Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PaperICAT2023 22marzo23
PaperICAT2023 22marzo23
reduction of
environmental
pollution indices
through a network of
electric vehicles using
low-cost sensors and
electrostatic
precipitators
1 Introduction
*
academic title
2
The general structure of the management system for buildings is based on applications
through cloud computing. The management fulfills several functions, among which
are: the monitoring and forecasting of environmental conditions, the management of
alternative energy sources, the control of Lighting Systems and the management of
intelligent elevators. The management system is supported by a Communications
system that allows the link between the control centers of each building and the
Applications in Cloud computing in order to allow the decentralization of the control
of the buildings at any time and allow the collection of a large amount of data on the
energy consumption of the building and the environmental conditions such as levels
of solar irradiance, wind speed, levels of rainfall and in general the state of the energy
elements involved in the management. Figure 1 shows the general structure of the
management system.
Fig. 1. Diagram of the proposed management system for energetically sustainable buildings in
the city of Bogota-Colombia: detail of buildings in the city center.
Fig. 2. detail of the interface for one of the users of the management system
The urban PCH takes advantage of the leap that occurs due to the considerable height
of the buildings and the storage of water that occurs thanks to the collection of
rainwater and gray water from the building (Note: gray water here is understood as
the result of latest washing machine rinses and water collected from sinks). The
rainwater is harvested hard in the Storage tanks located in the upper part of the
building, while the gray water is pumped to the Storage tank thanks to Hydraulic
pumps that are activated in periods of low energy consumption of the building or
when the kWh cost turns out to be at a low rate. In figure 3 you can see details of the
urban PCH scheme and its form of Operation
4
Fig. 3. Diagram of the urban PCH and its Operation for Electric Power Generation
The lighting control subsystem in buildings uses natural light that is captured through
concentrating lenses located in strategic places in the building, then the concentrated light
is carried through fiber optics to various places in the building. At the points of location of
the natural light concentrators, there are light sensors that coordinate the disconnection of
the conventional lighting systems from the electrical network. It should be noted that when
the use of natural light is not carried out, the lighting intensity can be controlled through
local control by the users and also from remote actions from the application in the cloud
space. computing. In figure 4, it is observed how the daylight sensor when capturing sufficient
light intensity sends a control pulse to contactor KM1 which activates the franker KM1 and
performs the deactivation of the power supply for the lighting systems in the building sector.
that is receiving natural lighting.
The elevators arranged in multi-story buildings have a self-generating system thanks to the
inclusion of permanent magnets, obtained from Lanthanide and actinide type materials such as
Europium and Samarium. These magnets generate electromagnetic excitation on coils that are
placed in the elevator shaft on each floor. In the coil, when it is excited by the permanent
magnet
that is moving, an alternating voltage arises. Then, the generated voltage passed to a stabilizer,
from there to a pulse charger rectifier circuit. In the following stages there is a battery that stores
the generated energy and finally, a DC-AC inverter that can power the elevator circuit after a
few
trips that have been made. Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram of the smart elevator and how
it generates electricity as the elevator moves from floor to floor.
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the smart elevator and the way it generates electricity
The Communications system proposed as a support for the management of the buildings is
structured with two communication channels, one of the wired types supported in the PLC
system
(Power Line Communication) and conventional wireless WIFI.
The communication system allows the sending of data between users and the general
management
system allowing data to be obtained on the location of the users and the climatic conditions of
the
place. For the monitoring of climate variables in real time, the link of the general management
system with the RETSCREN application has been related, which in real time indicates the state
of air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation levels, solar radiation and wind speed among
others. The most relevant data for the buildings that are managed in the city of Bogota can be
seen
in figures 6 and 7.
6
Fig. 6. Location coordinates of the building management system in the city of Bogota.
Fig. 7. Climatic parameters of the building area controlled by the management system
As a test scenario, an IEEE-34 network was taken in which are the buildings to which their
energy consumption and their sources of self-generation are going to be managed (Figure 8).
