2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

An Overview on Plant Disease Detection Algorithm

Using Deep Learning
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) | 978-1-6654-1450-0/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIEM51511.2021.9445336

Manivarsh Adi Abhishek Kumar Singh Harinath Reddy A

School of Computer Science and School of Computer Science and School of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India Phagwara, Punjab, India Phagwara, Punjab, India
adhimanispecial@gmail.com abhishekkumara1910@gmail.com reddyharinath48@gmail.com

Yeshwanth Kumar Venkata Reddy Challa Pooja Rana

School of Computer Science and School of Computer Science and School of Computer Science and
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India Phagwara, Punjab, India Phagwara, Punjab, India
yeswanthg1999@gmail.com venkatareddychalla111@gmail.com pooja.20992@lpu.co.in

Usha Mittal
School of Computer Science and
Engineering
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab, India
usha.20339@lpu.co.in

Abstract—Disease detection in plants is one of the major
concerns for farmers nowadays. As many new techniques like
Deep Learning capability to dive into deep analysis and
computation made it one of the prominent techniques for plant
leaf disease detection. Mobile applications with inbuilt deep
learning models are helping farmers to detect and classify the
disease throughout the world. It consists of disparate techniques
like ANN and CNN to diagnose the disease in plant leaves. It uses
key features of images to detect and diagnose the type of diseases
present in leaves. Some pre-trained models like AlexNet,
GoogleNet, LeNet, ResNet, VGGNET and Inception with a huge
number of learnable parameters had shown classification or
detection of disease in leaves. This paper focused on different
architecture like predefined and user defined models that were
used for detection of diseases in plant leaves.
Keywords—AlexNet, LeNet, GoogleNet, VGGNet, LeakyReLU,
CNN and ANN
I. INTRODUCTION
The agriculture sector feeds the country, not being able to
identify plant diseases at the untimely stage results in crop
loss. The reason for starvation in African countries and some
of the Indian states are due to no good yielding of crops.
There is a need of instituting some of the advanced
technologies in the agriculture sector to overcome this type
of social evil. In recent days deep learning and machine
learning have shown some of the significance in identifying
diseases at the early stage. Mathematical perceptual of deep
learning made it easier for identifying salient features and
classifying objects based on the salient features. Incubation
of pre-trained deep learning models in the real-world making
a diversified development and advancement in many sectors.
The compatibility of neural networks and mathematical
computation of deep learning made it an avid technique for
predictions and classification.
On the whole Back propagation algorithm ability in dual
propagation made it a most keenly used technique in ANN.
Deep layers in ANN dive in deep for to get global optimized
parameters, reducing the error to global minima.
CNN is the most widely used deep learning technique for
feature extraction and reducing the dimensionality of the
data, making it prominent in deep learning. Convolutional
operations using filters extract salient features in data,
pooling layers reduce the dimension without using learnable
parameters followed by multi-layer perceptron for
predictions. Feature extraction and reducing dimensionality
make CNN different from ANN for image classification. In
earlier days statistical analysis and statistical models were the
resources for predictions or classifications, performance was
satisfactory at a certain level. Deep Learning models are more
reliable and optimized than statistical models for their
computation potentiality. Plant leaf disease diagnosis using
deep learning need a vast and diversified data, cleaning noise
and segmenting images for classification.
This paper sorted in section 2 includes literature reviews of
previously published papers. Section 3 includes comparative
study. Section 4 includes outcome. Section 5 includes Deep
learning techniques overview and section 6 includes future
research and experiment in plant leaf disease detection and
conclusion.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
Nithiswara Reddy, Karthik Vinod, Remya Ajai A S, et al.
2019 [1] proposed image pre-processing, image
segmentation, image cleaning and machine learning model to
detect plant diseases. Enhancement and resizing makes the
picture more contrast highlighting spots on leaves. Author
implemented three image segmentation techniques like HSI,
Otsu’s classification and K-Means clustering, among three K-
Means clustering gave better performance to detect the
diseases on leaves. Before performing K-Means Clustering,
the author transferred the RGB image to the Lab color model,
helpful in extracting useful segments in leaves. Considering
contrast, energy, homogeneity and correlation of pixels, the
author extracted important features in plant leaves. Author
used two machine learning classification K-Means and SVM
to classify leaves as healthy or any attack of disease. Among
K-Means and SVM, SVM performs well on data, accuracy is
about 94-96% and K-Means accuracy is about 83-85%. In
testing K-Means fails to classify the leaf for certain images,
but SVM performs well.
David P. Hughes, Sharada P. Mohanty, Marcel Salathe, et al.
