i) conuntrating tke _acrenPon oo decimal part of yeading *he whole t meter wrongly. a.) Errors iv recerding and Computation: Entering vead'ng in the wrong column je. BS vead"ag J inv w-Scor FS 11) omitting: ain entry iit) Adding €8 \ntiead of Subtrachrg it, et. ard Subtracting B.s Instead of dding 2*t- i) Nohral error i: 7 Error caused dve to offs e+ of Notre ar the me of sa\ding Measurement TaKe flowing are factors causing natural error a) pve to curvature of tke earth b) Due 7 refraction c:) Due te wind and sve Ne) Mnsyomental -errer - Error caused due to imp instrument used. erfect instrument Vf culty = Gmperfect adjustment of ‘tke \evel. - defectve bubble tube - shaky Tripod = @neorrect Uradvaton of the Staff. ~ Amproperty joint? of SPYf. 7 curvature . Yefraction Correction -Tn epse of \eng Sight ,tke horizontal \ine of Sight is Curveds ~Srmilorly line of sight undergoes Yefrachon passing shrough air of different jayer of densides. a > . -“WNese Correcters should be Applied in caltvleteed etaght - } > Be ~ Curvatre corvecthon 200488 DY Fuhere D in Kind Annapurna aveBD 5 ake frach’s Loe =~ 4 Curvatere eorrecton FFF 2 OOFgS ye - 1 = O00 Dd? (Ahere Dd Pm kvm) ? Combined @ Correction OQ:Be-Be = (0.0488 0.0 Ad™ = 9. ogg apt se premissible Error in afferent order First order leveling —> t4VE mm Second order levelling “—7 + 8SF mm Third ordey levelling —> + 12T2 mm for a clesed loop —> 224 TK mm Here, iaic distance in Kw % Difficultes in levelling = wy Ascending 6r desending ahi } { ] 4 | | h FoN { Qe. Sh dene nel tre i _ = V/ ascending \ Bs 7 =e overcome such diffiwities ke stalf ie placed Near instrument doing a fore sight while ascendiog the bil and during a bat sight while descending | | the hn *) Levelling across a Summit or a hallow’ ) fee fe A Summit LS barton Se -Neay the Summit tke level shoud be sei sufficeny high & near halem Should be gufficiently los. [ie ) evening across a pond and a lake’ = Drive tee pegs: A,B on -woler Surfaces Derermine QL of A as usval & the QL of B-witl be Same as QL of A. > hen cortinve tke levelling work from otker side of pand ‘v) \evelling across a river:- _to auross a viver, tke method of reciprocal leveling %s used. m vaKe stadt re near the level! -Tn cose the ga ctal{ is hold tee near tke level, [tHe gqradvaton on staff wil) not be clearly Visible |ETe overcome this te Surveyor holding the ctf [should move a piece of paper is beselected by live of _collimaton, [- The veading Corresponding +o edge of paper willbe | Lxeqvired observaton. | Uses of levelling © |-7e determioe tee elevation (RY) of ary points. Toop derermine the height difference (Rt differente) Lbehveen hoo Points: - Mainly used for ctv! Consruchon. ~ Ok ig Used to design highway Canals , powerlines | exc. [= F4 ie used for cetting O8 Constutren project Setting eXCaVhHON and to determine Volumes. | gu ig used in water supply preyect , pipeline Srv. | - ak is used tn preparhon of +o poqraphic map. To a4 is used in checking inter visibility bebven kee Stations. Unit-Z TRAVERGE Urtd 2 Traverse Traverse} - \| - A traverse consists a ceries ef connected straight Vines of kroan length , each joining Hoo poinis wn tke ground and related te one aonomer by knoe angles behceen Ake Vines, - Yke peinis defining the ends of tke tmverse are called +vaverse stathon. 