Tables 1, 2 show characteristics of the tested network and the power levels of the loads. Table 3 shows the
average demand vector that is usually served by distribution companies under normal operating conditions
for the network.
7
Table 2. Power parameters for the loads of the IEEE-34 network used
Power Power
User-node User-node
Active (kW) Reactive (kVAr) Active (kW) Reactive (kVAr)
816 5 2,5 824 24,5 12
842 5 2,5 806 27,5 14,5
864 5 2,5 802 27,5 14,5
856 5 2,5 846 34 17
854 5 2,5 840 47 31
828 5,5 2,5 830 48,5 21,5
832 7,5 3,5 836 61 31,5
810 8 4 822 67,5 35
808 8 4 848 71,5 53,5
8
862 14 7 820 84,5 43,5
838 14 7 834 89 45
818 17 8,5 860 174 106
826 20 10 844 432 329
858 24,5 12,5 890 450 225
Table 3. Vector of average energy demand for the IEEE-34 network taken for testing.
hour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
hour 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
hour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Figure 9 shows the energy demanded by users and the way in which it is reduced when management over
Lighting Systems is included, control over smart buildings, self-generation using alternative energy
sources and finally when energy is combined. total management of all elements.
9
1200
1000
800
600
kWh
400
200
0
1 2 3
Power Demand 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Power Demand with lighting control
-200
power demand including smart elevator management
Power
-400 demand with management of alternative generation sources for
self-consumption
hours sources, light -
Combined power demand including alternative Generation
ing system management and smart elevators
As can be seen in the management scenario that involves lighting control, elevators and
alternative generation sources, the demand is reduced to a minimum in the first hours of the day,
for hours between 7 and 10 it is reduced to zero; and at 6 and 11 hours there are even surpluses
that can be delivered to the network.
Conclusions
The comprehensive management system for buildings allows to reduce the energy consumption
of the building thanks to the combination of load management and self-generation systems.
The implementation of the integral management system for buildings can allow moments with
surplus energy that can be delivered to the network operator. The management system could be
used to cover demand peaks that the network operator experiences and type of auxiliary services
such as the balance of power flow from the injection of surplus energy.
10
References
1. Grigoroudis, E., Kouikoglou, V.S., Phillis, Y.A. et al. Energy sustainability: a definition
and assessment model. Oper Res Int J (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12351-019-00492-
2.
2. Marc A. Rosen. Energy Sustainability: A Pragmatic Approach and Illustrations.
Sustainability 2009, 1, 55-80; doi:10.3390/su1010055
3. Arvind Chel and Geetanjali Kaushik. Renewable energy technologies for sustainable
development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering Journal
Volume 57, Issue 2, June 2018, Pages 655-669
4. AmirHosein GhaffarianHoseini, Nur Dalilah Dahlan, Umberto Berardi, Ali
GhaffarianHosein , Nastaran Makaremi and Mahdiar GhaffarianHosein. Sustainable
energy performances of green buildings: A review of current theories, implementations
and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Volume 25, September 2013,
Pages 1-17
5. Zhineng Tong. Review of the Application of Green Building and Energy Saving
Technology. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 100 (2017) 012141
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/100/1/012141
6. J. C. Vaschetti, F. Magnago, and V. H. Sauchelli, “Control automatico de ´ voltaje en
sistemas electricos de potencia basado en sistemas expertos,” ´ Inf. Tecnol., vol. 23, no. 5,
pp. 69–84, 2012.
7. P. L. Langbein, “Demand response participation in PJM wholesale markets,” 2012 IEEE
PES Innov. Smart Grid Technol. ISGT 2012, pp. 2011–2013, 2012.
8. M. Parvania, M. Fotuhi-firuzabad, and M. Shahidehpour, “Optimal Demand Response
Aggregation in Wholesale Electricity Markets,” vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1957–1965, 2013
9. N. Gonzalez-Cabrera, “Nodal user’s demand response based on incentive based
programs,” J. Mod. . . . , vol. 5, pp. 79–90, 2017.