2016 [2] classified 38 crop-disease pair of 54,306 images
from Plant Village dataset. Author used pre trained models
like AlexNet and GoogleNet with variation of datasets.
Author used a architecture notation like Training Mechanism,
Dataset Type, Type of segmented image and Train-Test Ratio
to demonstrate model Performance on different
combinations. GoogleNet-TranserLearning-Color-80-20
gave the accuracy about 99.34%, to overcome the over-fitting
changes made to train-set ratio GoogleNet-Transfer
Learning-Color- 20-80 gave accuracy of 98.21%. Where
AlexNet-TrainingfromScratch-Grayscale-80-20 gave
accuracy of 85.53%. Model fails for real word images
collected external resource model failed to predict the label
with accuracy of 31%, model can performs well on real data
when model is trained on huge amount of data. Graphs
figures suggest that GoogleNet model, Fine Tuning
Mechanism, 80-20 train-test division with color dataset
performs well.
Nikhil Shah, Sarika Jain, et al. 2019 [3] implemented ANN
to detect disease in cotton leaf, author created a pipeline like
image acquiring, image enrichment and feature extraction to
feed the data for multi-layer perceptron. Image enhancement
and image segmentation extracts important features of the
defected leaf like spot, blight or mould. RGB and HSV image
are used for training ANN after preprocessing image, model
will accept the leaf without disease and reject the leaf with
disease. Model consist of input neurons taking RGB and HSV
image input and one hidden layer with 10 neurons and output
layer of two neurons (0 reject, 1 accept). MSE is low 6.105e-
10 for 953 epochs. Author implemented t-test to check
whether there is difference between predicted one and target
one, gives that predicted and target are almost same.
Sachin B. Jagtap, Shailesh M. Hambarde, et al. 2014 [4]
proposed feature extraction technique based on
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morphological and Geometrical properties of spots on leaves.
Geometrical characteristics like Centre of gravity,
Orientation, Equvidiameter, Eccentricity, Solidity, Extent,
Hydraulic radius, Complexity and Euler number of spot can
differentiate different type of diseases. Author proposed three
stage system image analyzer, feature database and
classification, image analyzer tries to extract main features
using image segmentation, image enhancement and fuzzy c-
means. HSI and Histogram analysis adds extra intensity to
image, due to uncertainty and ambiguity representation of
fuzzy c-means algo picks the spots on leaves accurately.
Implanted experimental design of ANN with different
combinations of parameters, used ANOVA to pick up the best
optimal parameters.
J.Selvam, P. Kavitha, et al. 2020 [5] build a CNN model to
classify a healthy, unhealthy and leaf burnt leaves of Ladies
Finger. Authors have collected leaf image data of 1088
images, where 509 are healthy, 457 are unhealthy and 122 are
of leaf burn. After preprocessing, data augmentation
technique is applied for feeding more data to model. CNN
model consist of four convolutional layers consisting of one
32, two 64, one 128 filters appended by max pooling with
kernel size 2 X 2 and followed by two fully connected layers
with 500 and 3 neurons. Convolutional layers are processed
by ReLu function and output layer is triggered by Softmax
function. Model with Adam optimizer, learning rate 0.001,
70:30 train-test split ratio, Categorical cross Entropy loss
function, 50 epochs without dropout layer gave an accuracy
of 96 percent.
Rophita Frankess. S, Dr. C. Seldev Christoher, et al. 2019 [6]
proposed a model for image processing, image segmentation
and classifying defected and non-defected leaves in spinach
leaves. Authors uses a novel dataset collected using digital
camera for model building. Anthracnose, Leaf miner,
Cladosporium Leaf spot, Downy mildew and White rust are
the most common diseases in spinach plant. Histogram
equalization technique is used for image pre-processing and
Active Counter technique is used for segmenting to highlight
some of the important features in leaves. Histogram Oriented
Gradient (HOG) and Hue Saturation Value (HSV) techniques
are used for feature extraction process. Classification is done
using ANN with accuracy of 98.7 percent.
Qiufeng Wu, Keke Zhang, Jun Meng, et al. 2019 [7]
classified different types of diseases in soya bean plant using
pre trained models like AlexNet, GoogleNet and ResNet.
Data is collected manually of various effecting factors on
soya bean plant like Bacterial, Downy mildew, Pest,
Pesticides, Spider mite, Virus disease and healthy. In order to
overcome overfitting author performed data augmentation to
increase data set size. ResNet performes well compared to
AlexNet and GoogleNet with accuracy of 94.29 percent.
Combinations of batch size (16, 32, 64) and interactions (528,
1056, 2112) keeping model parameters SGD optimizer with
momentum, 0.9 learning rate and dropout of 50 percent
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
constant, model with 16 batch size and 1056 iterations
performed well with accuracy of 93.71 percent. Confusion
matrix with f1-score evaluates that Downy mildew and
Pesticides are classified better compared to others. Authors
use t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding (t-SNE)
for visualize the features extracted from fully connected
layers.
Aditya Karlekar, Ayan Seal, et al. 2020 [8] proposed a new
model SoyNet to classify different types of disease in soya
