Sociology A Brief Introduction Canadian Canadian 5th Edition Schaefer Test Bank 1

Sociology A Brief Introduction Canadian
Canadian 5th Edition Schaefer Test Bank

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05
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison
guards:
A. indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. all of these
2. Social interaction is:
A. the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social
groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more people.
3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

A. Felipe watches television and does needlepoint.
B. Mary wallpapers her bedroom walls.
C. Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation.
D. all of these
4. Which of the following terms refer to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
A. socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture
5. According to Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that:

A. the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions, and evaluations.
B. humans respond to behaviour based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C. humans interpret or define each other's actions.
D. all of these
6. Which of the following believed that the "distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people is that
human beings interpret or ‘define' each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions?"
A. Philip Zimbardo
B. William I. Thomas
C. Herbert Blumer
D. Ferdinand Tönnies
7. Among the most crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of
the dominant group to:
A. define a society's values.
B. define social reality.
C. mould the "definition of the situation."
D. all of these.
8. The analysis of how the "definition of the situation" can mould the thinking and personality of the individual
is associated with the:
A. functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. feminist perspective.
9. William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but
also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. This view represents which sociological
perspective?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. feminist perspective
10. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a
large group or society?
A. status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft
11. Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a
midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of:
A. statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.
12. An ascribed status is a social position:

A. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
B. "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.
13. Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's:
A. race.
B. gender.
C. age.
D. all of these
14. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

A. It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual's skills.
D. It is biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given
culture.
15. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

A. a major league baseball player
B. a corporation president
C. a South African
D. all of these
16. Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer
privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
D. global perspective
17. An achieved status is a social position:

C. assigned to an individual at birth.
D. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.
18. An individual can acquire an achieved status by:

A. attending school.
B. establishing a friendship.
C. inventing a new product.
D. all of these
19. Which of the following statements about achieved status is correct?
A. it is attributed to an individual at birth.
B. it always increases as an individual gets older.
C. it can be acquired through high educational attainment.
D. all of these.
20. A master status is a:

A. term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or
society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.
D. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more people.
21. You walk into your women's studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only
male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which
of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?
A. his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis
22. The ______________ model emphasizes that those with disabilities face widespread prejudice,
discrimination, and segregation.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. medical
C. human-rights
D. organic
23. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social
position or status?
A. social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role
24. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?
A. The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.
25. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling
members to anticipate the behaviour of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?
26. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more
social positions?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit
27. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor.
One of her current student asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the
student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might
create:
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.
28. A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in horticulture. The
night before her first major course examination, she is asked by her boss to work several additional hours
because they have just received a major order that needs to be processed immediately. This student is
experiencing:
A. role reversal.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status incompatibility.
29. The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is
known as:
A. role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.
30. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied:

A. role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B. role exit.
C. social networking among Black businesswomen.
D. sociocultural evolution.
31. Role exit is defined as:

A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity and the re-establishment of an
identity in a new role.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the
same person.
C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an
individual.
D. a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position.
32. A(an) __________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact
regularly and consciously.
A. group
B. negotiation team
C. organic solidarity
D. aggregate
33. A primary group is a small group that is:

A. characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behaviour.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.
34. Which of the following statements about a primary group is correct?
A. it is always composed of same-sex members.
B. it plays an important role in the socialization process.
C. it must contain at least three members.
D. it is associated with formal organizations.
35. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary group?

A. all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighbourhood softball team
D. all of these
36. The distinction between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by:
A. Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.
37. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(an):
A. dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.
38. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own behaviour?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group
39. A temporary or permanent alliance toward a common goal is called a:

A. negotiation.
B. self-help group.
C. coalition.
D. in-group.
40. A social network is:
A. a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and
redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more
people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
41. Social networks:

A. may constrain individuals by limiting the range of their interactions.
B. may empower people by making vast resources available to them.
C. do not constrain nor empower people.
D. Both constrain and empower people.
42. Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

A. Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B. Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C. Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D. About 25 percent of male executives find new jobs through social networks.
43. Sociological research that maps Internet relationships among Facebook users is an example of research on:
A. ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.
44. Which of the following is not a functional prerequisite?