1 5 ; ~_ And Straight lines behoeen the consecutive Statons aye Known as traverse © legs. Sf Fe clockwise angle benceen hoo averse lege at any traverse stakhor is cated traverse angle. Traverse oa ‘ta. 7 4 } fa K~ ? droverse troverse O794 ian traverse ang / 44 \ J Traverse orgie i 7 4 } Froverse Slotione -There are +o types of travers? | traverse open vi) Closed traverse t) epen traverse ! a traverse Which neither returns te is closed Fe any Knewn Stehen is cated starting nov Lents open traverse. an from known Station but ends Tt storie Stahens- from unknown f Annapurna) eanal alignment , transmission ling 42. - Ar open traverse is suitable for_servey'"3 tory and arrow Strip of Jand such as Survey of toad alignmend> (URnewn) 8 ~ Z FT Pi e cinknoun) Fa. Open trave vse closed hreverse © FA traverse which sdarts from a Knowe point and also terminates (ends ) es _& Known pert point ic canted closed traverse. ~T is used +o provide control points for Pane tabling, L chain Survey compass servey ett. - There Ore hoc types ef closed Fave i) closed loop clased traverse (pelygon traverse) | ii) open leop clesed traverse (Link Fraverse) \) closed leep closed draverso Cpelygon Traverse) -A_taverse hich staris from a Known point and rerminares (ends) at the Starting point kreed forming ot closed loop traverse cIt_is both geome cany closed is Called polygon or loop and matkematial’y A 8 Faq: loop traverse ot t link tvaverse S -A Avaverse which starts from a_kneon Giahon and also. terminates (ends) at a Known staten otker than wre starting Station is Called lnk treverse+ 7 Tk is gematrically open bet mathematierily clesed- 8 LP j R kaon : A koow was ON keen 7 > x ~ we Gigi. link traverse we kere are Several types ef traverse according to tho instrument _used- a) chain or tape travers? t- chain/ tape is used b-) Compass traverse | campass and tape is used: c.) Thecdohte traverse: Theodoliie and tape is used @) plare table traverse ‘+ plane table board & acce Ssories is Used. @.) Stidia traverse + Theodolite ard otff used: * —— — 7 Theodeliie traversing which traverse legs are ing _on te groved ov indirectly oa each gtanens are measured by Measured -A_ traversing in Areetly chain traverse angles ah - | tReodolive ie Known as reodolite araversing. [Gn theodolite travarsing ,after measuring HAverse angles, magnete bearing of the frst \eq is determined by Aheodeltie fied with tobvier compass Wen bearing leqs are determined with thic hs tabons, | | i of qu te remaining bearing and known horizontal angl@ at eae - Batty, independent Co-ordinate of each Stapon ts Ldeterminal and tken plotted on tke sheet Ki Privciple of traversing! [-There are ‘too__principle of teverse!- i) Best principle of jroverse [= According to kis principle of traverse , if the bearing Of inital leq and the horitontal tangle are Known | bearing of other connected fines can be caleviated. | -@n general, Bearing of forward Wee = Gearing of pre Vioussline | Clockwise horizontal angle I C2 = Os1mK | Bete if, s+ bearing of int Hal line | Or= bearing of fprward line | = clockwise Included angle then, Oo- Gite if (rtd) < 180°, then add 190° if CO1t ©) 7180, thar Cubtract 180° ih Costs ) >SWO tken subtract uo" C+ Second principle of traverse!