beans. Authors used PDDB database data for soya bean leaf
disease detection. Data augmentation technique is used for
increase data size to avoid over fitting and increase the model
performance. Image processing module consist of four sub-
modules, where first sub-module convert RGB image to
CIELab color space, second sub-module performes k-mean
clustering (k =2) to divide image into foreground and
background, third sub-module extracts the larger components
in images and fourth sub module maps binary mask to RGB.
SoyNet model with 6 convolutional (tw0-32, two-64, two-
128) with 3 X 3 filter size, 6 max pooling layers with 2 X 2
filter size and two fully connected layer gives an accuracy of
98.24%. Authors applied activations Relu on convolutional
layers and SoftMax on fully connected layer with optimizer
Adam, loss function categorical cross entropy.
Halil Durmuş, Ece Olcay Güneş, Mürvet Kırcı et al. 2017 [9]
in this publication Author designed a deep learning model
that detects a disease in tomato plants in real time. They have
used different Deep learning architecture AlexNet and
squeezenet for training and validation, the model was trained
on Plant Village dataset of tomato leaves the dataset consist
of 54.309 labelled images and there is 14 various variety of
crops and different types for tomato images and also it has
healthy leaves images They have achieved an accuracy of
95.65% and 94.3% respectively out of which AlexNet
achieved accuracy somewhat better than squeezeNet.
Divyansh Tiwari, Dr.Suyash Bharadwaj et al. 2020 [10] A
deep learning model is proposed for detection of early healthy
and late leaf blights which was the cause of major loss in
potato crop. They have used pre trained model like VGG19,
VGG16, V3 to extract the relevant features. plant village
dataset is used and it consist of 2152 images of potato
leaves,1000 images of late blight, , early leaf blight and 152
of healthy leaves images. Training data comprises 1700
images of potato which is 70% and testing part consist 452
images (30%). Training was done on various combinations of
DNN with classifiers like KNN, SVM, Neural Network,
logistic Regression. Logistic regression performed better than
others achieving an accuracy of 97.8% over the test dataset.
Indra Adji Sulistijono et al. 2020 [11] In this paper the authors
have presented a procedure to categorize the four different
types of diseases in potato leaf based on leaf type using deep
learning. The data used to train model is taken from plant
village dataset, Google Images and various sources. The
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architectural used is improved form of VGGNet got an
accuracy of 91%.Each architectural model shows same
accuracy of 91%. Then they have used confusion matrix on
two architectural models and made a table. VGG16 gave an
accuracy 0.9131148, on the other hand, VGG19 got an
accuracy of 0.9096284. VGG16 architecture model have
achieved 0.00349 accurate than VGG19.
Saraansh Baranwal et al. 2019 [12] In this paper they have
used self-design CNN model it comprises of four layers
which is similar to LeNet-5. They have focused on mainly
three types of diseases Apple scab, Apple Cedar Apple rust
and Apple Black Rot. The dataset used is the subset of Plant
village dataset which consist of four classes three of which
are diseased (1526 samples) and one is healthy (1000
samples) and also used data generation function provided in
keras library to produce new images by applying simple
operations like rotation, horizontal shift, vertical flip. They
have achieved an overall accuracy of 98.42% [12]
K.G. Nachtigall et al. (2016 November) [13] In this paper
authors have proposed a concept that used deep CNN can
perform better than human experts. To prove this, the authors
compared accuracy of three classifiers: Multi-level
perceptron (MLP), AlexNet architecture and human experts
voting on a Novel dataset containing 2539 images from 6
known disorders out of which 70% for training and 30% for
testing is used. MLP performed very poorly with an accuracy
77.3% while AlexNet with an accuracy of 97.3% was able to
surpass human experts’ accuracy of 96%.
Xihai Zhang, Mingming Zhang. et al. 2018 [14] designed an
improved version of GoogLeNet and Cifar10 for identifying
eight different diseases in maize with better accuracy and a
smaller number of parameters. The dataset is combination of
500 images, collected from various resources like Plant
Village, internet and divided to 9 distinct categories on which
image augmentation was applied leading to a total of 3060
images out of which 2248(80%) to train and 612(20%) to test.
The improved GoogLeNet set out an avg accuracy of 98.9%
which is 0.4% higher than the original one and improved
Cifar 10 model set out an avg accuracy of 98.8% while the
original was 97.1% accurate.
Dantouma Kamissokob, Daouda Traore et al. 2019 [15]
Proposed a DNN with transfer learning and fine tuning for
detecting mildew disease in pearl millet. The model used
VGG16 architecture, the model was first trained on ImageNet
as source dataset and then trained on 124 millet images as
target dataset. The model performed with an accuracy of
95%, precision 90.05%, recall of 94.50% and f1-score of
91.75%.
Rishabh Sachana , Diksha Rajpal et al. 2020 [16] Presented a
real time system based on Deep CNN for identification two
major diseases rust, Northern Leaf Blight in corn plants. The
dataset is collected from fields and Plant Village dataset and
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