A. Preserving order
B. Replacing personnel
C. Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
D. All of these are functional prerequisites
45. Which sociological perspective argues that social institutions fulfill certain essential functions?
A. Feminist perspective
B. Interactionist perspective
C. Functionalist perspective
D. Conflict perspective
46. A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They
give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further
assistance. This group is an example of:
A. role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.
47. Which of the following statements about social institutions is correct?

A. they are built according to British architectural standards.
B. they are organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours.
C. they are concerned with highly abstract and ancient philosophical questions.
D. they form and are disbanded rapidly in all human societies.
48. Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

A. the Canadian government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp-collecting society
D. a children's playgroup
49. Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish
certain major tasks if it is to survive?
50. Functional prerequisites are:

A. tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
B. organized patterns of beliefs and behaviour centered on basic social needs.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
51. Which of the following statements about functional prerequisites is correct?

A. they include the production and distribution of goods and services.
B. they foster the development of meaningful dialogue.
C. they limit consensus concerning their values or commitment to the group.
D. they encourage the need to explore new territories.
52. The patriotic behaviour of U.S. citizens after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City
and Washington, D.C. is a testament to the importance of:
A. teaching new recruits.
B. preserving order.
C. replacing personnel.
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.
53. The conflict view holds that social institutions:

A. maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B. preserve order and equality.
C. train personnel equitably.
D. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.
54. Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more:
A. mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.
55. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term __________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often
urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity
56. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a:

A. Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. Gesundheit.
D. Glockenspiel.
57. In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the community
members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared
numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies as
a(an):
A. Gesellschaft.
B. organic solidarity.
C. mechanical solidarity.
D. Gemeinschaft.
58. Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger
bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his
way home he stopped at an intersection, where an unknown police officer raised her hand. These experiences
are all characteristic of:
A. Gesellschaft relationships.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.
59. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are concepts that were introduced to sociology by:
A. Ferdinand Tönnies.
B. Émile Durkheim.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
D. William I. Thomas.
60. In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of:
A. farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.
61. An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between pre-industrial and industrial societies was
developed by:
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.
62. Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of
continuity, innovation, and selection?
A. postmodernism
B. negotiated order
C. industrialization
D. sociocultural evolution
63. A pre-industrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibres are readily available in order to
live is called a(an):
A. agrarian society.
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
C. horticultural society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.
64. The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food
and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for cutting down trees to expand
their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(an):
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. postmodern society.
65. In the most technologically advanced form of pre-industrial society, members are engaged primarily in food
production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called
a(an):
A. hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.
66. A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(an):
A. industrial society.
B. post-industrial society.
C. postmodern society.
D. pre-industrial society.
67. Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?
A. Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C. Formal educational institutions developed.
D. all of these
68. A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(an):
B. postmodern society.
C. post-industrial society.
D. agrarian society.
69. A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(an):
A. pre-industrial society.
C. industrial society.
70. Daniel Bell views post-industrial societies as consensual, because he believes that post-industrial societies
are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the
environment working for the common good. Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?
71. Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to post-industrial societies as a positive
development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups
concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment?
A. Everett Hughes
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx
72. Which conflict theorist, who wrote The Other America, is critical of the significance that functionalists
place on the growing class of white-collar workers in post-industrial societies?
A. Michael Harrington
C. Daniel Bell
D. Jonathan Kozol
73. A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called
a(an):
B. industrial society.
74. In Canada, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies
produced in Italy. These are all features of a(an):
75. Formal organizations may vary in:

A. size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.
D. all of these.
76. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?

A. a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
C. the General Motors Corporation
D. all of these
77. Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar
enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A. Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin
78. A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called
a(an):
A. coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.
79. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with
maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of:
A. employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.
80. Bureaucratization is:

A. an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
C. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
D. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals
have been either realized or denied.
81. The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle:

A. of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by
a few individuals.
B. of organizational life according to which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of
incompetence.
D. none of these.
82. Which statement best describes the position taken by the classical theorists of formal organizations?
A. workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
B. employers manage companies mostly according to Roman tradition.
C. workers are encouraged to respect their superiors.
D. employers foster the development of job satisfaction.
83. Simone works for a company that provides an on-site day care center and fitness club for its employees.
Such practices are adopted by businesses in an effort to address what kind(s) of concerns?
A. the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation within small groups.
C. the conflict perspective's critique of capitalism.
D. workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.
84. Which of the following is not a form of organizational restructuring?

