J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729 e-mail: jms@imde.ac.cn http://jms.imde.ac.

cn
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4755-7

Latitudinal and temporal shifts in the radial growth-climate

response of Siberian larch in the Polar Urals

Vladimir V. KUKARSKIH* http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-1726; e-mail: voloduke@mail.ru

Nadezhda M. DEVI http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-4761; e-mail: nadya@ipae.uran.ru

Pavel A. MOISEEV http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4808-295X; e-mail: moiseev@ipae.uran.ru

Andrey A. GRIGORIEV http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-0654; e-mail: grigoriev.a.a@ipae.uran.ru

Maksim O. BUBNOV http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-1212; e-mail: bubnovmaс@yandex.ru

* Corresponding author
Institute of plant and animal ecology UB RAS, 8-Marta 202/3, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia

Citations: Kukarskih VV, Devi NM, Moiseev PA, et al. (2018) Latitudinal and temporal shifts in the radial growth-climate
response of Siberian larch in the Polar Urals. Journal of Mountain Science 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-
4755-7

© Science Press, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract: This paper presents a dendroclimatic Introduction

analysis of Siberian larch trees sampled along a
latitudinal 260-km transect located in the Polar Urals,
Russia. Three standardised chronologies were built
over a length of 230–293 years using 79 individual
tree-ring chronologies collected in the southern,
middle and northern parts of the Polar Urals.
Bootstrapped correlation functions showed that the
annual growth of the larches was mainly influenced
by the air temperatures in June and July. The relative
role of the temperatures increased from south to
north. Daily air temperature data analysis revealed
that the duration of the growing season in the
northern part of the Polar Urals is 24 days less than
that in the southern part. At the present time, air
temperatures exceeded threshold of 8°C, 5 days
earlier than it did in the beginning of the 20th century.
In response to the increase in the duration of the
growing season and the changing winter conditions in
the Polar Urals over the last 130 years, radial growth–
temperature relationships in larches have weakened;
this effect was strongly pronounced in the southern
part of the Polar Urals.
Keywords: Tree rings; Dendroclimatilogy; Larix
sibirica; Growing season; Polar Urals
Received: 27 November 2017
Revised: 27 December 2017
Accepted: 1 February 2018
Tree-ring chronologies generally provide
information on inter-annual to multi-centennial
time scales (Esper et al. 2002). Temperature is the
key factor controlling tree growth on the treeline
(Briffa et al. 2002a, b; Holtmeier, 2009 ; Petrov et
al. 2012) and it is also the most important climate
variable along latitudinal gradient (Körner 2007).
In assessing the impacts of past and future
climate change, information gathered along a
latitudinal gradient could therefore be used as a
substitute for long-term temperature changes.
Increases in temperature over the last century
have been rapid in regions at high latitudes, and
the most dramatic changes have occurred on the
borders of vegetation zones (IPCC 2014). Thus,
regions such as the Polar Urals on the border of the
taiga and tundra biomes are very sensitive to
climate changes. The distinctive feature of this
region is the presence of both altitudinal and
northern treelines. Despite being a well-studied
region (Shiyatov 1986; Shiyatov et al. 2005;
Mazepa 2005; Devi et al. 2008; Mazepa et al. 2011;
Hagedorn et al. 2014; Shiyatov and Mazepa 2015;
Solly et al. 2017), there are numerous ‘blind spots’