- --Sf{—tke—terqik—and -af tke bearing (direct en) and length of ary bine vc Keown then tke coordinate of it's hend (end point) can || be found from tke given co-ordinates of W's tail (Starting point). Gemvla 2 Ep = Ey + A sind No =Nit Lecsd a of “Ke Co-ordinate ef point A is CEN) = ~€0-ordinate of Point Bis (CE, Na) tken fetd tHe lene th é& bearing of line AB, Solu Ron’- ' I AU CEQ zg fo USSD An: | Ny ~ Na [ 7 A CGR Frem Pythogorous theory, ae as or, fan Po AE > pw —_ | aera fan@~ C,-Ey | A= J(ER-8) £(N-N ae ae - — E nm fear | ial Aye] ee Annapurna) am | one Fred procedure in Traversing A. plannin g:- = planning ts dene in offtce. - Feasibility of Waverse nehoork or frame assessment a — Can be done ‘in avalable topographical map. -four mein resovrees are also considered, AD Human recources paume Wo of Surveyors, Support stalf team leader 1 Workers, ete. b.) Insvuratal Tesource> Insivyment’s +o be used Sin Feld Cfnear and angulay measvrements, c) Eonomical [Rinandial resources & Cast and Bvdager: | dy) otker infrastry Cure > Lamping env ronment | transportation access ,marerial acess Availabilty of elecrioty and teli— iT Communication. 2. Reconnaissance ! -T4 ic the fret feld observation. Entre Feld is folly Inspected during inspection Minor instwment such as alonely level, Compas passometer , pedometer et can ke used. = positon of all station Se marked fn around. & only ebstvehon or diffeulty persist then posit or Can be changed from planned position - -Hine bosh and branches of trees are cot intervisibity. for aie points te be considered oki Axaverse syaton. AD Staton should shave +o be at stable arena) such as vecks, harden coil; +o avoid disaster. i) station should nor be hear to roox of tree \e Sclecting tke vier side land etide area. i.) stam chovid be locaie 8m such a way that form tke ‘Naverse Nine maximum detaile of te + area can be plotted. iv) Keep ke’ number of istaten | minimom as fav aS -possiblé- vi stator should be celected according to requirement of Ake work Pn such alway that trey" facilitate + as Survey work. a 5 vi.) Troverse leq should ba as longer as possible Ghorter \eq produces bisectton error th anale 0 Ratio behoeen shortest leq and lamest leq in a_partcvlar traverse mvst be within the :raito of ar for major traverse ond 1:3 for minor Traverse. t .) Station must be Visible from i's too adjacent station. i) AS fax as pees etry +6 work from whole ty part. i 3. Honvmentation +7 athe marking of selected Station on whe around perma- nentty Ys called monvmentahon. - T ts 4p be done very acevrately ard carefly These ove fovlowing ‘monument t+“ a.) concrete piiler!- piiler hat Simm diameter and tmm hole: Copper wire at Centre of PF Page Dae: Top 15x41 om Tepe fe LE om Bottom FQlxvIwWS em Bottom 2- 22X22 om Height = toon Height = Cocum bb) Concrete slab having vod at Center. -* | “Top 1- Goem xX Soem Hele ht. =i Sem c) Brass mark '- Imm hele of Centre Q “Tee = diameter“. Lom Bottom :- dameter:- Sum Height!- Loom - a) Pyramid CcwrthenwWare):. Imm hole At toe Q Topi- diameter ). Sam aa) Bottom :- dfameler '- Bor Height -- 4oerm e:) halvanited pipe HNed- witk Concrete: FA) Diameter. 264 cm Wo Regt he cm Dd. Cord :- CSescription cord) — After monomentaton b-card Pe Prepared br every Staton. - Te Ts jst an Sdenbty card of Station ae information of d- card helps te relocate or fend tke Staton in tke entre area. - Tke Snformaton of d-card mvsi be Complete 1 and clear So Tt and vead easily, -Snformation WKe arid sheet no, base sheet mo, giaher name and nomber +ype of monument and Tals Magram, fretd apeech cyetrh locaton (dictrict morict pithy Ward). Land owner, local represen tative Visible Gtekel. ctatten number and name witness marke With Divectfon ond dimesion and dAitscripon +o veach tke Station 4) Siqaling:- | Good positon even Center of Monument maynot be geen, $0 Some Signals fs used for observation, and euch process fs called Stqnailtng. - General ran. ying ved Ts Used fy traverse sk nal mre for higher order work Yanging Pole or prem wef \ector may be used. - Stqna\¢ must be erect and tree\y vertical. %.) observation t- The three types of oloservattons are made in theodoltt troversin 4. a) Horizontal ang\e- bb) Vertical arg\e c) Distance of Zach kravers2 led y a 6.