A. Collective decision making
B. Minimal hierarchy
C. Work teams
D. All of these are forms of organizational restructuring
85. Which statement best describes telecommuters?

A. They are employees who live at least 100 km from their workplace.
B. They are employees who only work on Internet projects.
C. They are employees who are not part of formal organizations.
D. They are employees who work at home and are linked to work via phone, fax, and Internet.
86. Which statement best describes recent change in the Canadian union movement?
A. it has evolved into a gender balanced movement.
B. there has been increasing membership from the private sector.
C. its membership has become male dominated.
D. there has been increasing membership from the public sector.
87. In Canada, the ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important
impact on one's potential to achieve a desired professional and social status.
True False
88. The last stage of role exit is the departure or disengagement from a role that has been central to one's
identity.
True False
89. The distinction between primary groups and secondary groups is not always clear, as some groups may have
some characteristics of each type.
True False
90. We change reference groups as we take on different statuses during our lives.
True False
91. The mass media is an example of a social institution.

True False
92. Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a
complex society.
True False
93. The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different
types of social structures coexisting within the same society.
True False
94. A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods
and information on a mass scale.
True False
95. A negative consequence of the written rules and regulations of a bureaucracy is that they contribute to
feelings of alienation.
True False
96. Define the differences between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to support your answer.
97. Define the concepts of in-groups, out-groups and reference groups, and describe the role of each type of
group. Give examples to illustrate your answer.
98. Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism
view the role of social institutions in society.
99. Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs
from that of Émile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies's Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft.
100. Describe the various components of a bureaucracy as suggested by Max Weber. How did Weber perceive
the efficiency of bureaucracies?
05 Key
1. Philip Zimbardo's study of a simulated prison environment that used college students as prisoners and prison
guards:
A. indicated that it is impossible to replicate a "real life" situation in a laboratory.
B. demonstrated that a social structure can influence the type of social interactions that occur.
C. indicated that social interactions are not influenced by social structure characteristics.
D. all of these
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-01 How Do We Define and Reconstruct Reality?
Schaefer - Chapter 05 #1
2. Social interaction is:

A. the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social
groups.
B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
C. the ways in which people respond to one another.
D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more people.

Blooms: Remember
3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

A. Felipe watches television and does needlepoint.
B. Mary wallpapers her bedroom walls.
C. Sally and Veronica, a lesbian couple, argue about a new piece of gay-rights legislation.
D. all of these

Blooms: Apply
4. Which of the following terms refer to the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships?
A. socialization
B. social structure
C. social interaction
D. culture

Blooms: Remember
5. According to Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that:

A. the reality of humans is shaped by our perceptions, and evaluations.
B. humans respond to behaviour based on the meaning we attach to the actions of others.
C. humans interpret or define each other's actions.
D. all of these

Blooms: Analyze
6. Which of the following believed that the "distinctive characteristic of social interaction among people is that
human beings interpret or ‘define' each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions?"
A. Philip Zimbardo
C. Herbert Blumer
D. Ferdinand Tönnies

Blooms: Remember
7. Among the most crucial aspects of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the ability of
the dominant group to:
A. define a society's values.
B. define social reality.
C. mould the "definition of the situation."
D. all of these.

Blooms: Analyze
8. The analysis of how the "definition of the situation" can mould the thinking and personality of the individual
is associated with the:
A. functionalist perspective.
B. conflict perspective.
C. interactionist perspective.
D. feminist perspective.

Blooms: Remember
9. William I. Thomas notes that people respond not only to the objective features of a person or situation but
also to the meaning that the person or situation has for them. This view represents which sociological
perspective?

Blooms: Remember
10. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a
large group or society?
A. status
B. culture
C. social structure
D. Gemeinschaft

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-02 What Are the Elements of Social Structure?
11. Jan, Randy, and Terry are science majors, and when they graduate from college, they find jobs as a nurse, a
midwife, and a hospital administrator, respectively. These new positions are examples of:
A. statuses.
B. social roles.
C. groups.
D. social networks.