divided into 3-categories healthy, leaf blight and rust. The

model was trained on 3340 corn leaf images, tested on 363
images, and validated on 679 images. The model accuracy on
GPU are 96.32% (Common rust), 98.88% (Northern Leaf
Blight) and 100%(Healthy leaf) overall 98.40% accurate
while on real time system(NCS) the performance is 88.66%
accurate.

Andrea Luvisi2, Luigi De Bellis2 and Yiannis Ampatzidis3

et. al.2017 [17] designed a vision-based plant disease
detection system to identify symptoms of leaf scorch on
leaves of Otea European commonly known as wild olive
infected by Xylella fastidiosa. They have used transfer
learning, image segmentation and context injection system on
99 leaf scorch, 100 abiotic stress and 100 normal images. The
model achieved 98.6 accuracy after 300 epochs. The paper
concluded the use of Context Injection. System in any deep
learning architecture for plant disease detection.

M O Ramkumar, S Sarah Catharin et al.2021 [18]

Implemented a Deep Learning model for identify Cercospora
disease in Spinach Leaves with Residual Network Resnet-50
for real life application. The system performed with an
accuracy of 98.94% which is 11% more than the existing
system.
IV. OUTCOME
Adil Khan, Muhammad Saleem Mahar et al 2020 [19] had
implemented a Deep CNN model to spot various plants Most of the authors have used pre-defined models like
diseases. The model was trained and tested on Plant Village AlexNet, GoogleNet, ResNet..etc achieving average
dataset (70295) images, by using 80% (56236) images of data accuracy of 95%. User defined models using CNN and ANN
to train and 20% (14059) images to test. The model is had achieved overall accuracy of 97 %. Applying
designed using 5-Covolution layers, 5-MaxPooling layers segmentation techniques like Otsu, HSI, HSV, k-means
and trained on Plant Village dataset. The model performed clustering to images made models to attain good accuracy.
with an accuracy of 98%+ testing accuracy on plant village Most of the plants are likely to affected by fungal infection.
dataset and 95%+ testing accuracy on actual environment
image. V. IMAGE CLASSIFICATION OVERVIEW

Abhinav Sagar, Dheeba Jacob et al 2020 [20] Compared 5-
different architectures for plant disease detection including
VGG16, RestNet50, Inception V3, InceptionResNet and
DenseNet169. The models are trained and test on Plant
village dataset. Out these models it was concluded that
ResNet50 gave best results with accuracy of 98.2%, precision
of 94%, Recall of 94% and F1 score of 94%.
III. COMPARATIVE STUDY
Deep Learning is an advancement of machine learning
inspired by human brain nervous system computation. Term
‘deep’ indicates deep layers, computation and interpretation
using statistical methods and vector operations. Internal
workflow of deep learning models consisting of nodes holds
the data, arrow indicates numerical operations on data.
Artificial Neural Network are known as feed forward, where
Back propagation algorithm does both forward and backward
propagation.
A. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

In this section we have made a comparative study of various
machine learning models for plant leaves disease detection.
Table 1 shows accuracy of different models and techniques
applied on different plants.
Table I. Comparison of different techniques discussed in literature survey
Artificial Neural Network resembles with human brain in
way of computing information or recognizing or interpreting
the information. Back Propagation Algorithm is an avid used
technique in ANN. Flexibility in BPA is that error is
propagated in backward direction, parameters optimization
depends on the error occurred in prediction using delta rule.
Error generated in prediction propagated backward to hidden
layers optimizer tries to optimize the parameters weights and

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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)

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