||_ Observation penoee? & Stations roverse 129 Heasure ment ©. ~The dfctance o} pes, measured ehtker with chein ov jd be used. measured and average \olue 6 7 a be taken nto Consinyo 2 woverse | Fike acer, of 1 ioco shevl Aion. b)|| “Measurement of “Traverse angle” = QGnlerior angle of #he troverse are measvred dltrecily Using a theadolite. = Ai least. one set of observotton ts made and Hen E ‘mean troverse angie fs Calevlated and checked. “Te measurement of traverse angk may be made by either frect or reposition method. & Recording:- ~The observed dare are then recorded th tke field box» L = Tre come ffeld boot for recording traverse angie fe; at T ton”| object | Face _|-Angle ATE me eh - “ee 2 ght SD 6 |e re “véaht Zi eo fe € anaht xB Comporaher and adjusamen’ *" alcorrection_of Measured angle" vier measurement 18 gwen as: 1 = permissible error en ang Ep te 8 % Le = \east Count of instromen Where, Le Nz Number of cation a J \es > Dpelermine 4oral cum of all_meosured arg) ke. E Suma > Determine +keoroteal Sum of angles ustng t formula! Se. esumy= C2NEU)%90' = ‘we for exterior anaie sd t 2? ~ve’ fy Anterior angle => Derermine error as- e+ S50Mp - SSUmMr > Tt lets \ess then or equal to Ep ten errors can be equally dvstributed 4p qil stations. - ft error ie postive _Correctton Ye neqa tive 7 & Vice -Versa. 3 Computaten 0 pre bearing of - first leg bearings of a\l 7 e observed Intke {Seid drvaverse \egs:- bile all other pearings of oer an of free using formule: ie. Bearing of dorsord Vine Bearing of previous net included angle. — | \ege are Computed ~ —~ gom 2480, add 380" =f Sum’ S1Sd gobtroct 180" ut Sf Sem > Sue Subtract Suc! | “Traverse plotttog!- -After Caloviation and compotaten werk, plotting of traverse 8&5 Carried © out . 7 Before port ee Fraverse on a deansting ghee’ va vo@gh gives an “dea abous theScale to be used. =The traverse con be plotred by any of tke fouwatng evel fe meade to Know about We size and Shape which Hetkods. 4) By pavaniel meridian methed Yh) By Sretoded “metked Rt) co-ordinate meted %)__ By Parallel meridian metkod:- —In ‘hte method tke traverse fa Prted ath We hop + plot tke heaving, pearing of each 164 and Ty's lengihs eparatlel Nork meridian are drown at each Station 2 (Tou _ ty Buy Snewded Merthed» y : = In AWS method , tke traverse. %s Plorred th the help of Aincioded angie and . length of rreverse \eg. “The Giyst MWne fe plotted Sits ake help of bearing of “fer Nee while other sraifons ore ‘plovted by using Srelode angles: R pee, EN 83 E Fig:- Dneluded angle method vit Co-ordinate Metkod - - (renerally, for a skeodolite traverse tke cordinate method 8s used. ~ Fn Hs Metied, tke traverse Stations are plotted from “Ke computed Sndependent Co-ordinates - The plowed points ave jeintd to form a Traverse . -Mesk accurate metKod). Olosing error:- Zi ats hosed averse of \neat os well as angular meacuremernts are © Coerect tken forlowing candidates Conditions » mast’ pe satisfied !