Blooms: Understand
12. An ascribed status is a social position:

C. that is earned.
D. that is reached as a result of negotiation.

Blooms: Remember
13. Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's:

A. race.
B. gender.
C. age.
D. all of these

Blooms: Remember
14. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

A. It is easy to change when an individual becomes older.
B. It has the same social meaning in every society.
C. It is based on an individual's skills.
D. It is biological in origin, but significant mainly because of the social meanings attached to it within a given
culture.

Blooms: Analyze
15. Which of the following is an ascribed status?
A. a major league baseball player
B. a corporation president
C. a South African
D. all of these

Blooms: Apply
16. Which sociological perspective is especially interested in ascribed statuses, because they often confer
privileges or reflect a person's membership in a subordinate group?
D. global perspective

Blooms: Remember
17. An achieved status is a social position:

C. assigned to an individual at birth.
D. given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

Blooms: Remember
18. An individual can acquire an achieved status by:

A. attending school.
B. establishing a friendship.
C. inventing a new product.
D. all of these

Blooms: Remember
19. Which of the following statements about achieved status is correct?
A. it is attributed to an individual at birth.
B. it always increases as an individual gets older.
C. it can be acquired through high educational attainment.
D. all of these.

Blooms: Analyze
20. A master status is a:

A. term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or
society.
B. social position attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts.
C. status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position within society.
D. series of social relationships linking a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more people.

Blooms: Remember
21. You walk into your women's studies class, and you look at the person sitting to your left. He is the only
male in the class; he is about 20 years old, wears a wedding ring, and carries a bag with a tennis racquet. Which
of his characteristics is most likely his master status in the context of this class?
A. his age
B. his marital status
C. his gender
D. his interest in tennis

Blooms: Apply
22. The ______________ model emphasizes that those with disabilities face widespread prejudice,
discrimination, and segregation.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. medical
C. human-rights
D. organic

Blooms: Remember
23. Which term is used by sociologists to refer to a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social
position or status?
A. social role
B. structural role
C. achieved role
D. ascribed role

Blooms: Remember
24. Which of the following statements about social roles is correct?

A. The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner.
B. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses.
C. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual.
D. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.

Blooms: Analyze
25. Which sociological perspective emphasizes that social roles contribute to a society's stability by enabling
members to anticipate the behaviour of others and to pattern their own actions accordingly?

Blooms: Remember
26. Which term is used to refer to incompatible expectations that arise when the same person holds two or more
social positions?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role ambiguity
D. role exit

Blooms: Remember
27. Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor.
One of her current student asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the
student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might
create:
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status displacement.

Blooms: Apply
28. A woman in her mid-30s has enrolled in a local community college to earn a degree in horticulture. The
night before her first major course examination, she is asked by her boss to work several additional hours
because they have just received a major order that needs to be processed immediately. This student is
experiencing:
A. role reversal.
B. role conflict.
C. role exit.
D. status incompatibility.

Blooms: Apply
29. The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations is
known as:
A. role conflict.
B. role strain.
C. role exit.
D. resocialization.

Blooms: Remember
30. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied:
A. role conflict among internal affairs officers in police departments.
B. role exit.
C. social networking among Black businesswomen.
D. sociocultural evolution.

Blooms: Remember
31. Role exit is defined as:

A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity and the re-establishment of an
identity in a new role.
B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the
same person.
C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an
individual.
D. a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position.

Blooms: Remember
32. A(an) __________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact
regularly and consciously.
A. group
B. negotiation team
C. organic solidarity
D. aggregate

Blooms: Remember
33. A primary group is a small group that is:

A. characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding.
B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.
C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behaviour.
D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

Blooms: Remember
34. Which of the following statements about a primary group is correct?
A. it is always composed of same-sex members.
B. it plays an important role in the socialization process.
C. it must contain at least three members.
D. it is associated with formal organizations.

Blooms: Remember
35. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary group?

A. all of the players in the National Hockey League
B. the American Civil Liberties Union
C. the members of a neighbourhood softball team
D. all of these

Blooms: Apply
36. The distinction between "in-groups" and "out-groups" was first made by:
A. Erving Goffman.
B. Philip Zimbardo.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. Charles Horton Cooley.

Blooms: Remember
37. Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(an):
A. dyad.
B. triad.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.

