TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION

At the end of this lesson, student shall be able to define variable and identify the type of variables.

What is Statistics
A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of
masses of numerical data.

Use of Statistics
Enables managers to analyze past performance, predict future business practices and lead
organizations effectively (an aid to make decisions in the face of uncertainty)

Type of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Describe a sample Drawing conclusions from a sample and
generalize them to a population

Summarize information Summarize data

using using numbers Hypothesis tests

Table Mean Confidence intervals

Graph Median

Population
Total amount of the things we are interested in
Collecting (people, days, products, etc).
Data
Sample
The portion of the population that is used for study

1
 Discrete No. of cars
Quantitative (Integer) No. of students
(numbers) Continuous Height
Variable
(Interval) Rate of failure student
Interested criterion in
the study that vary Nominal Color of shirt
among individuals Categorical (No order) Cake flavor
(non-
numbers) Ordinal Qualification
(Ordered) Student's Grade

2
CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY TABLE

Example

Develop a frequency distribution table for Statistics’ Carried Marks recorded as below.
3 11 4 26 24 13 8 23 28 22
29 24 39 27 2 29 12 18 47 17
21 32 19 9 5 2 38 21 25 48

Solution

Step 1: Identify sample size

݊ = 30

Step 2: Identify number of classes.

2௞ > ݊ = 30 where ݇ = min no. of classes (min no. of rows)

݇ 1 2 3 4 5
Rule 2௞ 2 4 8 16 32

Step 3: Calculate class width.

ܴܽ݊݃݁ + 1 ሺ݉ܽ‫ ݔ‬− ݉݅݊ሻ + 1 ሺ48 − 2ሻ + 1

‫ݐ݀݅ݓ ݏݏ݈ܽܥ‬ℎ = = = = 9.4 ≈ 10
݇ ݇ 5

**always round up

Step 4: Construct frequency table

Carried Marks No. of Students

Start with the min value 2 – 12 8
12 – 22 7
22 – 32 10
32 – 42 3
42 – 52 2
Total 30

3
Calculating Class Boundaries

Class Interval First Lower Boundary Last Upper Boundary

No decimal point LB = LL – 0.5 UB = UL + 0.5
1 decimal point LB = LL – 0.05 UB = UL + 0.05
2 decimal points LB = LL – 0.005 UB = UL + 0.005

Example 1
Class interval = Class boundaries
Weight Frequency
0 – 10 20
10 – 20 15
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 9
40 – 50 6

Example 2
Class Interval contain no decimal point
Time spend No. of customers Time spend Class No. of
0–9 20 boundaries customers
10 – 14 15 0–9 -0.5 – 9.5 20
15 – 19 10 10 – 14 9.5 – 14.5 15
20 – 24 9 15 – 19 14.5 – 19.5 10
25 – 40 6 20 – 24 19.5 – 24.5 9
25 – 40 24.5 – 40.5 6

Example 3
Class Interval contain 1 decimal point
Length No. of route Length Class No. of route
0.5 – 2.4 20 boundaries
2.5 – 4.4 15 0.5 – 2.4 0.45 – 2.45 20
4.5 – 6.4 10 2.5 – 4.4 2.45 – 4.45 15
6.5 – 8.4 9 4.5 – 6.4 4.45 – 6.45 10
8.5 – 10.4 6 6.5 – 8.4 6.45 – 8.45 9
8.5 – 10.4 8.45 – 10.45 6

4
Example

Find the relative frequency, cumulative frequency and class boundaries for the following frequency
table.

Carried Marks No. of Students

2 – 12 8
12 – 22 7
22 – 32 10
32 – 42 3
42 – 52 2
Total 30

Solution

Carried Marks No. of Students Relative Cumulative

Frequency Frequency
2 – 12 8 8/30 = 0.37 8
12 – 22 7 7/30 = 0.23 8 + 7 = 15
22 – 32 10 10/30 = 0.33 15 + 10 = 25
32 – 42 3 3/30 = 0.1 25 + 3 = 28
42 – 52 2 2/30 = 0.07 28 + 2 = 30
Total 30

Class boundaries = class interval