- Sdeparivre =ED =d Z latinde = ZL =0 - Sf +ke above condifons are Not aii sfied : *ke pasion A of Ake ctariing tations and ‘y's Gmpvied pesition A’ eu rot be Same “dae to observatfonal errors. ~The distance AA! behveen them % Knoan as Closing error’. =Te closing error ¥s given by: | 4 v eJEpyy (1 ~ Tus director or reduced bearing 3s aiven by. ree ee ee (av) Baloneling the traverse‘! he process of adjusting tke consecvitve Co-ordintes = Following ave Some method ¢ of balancing tke breverse!: %) Avtitary method ) Bowdtnh’s meted Sit) Transit methed of each \ine by applying correcHon to Atkem An such a + way that algebric com of laktde and deperabres of a Araverse eaval fy zero Ye called balancing tke traverse. }— WW) trraphical method Sc Petitary Mertkeds- = fo Ke Nethod, Inear closing error ts deat’ buted acvitarl. according 4o.tke Ynterest Of ke Surveyor base on Feld condt¥en. ~The surveyor may decide to make larger correcton$ 4p ane or _teo efies of the Maverse Gheve tf ficvl Fee weve ee experienced during tke measurement . Mt.) Boodtrh's Metkod 1. oath" Role es al J Gia Role fs also called ag Compass vole vis Sererally uced for adjusting Ake traverse Yn Which angles rTP + and distances ore measured weak ame predefon Error So lathde of any Rne (i= 3S rar ao ey aotel_ervor tn_lpredel Tena el mec correction tn lotide of any \tre Cr): aotal_correction tn lawdude Ct) y lena of line) peatimeter of revesee)| “Petmeter of averse eD }-—— Gemlarly, ‘Correct§ion 2m Deparature 6. cera) correction a any, Mines i. Deportore Cs y)y% length of \ine () “perimerer of troverse 1 ' ; rae) pTWonsue rule }- east 7 wle % Used te balonce tke traverse tn wht enquier measurement ore. more precise i Boh Rneow mMeasuremenk. We +otol error jn latitudes ond deparivre fe dsiribvied Yn proportvonal to lowiwde & deparature | of the sides. = hceording te tats vule; Error Yo lotSnde ac ony Wnes “Yotal_evror in latitude EL) % Nvumerteal Value of labwde of thatlne Avithmete cum of a\l lottudes, Corrector error i lotivde of ary Vine - (total error So deparature Let) x Nomerical Nalue o Jattude of that We Avithmete sum of ait Jah tudes. | SfentNorty Gorrection kn Deparature of ony Vre Teta we otal corre” &, departure ( (sp Numerical value of thaa | \Pne Arithmetic sum of all ce parture oor Sih) Graphical Method |-@n this meted, tke traverse is drrectly plotted from Heed obser Vator on soi feiently large gcale ofter | adjuskng Re Aveverse bearing or bearing of traverse | teas to satsh, the geometric cond? fon = troverse. - In this metied of baloncing troverse tke length of | Closing exron Xs measured ond equany divided to alt “he stakon fn order +o balance tke traverse. > tel dA a ir jostoy > ~a ‘ : = e ay Ww TEs y! wigs i) apy <7 aa Chasing Ord or cl f herr Oy Al ‘Annepurne| Pa . I Spurce of error X) Sestrumentalerrocss = -@rc Error cavsed due to- mewoment ore} T's adjustment Re. caried instrument ‘error. some of major instrumental errors are mentoined below: -€rror due. to imperfect adjustment (collimation erre+) ~€rror due Yo sluggish bubble j--Reror due to. Movement of objectve side. 2 rvor due to Non- Vert¥eal sf anal ; 3 “Prey duction standarizeton of “instrument - Error due to opcal geometry of instrument - ge) personel. Error! Error due 1 poor okt and lack of experience of persons, sume of Them are mentoned below “Error due te tnacevrate Q centring & \everitng, ~ Cvrgr.due-to “false observation Wweading) . - Errors due to vecotding booking [[- Grror due to Wow- Vertically by vod. ~ Error Pa eltsily et stahtfna. #8.) Notvral Error!