Blooms: Remember
38. Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own behaviour?
A. primary group
B. secondary group
C. tertiary group
D. reference group

Blooms: Remember
39. A temporary or permanent alliance toward a common goal is called a:

A. negotiation.
B. self-help group.
C. coalition.
D. in-group.

Blooms: Remember
40. A social network is:

A. a social structure that derives its existence from the social interactions through which people define and
redefine its character.
B. an attempt to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.
C. a series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and therefore indirectly to still more
people.
D. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

Blooms: Remember
41. Social networks:

A. may constrain individuals by limiting the range of their interactions.
B. may empower people by making vast resources available to them.
C. do not constrain nor empower people.
D. Both constrain and empower people.

Blooms: Remember
42. Which of the following statements about social networks is true?
A. Even network connections that are weak may be useful.
B. Social networks consist exclusively of direct ties to others.
C. Networking in the workplace pays off more for women than for men.
D. About 25 percent of male executives find new jobs through social networks.

Blooms: Analyze
43. Sociological research that maps Internet relationships among Facebook users is an example of research on:
A. ascribed statuses.
B. role exit.
C. social networks.
D. social institutions.

Blooms: Remember
44. Which of the following is not a functional prerequisite?

A. Preserving order
B. Replacing personnel
C. Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
D. All of these are functional prerequisites

Blooms: Remember
45. Which sociological perspective argues that social institutions fulfill certain essential functions?
A. Feminist perspective
B. Interactionist perspective
C. Functionalist perspective
D. Conflict perspective

Blooms: Remember
46. A group of businesswomen meet on a monthly basis to assist one another in advancing their careers. They
give each other job leads and advice, and they invite business leaders to attend their sessions to provide further
assistance. This group is an example of:
A. role connection.
B. impression management.
C. status assistance.
D. social networking.

Blooms: Apply
47. Which of the following statements about social institutions is correct?

A. they are built according to British architectural standards.
B. they are organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours.
C. they are concerned with highly abstract and ancient philosophical questions.
D. they form and are disbanded rapidly in all human societies.

Blooms: Analyze
48. Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

A. the Canadian government
B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus
C. the members of a stamp-collecting society
D. a children's playgroup

Blooms: Understand
49. Which sociological perspective suggests that a society or a relatively permanent group must accomplish
certain major tasks if it is to survive?

Blooms: Remember
50. Functional prerequisites are:
A. tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must accomplish if it is to survive.
C. social relationships that link a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.
D. attempts to reach agreement with others concerning some objective.

Blooms: Remember
51. Which of the following statements about functional prerequisites is correct?

A. they include the production and distribution of goods and services.
B. they foster the development of meaningful dialogue.
C. they limit consensus concerning their values or commitment to the group.
D. they encourage the need to explore new territories.

Blooms: Analyze
52. The patriotic behaviour of U.S. citizens after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City
and Washington, D.C. is a testament to the importance of:
A. teaching new recruits.
B. preserving order.
C. replacing personnel.
D. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose.

Blooms: Remember
53. The conflict view holds that social institutions:

A. maintain the privileges of the powerful individuals and groups within a society.
B. preserve order and equality.
C. train personnel equitably.
D. provide and maintain a sense of basic fairness.

Blooms: Remember
54. Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex, the nature of solidarity becomes more:
A. mechanical.
B. organic.
C. preservationist.
D. institutionalized.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-03 What Does a Global Perspective on Social Structure Look Like?
55. Ferdinand Tönnies used the term __________ to refer to communities that are large, impersonal, and often
urban, with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschaft
C. mechanical solidarity
D. organic solidarity

Blooms: Understand
56. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a:

A. Gemeinschaft.
B. Gesellschaft.
C. Gesundheit.
D. Glockenspiel.

Blooms: Remember
57. In a small town in the Midwest, all of the children attend the same school and most of the community
members attend the same church. Everyone in this community knows everyone else, and they have shared
numerous experiences with one another. This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies as
a(an):
A. Gesellschaft.
D. Gemeinschaft.

Blooms: Apply
58. Today, Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger
bagged his groceries. Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger, and on his
way home he stopped at an intersection, where an unknown police officer raised her hand. These experiences
are all characteristic of:
A. Gesellschaft relationships.
D. Gemeinschaft relationships.

Blooms: Apply
59. Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are concepts that were introduced to sociology by:
B. Émile Durkheim.
C. Jonathan Kozol.