722

in the interpretation of the response of tree growth
to climate change. Given the growing season
durational changes over the last century in many
parts of the world (Linderholm 2006), we aimed to
estimate intra-regional differences of growing
season onset and duration and to analyse how they
are reflected by the radial growth–climate
relationship.
1 Materials and Methods
1.1 Study area
The study was conducted on the eastern
macroslope of the Polar Urals, North Eurasia,
Russian Federation (Figure 1). Tree cores were
collected from three equidistant sites within the
region. The northern-most point of sampling (1)
was the upper reaches of the Baidarata River (BAI)
(N 67°98'; E 67°11'), the middle (2) was Mount
Slantsevaya (SLA) (N 66°54'; E 65°44'), and the
southernmost point (3) was located in the vicinity
of the Kok-Pelski pass (KOK) (N 65°99'; E 63°40').
The distance between adjacent study areas was
about 130 km. Sample collection was performed on
the slopes with a southern exposure at an altitude
of 100–110 m above sea level (a.s.l). All studied
forests were almost exclusively composed of
Siberian larch (LarixsibiricaLedeb.) with a small
admixture of Siberian spruce (Picea obovate
Ledeb.). The region has a continental climate.
Climate data from the Salekhard weather
station (N 66°32'; E 66°32', 16 m a.s.l.), the closest
station with long-term continuous meteorological
observations (1883–2016), showed that the region
has a severe thermal regime (Figure 2). The
average annual temperature is negative (−6.4°C).
In the highlands, this decreases to −7.8°C. The
coldest and warmest months are January (−24°C)
and July (14°C), respectively. Frost is possible
throughout the summer. Annual precipitation is 415
mm. Western transfer of air masses prevails, with an
average annual wind speed of around 8 m/s.
1.2 Sampling and analysis
At each site, 20–30 undamaged dominant
trees were sampled. In total, 79 cores were
included in the analysis. All samples were
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729
Figure 1 Research area: study sites and Salekhard
weather station locations.
Figure 2 Climagram for Salekhard weather station.
Red line and blue is long-term average monthly
temperature and average sum of precipitation,
respectively.
processed using standard dendrochronological
methods and procedures (Cook and Kairiukstis
1990; Rinn 1996). Dating accuracy was statistically
checked in COFECHA (Holmes 1983). For
chronology building, only series with a high inter-
serial correlation (>0.65) were used.
The ARSTAN program (Cook and Kairiukstis
1990) was used for de-trending and developing the
tree ring chronologies. The age and size-related
variation in tree-ring widths was removed using a
cubic spline with a 60% response cut-off at half-
length of the series (Cook and Peters 1981).
De-trended data from individual tree cores
were combined into the site chronology using a bi-
weight robust mean to minimise the influence of
outliers (Cook and Kairiukstis 1990). Subsample
signal strength was used to assess the adequacy of
replication in the early years of the chronology,
which can ensure the reliability of the
reconstructed climate (Wigley et al. 1984).
Bootstrapped correlation functions were
computed using the software DENDROCLIM2002
to explore the tree growth–climate relationships
723
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729

(Biondi and Waikul 2004). Evolutionary Air temperatures over a decade were calculated as
correlation coefficients were obtained within a 24- the average daily air temperature per 10 days. The
year window. A 95% confidence level criterion was calculation of growing season duration was done
used to determine the statistical significance. on the basis of the daily data of nine regional
weather stations (Table 1). The onset and end of
Table 1 Regional weather stations location
the growing season were taken as the stable
characteristics
transition mean air temperature at 8°C.
Coordinate (°) Alt.
Weather stations
North East m a.s.l.
Pechora 65.2 57.1 56
Ust’-Zilma 65.4 52.3 50 2 Results and Discussion
Ust’-Usa 66.0 56.9 56
Petrun’ 66.5 60.8 51
2.1 Characteristics of standardised
Salekhard 66.6 66.7 16
chronologies
Elestkaya 67.0 64.1 100
Hoseda-Khard 67.1 59.4 84
Noviy Port 67.7 72.9 9 Chronology lengths ranged from 230 years to
Myis Konstantinovsky 68.6 55.5 1 293 years (Figure 3). The mean sensitivity rose
from the south chronologies to the north
Ring-width chronologies were compared chronologies, from 0.35 for KOK to 0.48 for BAI,
within a 12-month window of climate data and reflected a strong common signal in the
spanning the period from the previous September chronologies (Table 2). First-order autocorrelation
through to August of the current growing season. before standardisation was rather high, but it was

Figure 3 Standardized tree-ring chronologies; 1 – Baidarata river (BAI), 2 – Mt. Slantsevaya (SLA), 3 – pass Kok-
Pelski (KOK) - solid line and Expressed Population Signal (EPS) - dotted line.

724

suitably removed in the residual series. The mean
correlation between series was 0.73.
2.2 Latitudinal shift of response
All developed chronologies contained a strong
temperature signal. The proportion of variation,
explained by average monthly air temperatures,
varied from 0.42 for SLA to 0.65 for BAI.
Correlation coefficients between the indexes of
radial growth and main climatic factors
(temperature and precipitation) are shown in
Figure 4. Statistically significant correlation
coefficients characterised the relationship of radial
growth with temperatures in June and July. The
relative role of the temperatures in June and July
changed with the latitudinal shift from the north to
the south; there was a gradual decrease in the
contribution of the temperature in July to the
radial growth of trees, but there was a slight
increase in the contribution of the temperatures in
June (Figure 4). Changes in the relative
contribution of June and July temperatures in the
radial growth of trees is associated with a shift in
timing of trees phenology within the study area, as
evidenced by the following analysis. The
relationship between monthly precipitation and
tree-ring width was highly variable and non-
significant, which is similar to results obtained
from studies conducted in the Subarctic of Eurasia
Table 2 Statistical characteristics of tree-ring series
Code No of trees Chronology period Year#
BAI (1) 29 1720-2012 1774
SLA (2) 20 1740-2012 1844
KOK (3) 30 1783-2012 1807
Notes: Year#, The period with an EPS (Expressed Population Signal) of at least 0.85; Autocorrelation#, First-order
autocorrelation (before prewhitening); Variation, Proportion of variation explained by temperature.
Figure 4 Correlation coefficients between tree-ring indexes and mean monthly precipitation (blue) and air
temperatures (red) (dotted line - threshold for significant values at p<0.05, N = 127). 1– BAI, 2– SLA, 3– KOK.
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729
(Vaganov et al. 1996; Hughes et al. 1999; Esper et
al. 2002; Matskovsky 2016).
Analysis of decadal timescales revealed that
the most significant correlations were those
between tree-ring width and the mean
temperatures in the last decade of June and the
first decade of July at all sites (Figure 5). Tree
growth in the middle and northern sites depended
on the thermal conditions at the end of July.
As shown by observation of Shiyatov (1965) in
the middle part of the Polar Urals, larch needles
greening and onset of cambial activity coincide
with second decade of June. Daily data analysis of
the Salekhard weather station revealed that the air
temperature in this decade was 9.2°C ± 0.3°C. A
biologically based analysis of temperatures,
limiting xylogenesis in a cold environment, showed
that the maintenance of metabolic activities during
cell production and differentiation and allocation
of carbon in structures required a mean daily
temperature above 8°C–9°C (daily mean critical
temperatures for the onset of cambial activity and
ending of xylem differentiation are 8.4°C ± 1.7°C
and 8.8°C ± 2.4°C, respectively) (Rossi et al. 2008).
Based on the above information, we considered it
necessary to analyse the correlation between radial
growth and the sum of temperatures above 8°C.
At all sites, the most significant correlations
were revealed between tree-ring width and the sum
of temperatures above 8°C for the first it’s part
(June–July) (BAI: 0.79, SLA: 0.66, KOK: 0.63).
Mean sensitivity Autocorrelation # Variation
0.48 0.43 0.61
0.40 0.46 0.40
0.35 0.45 0.41
725
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729

The aforementioned results are in agreement with

the tree growth response on the mean decade
temperatures (Figure 5). Vaganov et al. (2006)
noted that the correlation coefficient between tree-
ring indexes and the mean temperature of calendar
pentads was less than the coefficient for 6-7
pentads following the onset of cambial activity; in
our case, this coincided with the period between
mid-June and the end of July.
As illustrated by these results, the closest
connection between radial growth and thermal
conditions of the warm period (mean month and
decade temperatures and the sum of temperatures Figure 5 Correlation coefficients between tree ring
above 8 °C) were marked for the northernmost site. indexes and decade air temperatures (dotted line -
We analysed the daily data from nine weather threshold for significant values at p<0.05, N=127). 1, 2,
3 on the X axis mean indexed chronologies. 1 – BAI, 2 –
stations located close to the Polar Urals and found
SLA, 3 – KOK. 1, 2, 3 in the legend mean decades (first,
that for each degree of latitude, the period with second and third, respecitvely).
daily mean temperatures above 8°C shortened by
12 days (7.65 for the start and 4.44 for the end)
(Figure 6) and the sum of the temperatures above 2.3 Temporal shift of response
8°C decreased on 109 degree/days. If it is taken
into account that the distance of the margin As mentioned above, the strongest correlation
between our sampling sites is 2 degrees of latitude, was established between tree radial growth and the
it is clear that the xylogenesis period and sum of temperatures above 8°C in June-July. For
temperature for BAI (northernmost site) and KOK the period between 1911 and 1947, the coefficient of
(southernmost site) were less than 1.38 and 2.24 determination reached 0.64–0.86 (Figure 7). After
times, respectively. 1950, this relationship weakened at all sites. The

Figure 6 Trends in growth season duration along latitudinal gradient on the Polar Urals.