- -Error que +o reivral components ts patvural erro =Seome of *kem ave metained below }- - Parths curvature - Aimos pher®c yeflactvon - Temperature variation -_ wind NTbratton = Getrlement of trpod. precaution +o be aKen. ln the ftetd:- Always Select the $krited ond experienced manpower Csurvey'ng team) betore conducting Teaverse survey. [ni Dns trument: should be checked and adjusted bere | | conducting *roverse survey. : Li = Station should be selected: properly according to | Awe Criie-orea while reconneinse Survey. T 7 Sterion should ‘be Selected on Stable, feindy play | | Keround. : } | [- tntervisibitty between odjecent station shoud be checked: t -Troverse leq distance should be mainied fo the | Yoro of 4:2 dor mejor 4 163 for minor Cont ro! points. l|- care should be taken while mark? ng Ke Station [they Should be toeertw marked Permanenty le should not be lost, [ey covd should be prepared Compulsor tor every sh Sothat can be re-located tn case of loss: ies = Ranging Yods or starals Should be erected Vertically: l-Repbiive Measurements should be done while measoring | | | + hovivontal angles YUnit-3 [rian gutatiow “Urtt-3 Tyke IriroductPont- -Horizontal and yerifoal ic me most accurate meth g | od of establch ng, a horizontal Lcontrol point Yo sWangulat? on. Triengvleten -bePratfon ~Trianquietion %s the metked of Con*el survey thet provides oa fremewor¥ of Servey poimis whose relative posits on iin oO or AKree Otmenstons ware KNOWN +o Somé@ joveseribed degree of aceracy. U-TRe method of surveying caned wWangulatien ic based : Lon the tacnomet tec proppeitton, te thai Tf one side and Waree onales of a vfrangle are known, the lL remaning Sides can te competed. = N APangy leaden Susiem consists of a series of Leined land as foining Aeemaytetion sfengles fn whteh only Lone ne Coase Wne) Ys measured, : | - Knowing the true bearing of- any one Hme *ke 0g 4 r | Cgenevany, tne aw )eof tPangle- || The calevlatfior are Gtaried froro tke bearing of al other Ifnes can be Calevlated from . the onales. s S ° 5 | -aRe covord Praks of all Niarquloton sta Hons , iT + are j © ° ween Statons | [7 TntKts Surveying UNKNODO dtstonce be 5 © $ °. ‘i . Jaton ; | are determiaj Using ake teiqono metric _relato rangle %n_ahfoh l-the gtue ts the bese fre. L } ~ Gor tee detention ore stented from the trie Shel pee “etle fe tke le fer the determinotten. of otker hoe sides a+ least tke Wangle must be measural, neo fnterier angles of L Mtieoush “kre ‘onale should be measured to prove chen | and % increase accutdcy of compote ‘distance. - | = _Hikeice accumulo%en of error fn length eubsidery | | bases alse called check oases are alse measured “fn ] | eeae trfanquintfon nekdork to compare the octal or [Measured tergth St competed length. [=e contrel tke errors fn ovimutk (true bearing) of ire Lactrorom®cal heonetens ore made ot Pmermediate l stotons. “The Hoenalefon stoten at which asteromfcal_observetir Lave made for aximut &s celled laplore stafon. {| He zprinciple of TRerquletens- = ~Ertire orea to be surveyed ts converted Frio bamewerk bof Hangles- [sf all ake three angles ard leng*+ of one side efa Afangig ave Hnoor, ther oy tigonemetry (ste ruta) te [length of all biker remeiring sides of tke trienqe cn | be _calevloted. [a atedilorly , UY bearing of one sides _of |aken beartng of remaining sides con be competed. "Again *[ Ske Co-ordinate of any verte of the tangie Tord azimuth Ubenring)-ef ang side_ave ron, the co-orciet ening vertex may be Compotal princtplé of tion viarten, tangle are Known | of “ke vem | Sal por pose of AWengulatt on :- [Gerad it’shment of _dccurate control point for plane and igeodertte Surveys of large oweta's by ground meted. - Rstablishment of accurate control point toy photegra mmetre surveys of large oreas. _ P+ %s Used to establish accurate horizontal contvel dor engineering works - To Tx center \fne, terminal point ef long tonnes. -Te_establtsh horicontal contrel for topographre survey: - For constrvehon of botiding o wbiPe orks © oo il Pi large extent: WE Zerassiftcartion of Prrenpuiatieg Berar. a5 Or eke Sovie of -aererpe mut nf trozgle ro Lrvorgulatres — neewerk » He wise "are Come fF ured nederk ~Grten. Schein of Wfangles \ 8B.) Braced quadriloterals PL) Centred Heures Cpelygens) Rv.) combined system cheatin of triangles !- ZTke chein of tfangles system of network of system is used sf tke area to be gurveyed 2 VS a Narrow belt. “Tre belt ts a bia widen ond single chain of | tangle ts used-~ . Whe chain of HFangles provides a single route sthreugh which the cides of tke triangle can be computed, *, So ft Kequiest frequent Provides no check on Compoted | sides and ft requires frequent oe | eee ee ee ee ae check base Heasurements [+O aAscerttiin accuracy of The Work. = = Bvt ARPe arrangement of tanges ts rapid and | economteal. i : er Ereek Tre ee Fig: Nouble chain of ig rigngylodion "TW Braced quadtialaral > =n “Kis system bbroced quadrilateral tne eae: > J witk diagonals Qvadtlatier als are observed at corner gtarfons but Ret of Awe Untersectione of dtagonals. = Sfrce tke braced quediiaterals consists of four overiapiny arfangles, Kis i arrengament provides different youtes | 4c calevlae the Stdes of triangles & If te consider ed as tke best Arroenge ment. I bose lng Z Si Biseed! Avadrilole ra) | fs TD) Centered Ttgures af poly gens I+ Tn Aes System, Centered pol. | With “tke fniertor stators ore Asengslatton Ne work: Coals exierded th ol dtrections. trom o centre! 1 2) lee Bon, = | _ t (ime Soievtor ste8on cho 1 wid tae = [ay tangles ol she polygons. Neriex Sor ° aRts sysvem Ys used when the ores 40 be 2 Covered x [thls arrange ment fe Stronger than Chein oj T at + s | artangies but Not as Strong os lroced quedrileteris, > \ ess LS) Combined Syston: a0 wats oysrem, whe combtrotion oj two or Mere of ARe obeve System™ are used te form | artang\e | persork : “Rts te used when the oven to be Surveyed Fs large and system Ys net Suitable. lye Factors +o be considered i se\ecing Oo Fra ure > -simple tieng\e shoud be prelreably equivalent [ngreced Quadrilaterals Should be preferab'y Squares. -Centered polyyo”r should be vrequiar. - No angie of the figure. oppostte aKnowe side | should be small 1 - In case- qvodrilaterals ne angles ghou'd be less than ac. aS | - The angle of simple arfangie erould not be less then WS ' [ress thon hot, ves, oe Should be of com parable nd skort leng\h should ianetees an Jean case of centered pelygors mo angie Should be r ____| he _stder of | “Haeres engtr Very long i, he Gucidedse een é ~ Close’ Poatton of “Triangule Mion A > on tke + s LA fon: vlaHen con be closst feds asl. L B) Bosig Pret order WHongulation HB Birst_vaser_teetning heeiniog Ay Arfanquieson ov primacy i | intanediaien iz Teh ) Second prder Tana’ rder Trion: viet on or Secondary pee lato : LPuytrird order brienaviaton or Jos in J Wiangvlaten | ws) Fourth order rriengulo T i {Te a a Coo 13) Basic Pret order star%on

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