Blooms: Remember
60. In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of:
A. farming.
B. education.
C. technology.
D. banking.

Blooms: Remember
61. An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between pre-industrial and industrial societies was
developed by:
B. Gerhard Lenski.
C. Jonathan Kozol.

Blooms: Remember
62. Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of
continuity, innovation, and selection?
A. postmodernism
B. negotiated order
C. industrialization
D. sociocultural evolution

Blooms: Remember
63. A pre-industrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibres are readily available in order to
live is called a(an):
B. hunting-and-gathering society.
D. slash-and-burn farming society.

Blooms: Remember
64. The Yanomamö, a South American culture, live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food
and tending small gardens. Their primary tool is a stone ax, which they use for cutting down trees to expand
their gardens. The Yanomamö are an example of a(an):
B. horticultural society.
C. hunting-and-gathering society.

Blooms: Apply
65. In the most technologically advanced form of pre-industrial society, members are engaged primarily in food
production. They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow. This type of society is called
a(an):
A. hunting-and-gathering society.
B. agrarian society.

Blooms: Remember
66. A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(an):
C. postmodern society.
D. pre-industrial society.

Blooms: Remember
67. Which of the following is characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

A. Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B. Individuals, villages, and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C. Formal educational institutions developed.
D. all of these

Blooms: Remember
68. A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(an):
B. postmodern society.
D. agrarian society.

Blooms: Remember
69. A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(an):
C. industrial society.

Blooms: Remember
70. Daniel Bell views post-industrial societies as consensual, because he believes that post-industrial societies
are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the
environment working for the common good. Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?

Blooms: Remember
71. Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to post-industrial societies as a positive
development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups
concerned with such national issues as health, education, and the environment?
A. Everett Hughes
C. Daniel Bell
D. Karl Marx

Blooms: Remember
72. Which conflict theorist, who wrote The Other America, is critical of the significance that functionalists
place on the growing class of white-collar workers in post-industrial societies?
A. Michael Harrington
C. Daniel Bell
D. Jonathan Kozol

Blooms: Remember
73. A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called
a(an):

Blooms: Remember
74. In Canada, we listen to music imported from Jamaica, eat sushi and other Japanese foods, and watch movies
produced in Italy. These are all features of a(an):

Blooms: Apply
75. Formal organizations may vary in:

A. size.
B. degree of efficiency.
C. specificity of goals.
D. all of these.

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-04 How Are Organizations Structured?
76. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?
A. a community college basketball team
B. the people in a New York City subway car
C. the General Motors Corporation
D. all of these

Blooms: Apply
77. Which sociologist emphasized the basic similarity of structure and process found in the otherwise dissimilar
enterprises of religion, government, education, and business?
A. Max Weber
B. Suzanne Staggenborg
C. David Sills
D. Norman Denzin

Blooms: Understand
78. A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which specific cases can be evaluated is called
a(an):
A. coalition.
B. ideal type.
C. metaphor.
D. questionnaire.

Blooms: Remember
79. By working at a specific task, people are more likely to become highly skilled and carry out a job with
maximum efficiency. This is the rationale for the bureaucratic characteristic of:
A. employment based on technical qualifications.
B. hierarchy of authority.
C. division of labor.
D. written rules and regulations.

Blooms: Remember
80. Bureaucratization is:
A. an element or process of society that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
C. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
D. the process through which an organization identifies an entirely new objective because its traditional goals
have been either realized or denied.

Blooms: Remember
81. The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle:

A. of organizational life according to which even democratic organizations will become bureaucracies ruled by
a few individuals.
B. of organizational life according to which organizations are established on the basis of common interests.
C. of organizational life according to which each individual in a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of
incompetence.
D. none of these.

Blooms: Remember
82. Which statement best describes the position taken by the classical theorists of formal organizations?
A. workers are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards.
B. employers manage companies mostly according to Roman tradition.
C. workers are encouraged to respect their superiors.
D. employers foster the development of job satisfaction.

Blooms: Analyze
83. Simone works for a company that provides an on-site day care center and fitness club for its employees.
Such practices are adopted by businesses in an effort to address what kind(s) of concerns?
A. the dangers of collective bargaining.
B. the role of people, communication, and participation within small groups.
C. the conflict perspective's critique of capitalism.
D. workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.