726

most notable changes in the response to the sum of
effective temperatures occurred in the southern
chronology. After 1940, the relationship between
the values of annual radial growth and this climatic
parameter sharply weakened, with a steady
recovery only occurring after 1985.
Analysis of the Salekhard weather station
data showed that in average the period with daily
mean temperatures above 8°C started earlier on 5
days (Figure 8), and the sum of temperatures
above 8°C increased by 34 degree/days (Figure 9A)
over the last 40 years relative to 1883–1923.
Figure 7 Moving response functions between tree ring
indexes and sum of air temperaturesabove +8° C in
June-July. 1– BAI, 2– SLA, 3– KOK.
Figure 8 Changes of day of temperature above 8 °C
since 1883 to present.
The general trend, which shows a decrease in
the relationship between radial growth and the
sum of air temperatures during the vegetative
period, can be associated with the softening of the
climatic situation (Shiyatov et al. 2002; Mazepa
2005). In the late 19th–early 20th centuries, which
was characterised by little winter precipitation and
low temperatures during the dormant period, the
thermal conditions of summer months played a
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729
Figure 9 Sum of air temperatures above 8° C in June-
July (A), evolutionary correlation coefficients between
tree ring indexes and climatic parameters with sum of
previous October-April precipitation – dotted line
(significant values at p<0.05, N=20 highlighted in
blue), with sum of June-July air temperatures above
+8°C – black line (B) and sum of previous October-
April precipitation on Salekhard weather station (C).
crucial role in the formation of annual rings (Figure
9A, B). During the period from 1940 to 1980, snow
depth (precipitation in the cold period) peaked;
thus, a large amount of winter precipitation (snow)
may have led to slower melting and therefore a
reduction in soil warming (Figure 9B, C). This is
responsible for delaying the initiation of spring
growth (Fritts 1976); hence a negative correlation
was obtained between winter precipitation and the
reducing role of summer temperatures. During the
next period (1981–2010), winter precipitation was
moderate and temperatures during the growing
season increased; thus, the relationship between
radial growth and climatic parameters steadily
recovered.
727
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729
Impacts of changing environmental conditions
on the timing and duration of the growing season
have been assessed by long-term plant
phenological observations (Rutishauser et al. 2007).
From their analysis at different European and
Canadian sites, Rossi et al. (2007, 2008) showed
the relevance of threshold temperatures in
controlling the onset and end of conifer xylogenesis,
while other studies conducted at the alpine treeline
emphasised the importance of seasonal mean
temperatures (Körner and Paulsen 2004; Körner
and Hoch 2006).
The presence of time heterogeneity in the
response of radial growth to climate is an
important problem of dendroclimatology and
ecology (Briffa et al. 1998). Thus, inconsistency in
the relationship between the main climatic
variables and tree growth has been shown by some
research, which raises the concern about the
accuracy of past climate reconstructions, treeline
shift and the overestimation of carbon
sequestration due to climate warming (D’Arrigo et
al. 2008).
The changes of radial growth response to
temperature have been observed in numerous
species of the genus Larix (Coppola et al. 2012;
Jiao et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2016) and other
conifer species in many regions of the world
(Büntgen et al. 2006; Oberhuber et al. 2008;
Marcinkowski et al. 2015). The most common
reasons for response changes are an increase of
water stress during the summer period (Büntgen et
al. 2006; Oberhuber et al. 2008; Jiao et al. 2015),
modification in the contribution of winter
precipitation (Marcinkowski et al. 2015) and
lengthening of the growing season (Coppola et al.
2012).
Thus, variability in radial growth response of
References
Biondi F, Waikul K (2004) DENDROCLIM2002: A C++
program for statistical calibration of climate signals in tree-
ring chronologies. Computational Geosciences 30:303-311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2003.11.004
Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, Schweingruber FH, et al. (2002a) Tree-
ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere:
Part 2, spatio-temporal variability and associated climate
patterns. The Holocene 12: 759-789. https://doi.org/10.1191/
0959683602hl588rp
Briffa KR, Osborn TJ, Schweingruber FH, et al (2002b) Tree-
ring width and density data around the Northern Hemisphere:
Part 1, local and regional climate signals. The Holocene 12:
728
trees to climate changes over different time frames,
especially with climate changes that have emerged
over the last decades, will challenge the reliability
and accuracy of dendroclimatic reconstruction and
predictive models. For solving of this problem we
think that is necessary to pay more attention to
peculiarity of microclimate, snow accumulation,
soil wetness and temperatures in process of site
choosing and indicate more carefully for what local
conditions dendroclimatic reconstructions were
developed.
3 Conclusion
Our study shows a latitudinal transformation
of the climate signal in the radial growth of
Siberian larch in the Polar Urals. Regional climate
change led to the weakening of the relationship
between the radial growth of trees and the sum of
effective temperatures. This trend was most
pronounced in the southern part of the study area.
Regional differences in response are associated, in
our opinion, with the change in the growing season
duration. As observed in the early 20th century, the
close relationship of tree growth with heat
availability in the summer months dramatically
reduced after the 1940s. We associate this
phenomenon with the increase in snow
accumulation, which leads to a shift in the onset of
the growing season.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Russian
Scientific Foundation (RSF) (Grant No. 17-14-
01112).
737-757. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl587rp
Briffa KR, Schweingruber FH, Jones PD, et al (1998) Reduced
sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high
northern latitudes. Nature 391: 678-682. https://doi.org/
10.1038/35596
Büntgen U, Frank DC, Schmidhalter M, et al. (2006)
Growth/climate response shift in a long subalpine spruce
chronology. Trees 20: 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00468-005-0017-3
Cook ER, Kairiukstis LA (1990) Methods of Dendrochronology.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. p 394.
Cook ER, Peters K (1981) The Smoothing Spline: A new

approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width
series for dendroclimatic studies. Tree-Ring Bulletin 41: 45-53.
Coppola A, Leonelli G, Salvatore MC, et al. (2012) Weakening
climatic signal since mid-20th century in European larch tree-
ring chronologies at different altitudes from the Adamello-
Presanella Massif (Italian Alps). Quaternary Research 77:
344-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2012.01.004
D’Arrigo R, Wilson R, Liepert B, et al. (2008) On the
“Divergence Problem” in Northern Forests: A review of the
tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global and Planetary
Change 60: 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.
2007.03.004
Devi N, Hagedorn F, Moiseev P, et al. (2008) Expanding forests
and changing growth forms of Siberian larch at the Polar
Urals treeline during the 20th century. Global Change Biology
14: 1581–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.
01583.x
Esper J, Cook ER, Schweingruber FH (2002) Low-Frequency
Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing
Past Temperature Variability. Science (80) 295: 2250-2253.
https://doi.org/0.1126/science.1066208
Hagedorn F, Shiyatov SG, Mazepa VS, et al. (2014) Treeline
advances along the Urals mountain range - driven by
improved winter conditions? Global Change Biology 20:
3530-3543. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12613
Holmes RL (1983) Computer ‐ assisted quality control in
treering dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin 43:69-
78.
Holtmeier FK (2009) Mountain Timberlines. Springer,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p 438.
Hughes MK, Vaganov EA, Kirdyanov AV, et al. (1999) Influence
of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic
Eurasia. Nature 400: 149-151. https://doi.org/10.1038/22087
IPCC (2014) Core Writing Team, Pachauri RK and Meyer LA
(eds.), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution
of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. p 151.
Jiao L, Jiang Y, Zhang W-T, et al. (2015) Divergent responses to
climate factors in the radial growth of Larix sibirica in the
eastern Tianshan Mountains, northwest China. Trees 29:
1673-1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1248-6
Körner C (2007) Climatic treelines: conventions, global patterns,
causes. Erdkunde 61: 316-324. https://doi.org/10.3112/
erdkunde.2007.04.02
Körner C, Hoch G (2006) A test of treeline theory on a montane
permafrost island. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38:
113-119. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)038[0113:
ATOTTO]2.0.CO;2
Körner C, Paulsen J (2004) A world-wide study of high altitude
treeline temperaturesJournal of Biogeography 31: 713-732.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x
Linderholm HW (2006) Growing season changes in the last
century. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 137: 1-14.
https:// 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.006
Marcinkowski K, Peterson DL, Ettl GJ (2015) Nonstationary
temporal response of mountain hemlock growth to climatic
variability in the North Cascade Range, Washington, USA.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45: 676-688.
https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0231
Matskovsky V (2016) Climatic signal in tree-ring width
chronologies of conifers in European Russia. International
Journal of Climatology 36: 3398-3406. https://doi.org/
10.1002/joc.4563
Mazepa V, Shiyatov S, Devi N (2011) Climate-driven change of
the stand age structure in the polar Ural Mountains. In:
Climate Change - Geophysical Foundations and Ecological
Effects. InTech, pp 377-402
J. Mt. Sci. (2018) 15(4): 722-729
Mazepa VS (2005) Stand density in the last millennium at the
upper tree-line ecotone in the Polar Ural Mountains.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 2082-2091.
https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-111
Oberhuber W, Kofler W, Pfeifer K, et al. (2008) Long-term
changes in tree-ring–climate relationships at Mt.
Patscherkofel (Tyrol, Austria) since the mid-1980s. Trees 22:
31-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-007-0166-7
Petrov IA, Kharuk VI, Dvinskaya ML, Im ST (2015) Reaction of
coniferous trees in the Kuznetsk Alatau alpine forest tundra
ecotone to climate change. Contemporary Problems of
Ecology 8: 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995425515
040137
Rinn F. (1996) Tsap V 3.6 Reference manual: computer program
for tree-ring analysis and presentation. Bierhelder weg 20, D-
69126, Heidelberg, Germany. p 263.
Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Anfodillo T, et al. (2007) Evidence of
threshold temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers at high
altitudes. Oecologia 152: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00442-006-0625-7
Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Griçar J, et al. (2008) Critical
temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers of cold climates.
Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 696-707.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00417.x
Rutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Jeanneret F, et al. (2007) A
phenology-based reconstruction of interannual changes in
past spring seasons. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Biogeosciences 112:n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JG
000382
Shiyatov SG (1965) Growth of larch in height during vegetative
period on the upper forest boundary on the Polar Ural
mountains. Transactions ofBiology Institute249-253. (In
Russian).
Shiyatov SG (1986) Dendrochronology of treeline in the Urals.
Nauka Publishers, Moscow. p 136. (In Russian)
Shiyatov SG, Hantemirov RM, Gorlanova LA (2002) Millennial
reconstruction of the summer temperature in the Polar Urals:
Siberian juniper and Siberian larch tree rings data.
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 1: 2-5. (In
Russian)
Shiyatov SG, Mazepa VS (2015) Contemporary expansion of
Siberian larch into the mountain tundra of the Polar Urals.
Russian Journal of Ecology 46: 495-502. https://doi.org/
10.1134/S1067413615060168
Shiyatov SG, Terentev MM, Fomin V V. (2005) Spatiotemporal
dynamics of forest-tundra communities in the polar urals.
Russian Journal of Ecology 36: 69-75. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s11184-005-0051-9
Solly EF, Djukic I, Moiseev PA, et al. (2017) Treeline advances
and associated shifts in the ground vegetation alter fine root
dynamics and mycelia production in the South and Polar
Urals. Oecologia 183: 571-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00442-016-3785-0
Vaganov EA, Hughes MK, Shashkin AV. (2006) Growth
dynamics of conifer tree rings : images of past and future
environments. Springer p 358.
Vaganov, EA, Shiyatov, SG, Mazepa VS (1996) Dendroclimatic
investigation in Ural-Siberian Subarctic. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
p 246. (in Russian)
Wigley TML, Briffa KR, Jones PD (1984) On the average value
of correlated time series, with applications in
dendroclimatology and hydrometeorology. Journal of Applied
Meteorology and Climatology 23: 201-213. https://doi.org/
10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:OTAVOC>2.0.CO;2
Zhang X, Bai X, Chang Y, et al. (2016) Increased sensitivity of
Dahurian larch radial growth to summer temperature with
the rapid warming in Northeast China. Trees 30: 1799-1806.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-016-1413-6
729