Blooms: Apply
84. Which of the following is not a form of organizational restructuring?
A. Collective decision making
B. Minimal hierarchy
C. Work teams
D. All of these are forms of organizational restructuring

Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 05-05 How Has the Workplace Changed?
85. Which statement best describes telecommuters?

A. They are employees who live at least 100 km from their workplace.
B. They are employees who only work on Internet projects.
C. They are employees who are not part of formal organizations.
D. They are employees who work at home and are linked to work via phone, fax, and Internet.

Blooms: Analyze
86. Which statement best describes recent change in the Canadian union movement?
A. it has evolved into a gender balanced movement.
B. there has been increasing membership from the private sector.
C. its membership has become male dominated.
D. there has been increasing membership from the public sector.

Blooms: Analyze
87. In Canada, the ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses that have an important
impact on one's potential to achieve a desired professional and social status.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
88. The last stage of role exit is the departure or disengagement from a role that has been central to one's
identity.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
89. The distinction between primary groups and secondary groups is not always clear, as some groups may have
some characteristics of each type.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
90. We change reference groups as we take on different statuses during our lives.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
91. The mass media is an example of a social institution.

TRUE

Blooms: Remember
92. Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a
complex society.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
93. The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different
types of social structures coexisting within the same society.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
94. A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods
and information on a mass scale.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
95. A negative consequence of the written rules and regulations of a bureaucracy is that they contribute to
feelings of alienation.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
96. Define the differences between ascribed and achieved statuses, and give examples to support your answer.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
97. Define the concepts of in-groups, out-groups and reference groups, and describe the role of each type of
group. Give examples to illustrate your answer.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Analyze
98. Discuss how the three major sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism
view the role of social institutions in society.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
99. Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs
from that of Émile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies's Gemeinschaft and
Gesellschaft.
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Analyze
100. Describe the various components of a bureaucracy as suggested by Max Weber. How did Weber perceive
the efficiency of bureaucracies?
Answers will vary.
Blooms: Understand
05 Summary
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 95
Blooms: Analyze 13
Blooms: Apply 13
Blooms: Remember 66
Blooms: Understand 8
Learning Objective: 05-01 How Do We Define and Reconstruct Reality? 9
Learning Objective: 05-02 What Are the Elements of Social Structure? 52
Learning Objective: 05-03 What Does a Global Perspective on Social Structure Look Like? 25
Learning Objective: 05-04 How Are Organizations Structured? 11
Learning Objective: 05-05 How Has the Workplace Changed? 3
Schaefer - Chapter 05 100

Sociology A Brief Introduction Canadian Canadian 5th Edition Schaefer Test Bank 1

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Sociology A Brief Introduction Canadian Canadian 5th Edition Schaefer Test Bank 1

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Sociology A Brief Introduction Canadian

Canadian 5th Edition Schaefer Test Bank

Test Bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-sociology-a-brief-

Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-sociology-a-

3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

5. According to Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that:

12. An ascribed status is a social position:

14. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

15. Which of the following is an ascribed status?

17. An achieved status is a social position:

18. An individual can acquire an achieved status by:

20. A master status is a:

30. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh studied:

31. Role exit is defined as:

33. A primary group is a small group that is:

35. Which of the following is most likely to be a primary group?

39. A temporary or permanent alliance toward a common goal is called a:

41. Social networks:

42. Which of the following statements about social networks is true?

44. Which of the following is not a functional prerequisite?

47. Which of the following statements about social institutions is correct?

48. Which of the following would be an example of a social institution?

50. Functional prerequisites are:

51. Which of the following statements about functional prerequisites is correct?

53. The conflict view holds that social institutions:

56. Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a:

75. Formal organizations may vary in:

76. Which of the following is an example of a formal organization?

80. Bureaucratization is:

81. The "iron law of oligarchy" is a principle:

84. Which of the following is not a form of organizational restructuring?

85. Which statement best describes telecommuters?

91. The mass media is an example of a social institution.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Social interaction is:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

3. Which of the following is an example of social interaction?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

5. According to Herbert Blumer, the distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

12. An ascribed status is a social position:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

13. Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

14. Which of the following statements about an ascribed status is correct?

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. An achieved status is a social position:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. An individual can acquire an achieved status by:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

20. A master status is a:

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation