SUBJECT CODE : EC8094

Strictly as per Revised Syllabus of

Anna University
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)
Semester - VIII (ECE) Professional Elective - V

Satellite Communication

Vilas S. Bagad
M.E. (E & Tc), Microwave
M.M.S. (Information systems)
Faculty, Institute of Telecommunication Management,
Ex-Faculty Sinhgad College of Engineering,
Pune

® ®

TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS
SINCE 1993 An Up-Thrust for Knowledge

(i)
Satellite Communication

Subject Code : EC8094

Semester - VIII (Electronics and Communication Engineering) Professional Elective - V

ã Copyright with Author

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ISBN 978-93-90770-18-2

9 789390 770182 AU 17

9789390770182 [1] (ii)

S
N
 Polar

Inclined

Subsatellite point
Equatorial
Equator
 m
,000
36
Satellite Direction of
orbit Earth satellite motion
Direction
of
rotation

Satellite

(a) Circular orbit

Direction Direction of
of satellite motion
rotation
Satellite
orbit Earth

Satellite

(b) Elliptical orbit


 Orbit

b
Earth
Apogee a O
c Perigee
ae O Center of earth
c Center of ellipse
a(1+e) a(1–e) e Eccentricity


2
mr

RE

M
r
Earth

RE

 m r
GmM
r2

GmM
 m r
r2

GmM
mg
R 2E

 g R2   g R2 
 E   E 
     
   
  f R E  6370 km
g  9.9 m / sec 2

r  RE 42,208 km  6370 km
 2
FOUT = mv
r

GMEm
FIN = 2
ME r

Fin Fout

  
F in m 
 r2 

 v2 
Fout m 
 r 
 

Fin Fout
1
 2
 
r


2  r / v
2  r /  / r 1/ 2 

2  r 3/ 2   1/ 2 
4 2 a 3
T2


3
4 2  R E  h 
T2


RE
 



a 1  e2 
r0

0 r0

P
 
1/ 2
a 1  e2
1  e2

h2


p
rO
1  e cos  0 

x0
 y0

b
p r
Apogee 0 Perigee
a 0
C O x0
ae

a(1 + e) a(1 – e)

a  b
a  b

A2

1 hr

A1

A1 = A2
1 hr
  4 2  3
T2    a
 

 

1
   3 2
 2 T3
 4  

2
Constant    Orbit period 3

1
  2
 
r
Perigee Apogee

Major axis
Minor axis

rp ra

(b)

Apogee
Equatorial
plane Line of
apsides
N

Descending 1
node

Ascending
 node

Line of
Perigee  nodes

Y
(a)
ra  rp
ra  rp
 
tp
Celestial body
at date of epoch
Perihelion

Orbital axis

True anomaly
(Mean longitude) 
Argument of periapsis


Y
Longitude of ascending node Reference
direction
Plane of reference
(Ecliptic plane)
i
 Inclination

Orbit

GM 3.986  105 km 3 / s 2
  9.453 km 2 / s 2
r 42164 km
 rp RE hp
ra RE ha

ra  rp 21378 km  6778 km
 0.519
ra  rp 21378 km  6778 km

 ra  rp 
3
2 2
 21378 km  6778 km 3  16623.5 s
8GM 8  3.986  105 km 3 / s 2

 10 5 s2

 
 

 


 4 2  3
T2    a
 
a3 T2  

a3   

re
 4 2  3
T2    a
 

T2  a3  2 s2
s2




re hp ha
 T2  a3   s2
s2

r0 re hp
r0
re hp
re hp








(86,400) 2  (3.986004418  105 )

4 2

360º  235.9
86,400
 R E  h) 3





(3.986004418  105 )

b
Apogee a Perigee

a (1 + e) a (1 – e)
 







    
 
 

 
 


  
 

 


 



 

 39.8  10 13

39.8  10 13 Nm 2 kg
T2 4 2
R3 MG

T 2 GM T 2 
R3
4 2 4 2
(86400) 2 39.8  10 13 2.9710  10 24
R3
4 2 39.4784
 R3 7.5256  10 22 m 3
42.2196  10 6 m

(42.2196  10 6 – 6380  10 3 )
35, 839 km  35,780 km

O
Satellite A B Satellite
 R
H
C

AC sin  (R+ H) sin 

R 
 cos –1  
 R+ H


(R+ H) sin   R 
 
  R+ H 

D max(LOS)

2(R+ H) sin   R 
 
  R+ H 
  
2(6370+ 36,000) sin cos –1  
   

Apogee + Perigee

45000 + 7000

Apogee + Perigee
a
45000 – 7000 38000




 
Panomalistic
n


n
a

 

Sa 
 m 2 / kg
m
Sa
m
 Sa 
m

FAD A C D A e v 2
A
CD
Ae
 N
Spring
Satellite
equinox
in eclipse

Satellite
in transit

Sun
N
Position A
N

Satellite
in transit
Autumn Satellite in
equinox clear view
of Sun

Satellite
in eclipse

fR  fT  / fT f fT V T / P

f V T  fT c  V T 

fT

fR

VT

p  10 8


 fR fT

VT

 Orbit of earth

Earth
Sun
T
0.986º
Solar day
(360º + 0.986º)
T
0.986º

Sidereal day
(360º)
 Satellite - 3
Satellite
orbit

Earth

Satellite - 1

Satellite - 2

g
r
rh
. 66 Satellites
. 6 orbits
LEO
MEO

GEO

 

 

 

 

 
 Local vertical

Note : This is
true north
(not magnetic,
from compass)
Path to
satellite

El
North

Az

Projection of path onto

local horizontal plane
East
 Ls
ls

Le
le



rs
re

 re rs
 re
 d

EI rs
ES
ES-Horizontal
 SSP
re


Earth
center



 Le Ls s e Le Ls

 

1/ 2
  r 2 r  
rs 1   e   2  e  cos    
  rs   rs  

rs d
sin   sin   
 sin  
1/ 2
  r 2  re  
e
1     2   cos    
  rs   rs  

 tan  l s  l e  
 tan 1  
 sin  L e  

180º 
180º 


360º 

re
rs 

 re 
  
 rs 

  
 52º 0º
0º 66º


 L e  ls  le 

 

 re  
 cos   r  
El tan 1  s 

 sin  
 

tan 1 0.2504   6378.14 / 42164 / sin75.4981 

5.85º


 tan  l s  l e  
 tan 1   
 sin  L e  

 
 E  E  E  a GSO

 R 
  
 a GSO 
   8.66

 

 S
 E
  76.34
 b 
 
 E 

 
 69.15
  

E B –20

E B –158

re
rs 
cos   

r 
  cos 1  e 
 rs 

  81.3º

10º 20º
  tan|  S  L 
A tan –1  
 sin  1 

S
L
1
 tan 
tan –1 
0.364 
A tan –1   
 sin   0.866 

tan –1 0.42

 r – Rcos  1cos |  S  L 
tan –1  –1
 – cos cos  1cos |  S  L
–1
 R sin{cos cos  1cos |  S  L 

 42164 – 6378cos 60º cos 0º 

tan –1  –1
 – cos cos  cos 0º
–1
6 sin{cos cos 60º cos 20º 

 42164 – 998 
tan –1  –1
 – cos 0.47 tan –1  
 
–1  
6 sin{cos 0.47) 
 Geosynchronous orbit

Low earth
orbit
Apogee
kick
Perigee (V = 1768 m/s)
kick
(V = 2438 m/s)
Geosynchronous
Transfer Orbit (GTO)
 Apogee

Perigee

Artificial satellite




 2

1

  10 14
1/ 3
  
  2
 
 Payload
Transponders
satellite antennas

Bus
Physical structure
Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS)
Power system
Thermal control
Telemetry, Tracking, Command and Monitoring (TTC and M)
 Mechanical (vibration / shock)
Thermal (temp / heat)
Electric (V / I / P)
Magnetic (fields)
Subsystem - 1 Subsystem - 2
Electromagnetic
coupling

Information (rate / format)

 Drift
Drift

Satellite stable point 75 E

E

ridian
h me
nwic O
Satellite semistable Gree
point 165 E

Satellite semistable
point 15 W W

Equator
65-m bulge

Synchronous
Satellite stable point 105 W orbit
Drift
Drift

     
 Earth

Equator
Yaw
Roll
axis
axis

Pitch
axis
 Satellite

Tx / Rx Antenna

Duplexer

TM Tracking TC
Receiver system Transmitter

Attitude
OBDH and Controller
orbit control

 Down Up
converter converter
I.F. Power
Receiver amplifier amplifier
fup fif fdwn

L.O. L.O.
 
fup
fif fdwn

Satellite repeater

Power
Down amplifiers
converter
Input
LNA
filter

Local Input Output

Receive Transmit
oscillator multiplexer multiplexer
antenna antenna

Uplink Downlink

Transmitting Receiving
earth station earth station
 Baseband
processor
Amplify Power
Receiver Demodulator Modulator amplifier
Error
fup Correction fdwn
fbaseband Coding fbaseband
Switching
L.O. Reformatting L.O.
...
...

6-GHz 4-GHz
Receive Transmit
LNA Down converter HPA
antenna antenna

GaAsFET RF Bandpass RF TWTA

amplifier filter Preamplifier or
(4-GHz) (GaAsFET) SSPA
Local or TWTA
oscillator
2225 MHz

14-GHz
Receive
LNA Downconverter
antenna

GaAsFET IF Bandpass
amplifier filter (1 GHz) IF (1 GHz)
Local oscillator
No.1 (13 GHz)
11 GHz
Transmit
Upconverter HPA antenna

1 GHz IF amplifier RF Bandpass

filter (11 GHz)
Local oscillator
No.2 (10 GHz)
fup

fdwn
 Vibration Temperature
Reliability Tracking,
and cycling
TLM and CMD
vacuum
Design
lifetime

EMC and
RFJ
Payload
design

Radiation Frequency
environment allocations

RF characteristics
Orbit
linearity, power
Available etc.
Mass and
envelope power from
BUS
 z
r sin d

rd

dA = r 2 sin d d

Elevation
plane


y
r


d

Azimuth
plane

 
 z
( = 0)

Major lobe

Side lobes

Back lobe

x y
( = 0)

 = 0º

Field pattern Power pattern

  


 

Radiation
intensity

Major lobe

Minor lobes


  0  
– –
2 2
   
 
  

 
 
 

x
O


(a) Three dimensional pattern (b) E-plane pattern


x
O


(c) H-plane pattern (  = ––)
2
  
 
acc 

Half wave dipole

3

–3 Isotropic
 
Pr

Pin

Pr
Pin

Radiation intensity in particular direction

Average radiated power

Maximum radiation intensity of subject antenna

Radiation intensity of an isotropic antenna
 
 


 
    

       
 

  
    
      
 
 
    
    
   


    
      
 

    
    

, 

   

A
 
       

 

P  
  
Pacc / r 2

     
 

Open circuited voltage

Incident field strength
V
E

Power received
(A e )
Incident power

Rr R rad
Power
Rr
(Current) 2

P
Rr
I2
 Power radiated in desired direction
Power radiated in opposite direction

Centre frequency (fr )


Q


 Power transmitted with in cone angle  1
Power transmitted by the antenna

2  1
  P( ,  ) sin  d d
0 0
2 
  P( ,  ) sin  d d
0 0

M
M
M
A

M
A

 




c 

f 

Pt  G t  G r 
 d
  
 

 17

Global beam Spot beams

Phased array Vertical

antenna polarization

Horizontal
polarization

Multiple spot beams

and scanning beams Orthogonally
polarized beams

A  A 





A D  

 3 dB
 
  3 dB

 3dB
75 
 3dB
D
75  75  0.075
  0.33 m
 3dB 17


 75  75  2
    0.55  105.65
  3dB  17 2




75 
 3dB
D
75  75  0.075
  0.33 m
 3 dB 17
75  75  0.0273
  0.68 m
 3 dB 3

 75     3
    0.55  

 3dB   3 
3 dBA 3 dBE
DE
75  75  0.0273
DA  0.34 m
 3 dB 6
 75 
   0.55 
 3dB  3dBE 6 3

10 m 2

EIRP Pt G t
4R 2 4R 2
10  50 / [4     ]
2.48  10 –14 W m 2

Pr 2.48  10 –14 W m 2 
2.48  10 –13 W
h1 h2


 Pt G t

Pt
Gt
Gt

PT

PT 
PT

PT PS
 PRAD

EIRP Pt G t
 W m2
2 2
4 R 4 R
A r m2
Pt G t A r
Pr F A r 
4  R2

Ae A phy  

4 A e
2
Ar A e m2
Pt G t A e
Pr F  Ar 
4  R2

Ar Ae
4 A e
Gr
2
G r 2
Ae
4
2
  
Pr Pt G t G t  
 4 R 

2
 4 R 
Lp  
  

Pt G t G r
Pr
Lp
 La
L ta
L ra
L pol
L other

Pt G t G r
Pr
L p L a L ta L ra L pol L other L r

PR
PR GR

PS

PS
GR

PT PR

Pr Gr Lp La Lt Lr

Gr
Lp
La
Lt
Lr

Pr

c 3  10 8
   0.0273 m
f 11  10 9

Pt G t 20  158.5
W / m2   1.66  10 13 W / m 2
4  R2
 
2
4    3.9  107

10 log  Pt G t    20 log R  10 log  4  


10 log  20  158.5  20 log 3.9  107  10 log 12.57 
2
 m2
Pr Ae
13 12

LP 20 log  4  R /  


20 log 4    3.9  107 / 0.0273 

Pr EIRP  G r  L P

TS

Pt
Gt
Ae m2

EIRP Pt G t 2  50

4 R 2
 
2 2
4 R 4   4  107

4.97  10 15 W m 2  143 dB W m 2

Pt  G t   3  17  20 dBW
R2 2  log 10 4  107  dB [meter 2 ]

W m2
Pr 
F  A  4.97  10 15  10 
Pr 4.97  10 14 W  133 dBW

Pr F  A   143  10
Pr

Ae
4 A e 4   10
Gr   52.3 dB
 2 0.0273

Pn  KTB  1.38  10 23  152  500  10 6

K dB  TdB  B dB

Pr 14
 Pn

kTs B  dBW 

Ts

 N0

N kTs B
N0   kTs  dBW Hz
B B
N0

Ts Ttransmitted  Tantenna  TLNA  Tlineloss  TRX

 Ts

Ts

Signal from
satellite

Receiving
antenna

LNA Downconverter IF amplifier

Pr
Grf Gm Gif

Local
oscillator
 Noiseless Noiseless Noiseless
RF amplifier downconverter IF amplifier

Gain Gain Gain

Tin + + + Pn
Grf Gm Gif

Trf Tm Tif

Equivalent noise generators

Pn G IF k TIF B

 G IF G m kTm B

 G IF G m G RF kB TRF  Tin 

 T TIF 
Pn G IF G m G RF kB TRF  Tin  m  
 G RF G m G RF 

Ts
Pn

Ts
Noiseless amplifier

Gain
Tin + Pn
GRFGmGIF

Noise
source
TS
 TS

Pn G IF G m G RF kTs B
Pn
 T TIF 
Pn G IF G m G RF kB TRF  Tin  m 
 G RF G m G RF 

TS
TRF Tin G RF
 Tm TIF 
Ts TRF  Tin  G 
G   TRF  Tin
 RF m G RF 

Ts TAntenna TLNA

Tno

 Tm TIF   500 1000 

Ts TRF  Tin  G 
G  50  50  200  200  1 
 RF m G RF 
 50  50  2.5  5  107.5 K

 500 1000 
Ts 50  50  200  20 

G RF G m
G RF

 500 1000 
Ts 50  50  100,000  10,000 

GL TL

1
GL  2dB   0.63
1.58

TL 290 1  G L 

Tin Tin Ta G L  TL

 Tm TIF   500 1000 

Ts Tin  TRF  G 
G  1  50  
200 200  1 
 RF m G RF 

1  50  2.5  5  196.3 K
  Tm TIF 
 Ts Tin  TRF  G 
G 
 RF m G RF 

 500 
Ts 25+ 50+ 200   
Gm

Ts
Gm
 500 
 Ts 25+ 50+ 200   0.1 

Ts

G RF 105

G1
1
G1
1.58

Twg
Twg Tp G1
Twg
 Tin

 Tm TIF 
Ts Twg  Tin  G LNA  G 
G  G 
 RF m RF 

 500 1000 
Ts 110.126  1 .8  5  200  
 1  0.1 

Ts

G1
178.526
Ts
0.632

S / N in N out
FN 
S / N out kT0BNG

Te T0  Fn  1

Pr Pt G t G r
C/N / kTs B n
Pn 4  R /   2
2 2
Pt G t G r    G r Pt G t   
    
kTs B n  4 R  Ts kB n  4 R 
Gr
C
Ts

f G r / Ts 

 G r Ts

2
4 A   D 
Gr  
2   
6 
2
  30 
Gr 0.69.    1,172,856.9
 0.0723 

Ts
Ts 79 K   10 log79  18.98 dBK

Ts

G / T

  G / T G / T   G / T  41.71  41.25

200  K

Ts K  Gr

Te Ts 
kTs B
   
No kTs
  
 TS

Bn

Pr

Prca

Prain

Nca

 Nrain

Nrain

Prain Nrain

Pr Gr La Lt Lr

Gr
Lp
La
Lt
Lr
 Ts B n

Ts Bn

Ts
Bn

m2
m2
 Bn

N xp Bn

Pxp Pt  G t  G r  L p  L up
Pt G t
Gr
LP
L up

Pxp  N xp

Pt

Prxp Psat  G xp  BO 0
Psat

Prxp Pt Gt Gr Lp L up Pt

Prxp
Pt Gt
Pt
Tx
 G() dB

40

G() = 29 – 25 log   > 1º

20
G() = 32 – 25 log  (Beyond 7º)

–20 –10 0 10 20
Angle off axis,  (degrees)

Pin
 Pr G r  L p  L wg  L at  L pointing

Pt Pr  G t  G r  L p  L wg  L at  L pointing
Pt
Pt

Pt 7.2  7

1
C N o
 1 1 1 
 C N  C N ...... C N 
 1  2  n 

1
C N o
 1 1 
  
 C N up  C N dn 
 C N dn

1
C N o
 1 1 1 
   
 C N up  C N dn  C I 

 
 
 
   

20
C / N up C / N dn 10 10  100

1 1
   0.01
C / N up C / n dn 100

1 1
C / N o  50
 1 1  0.01  0.01
  
 C / N up  C / N dn 

C / N o 10 log 10 50  17.0 dB

C / I 10 2.4
1 1
   0.004
C / I 251.18
1
C / N o
 1 1 1 
   
 C / N up  C / N dn C / I 
 1
 41.7
0.01  0.01  0.004 
C / N o 10 log 10 41.7  16.2 dB

20 log (4R /  )
Lp 20 log (4   / 0.04918) dB
Lp

Pr Pt  G t  G r L p dBW

k Ts BN

Pr N
 Pout  Pin  G xp  dBW

Pout  Pin  G xp   G dBW

Pout 

Pin
Pout
G xp


C / N o uplink rain C / N o clear air  A up

C / N o uplink rain C / N o clear air  A up  G 

C / N o uplink rain C / N o clear air

C / N down rain C / N down clear air  A rain  N rain

1
C / N o
 1 1 
  
 C / N down rain  C / N up 


Lm
 Ts
Psat

fup

L pt

fdn
Bn
Tin
TLNA TRF
 L pt

Ts

Pn
Pn
Pn

Pr
Pr
Pr

Pt G t LP

     

  

 

Lp

   

Es

Es
 1
C / N o
 1 1 
  
 C / N up  C / N dn 

Gr

Ts TLNA Tin
Bn

Ts Bn

Pr

Lp

 R   

  


 Pt
Gt
Gr
Lp

Pr Gt Gr Lp Lm La
Pr Gr
Pr Gr
Gr Pr
Gr

Gr      
 2
 Gl




 PR GR

PR

GR
 fi

fi fc   f
fc  k f  m(t)

fc
f

kf

1
f
kf

kf m t 
kf

t
V FM t A cos  c t +  ([2k f m(t)]dt +  0 ) volts
0

2( fpk + fmax ) Hz

fpk
fmax
 C A2  A2
  (N 0 B)
N  2 
 
C A2
N0 B
N 2 N0Bn

Bn

N0

1
K fpeak
2
K frms watts
 1 
 K= 
 kf 

K
2 N0  
f2 2
N out
 A  f1 f df

K f 3 – f13
N out 2 N0    2
 A 

 S   C  B   fpeak 

     
 N  out N  fmax   fmax 


 S  C  B RF   fpeak 
        1.8 dB
 N  out N  fmax   fmax 
 

B RF
fpeak
3
fmax
2
S
N
fpeak
fmax
S
N

S
N

Vn
Vn a V nrms fb

V nrms

Detector output

Noise voltage
at detector
output Desired characteristic
after filtering

Corner frequency

fm
fd Modulating frequency

1
G de f
fb
 b
G de f
fb

 b 
V n0 a  V nrms fb   
 fb 

V n0 a  b  V nrms

Transfer
function
(dB)
Corner frequency

Modulating frequency
fd

FM De-emphasis
Demodulator circuit

fd
1
Fb
 G pe (f)
1
G pe (f)  fb
b

Corner frequency

fm
0 fd

S
N

S
N
S
N
 S  C  B RF   fpk 
    +    1.8 + P + Q dB
 N w N  fmax   fmax 
 
S
N
  fTs 
Ts 
 fTs 

Ts

Before filtering
After filter

– 4/Ts – 3/Ts – 2/Ts – 1/Ts 0 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts

x
x
v1(t)

0 t

(a)
v2(t)

0 t

Sampling
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts instants

(b)
 Ts Ts

Data 1 1 1 0

Impulse
data t
Ts
stream

Individual
pulse
t
waveforms

v1(t)
Baseband
signal
transmitted t

v2(t)
Noisy
received t
signal

Sampling
instants t
Ts
Recovered
NRZ
pulses t

Ts

V NQ (f)

Rs
V NQ f f  
2
   Rs  Rs Rs
V NQ f cos 2  f     f  
 R s  2  2 2
 Rs
V NQ f f  
2

U NQ t

U NQ t

U NQ t F – 1 [ V NQ f 

F– 1


 Ti
m
1
F

e
y

T1
nc

Ti
2
ue

m
cy
eq

e
3
F
en
Fr

T2
y
qu

nc

Ti
fre

ue

Time
e
eq

T3
Fr

Frequency
Code

Frequency Time Code

Division Division Division
Multiple Multiple Multiple
Access Access Access
(FDMA) (TDMA) (cDMA)
 36
Satellite receiver

MHz
response

Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch11 Ch12

5.945 5.985 6.025 6.065 6.385 6.425

Frequency (GHz)
(a) Satellite receiver channels
Satellite transmitter

36
MHz
response

Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch11 Ch12

3.72 3.76 3.80 3.84 4.16 4.20

Frequency (GHz)
(b) Satellite transmitter channels
 36 MHz BW

Station B C A D E F G
Transponder
uplink
132 VF 60 VF 60 VF 96 VF 24 24 24
VF VF VF
f(MHz)
6220 6237.5 6242.5 6260
6258
6222

 channels to B 

 channels to D 
 channels to E 

To station B
Frequency FDM signal FDM/FM
To station D division FM transmitter
multiplexer 60 VF channels Transmitting
To station E antenna
 36 MHz BW

QPSK
Common Signalling
signals
Channel (CSC) 399 404
3 4 5 6 800

f
Unused
7 kHz 38 kHz
Guard BW
band
 Pilot
frequency

CSC
160 kHz Channel numbers Channel numbers

1 2 3 N 399 400 401 402 403 404 N'=N+401 800

Spacing kHz
45 45 45 45 45 45 45
22.5 22.5 22.5
18.045 MHz

18.000 MHz 18.000 MHz

18.045 MHz

52 MHz 70 MHz 88 MHz

Transmit IF

[EIRP] D
C G
[EIRP] D     [LOSSES] D  [K]  [B]
 N  T D
D
 [EIRP] D
[G T] D
[LOSSES] D

[B] TR
C G
[EIRPS ]     [LOSSES] D  [K]  [B TR ]
 N  T D
D
 Station No.s Guard band
1 2 3 m–1 m

Frequency

Time

1 TDM frame

Frame

R 1 A1 B1 C 1 R 2 A2 B2 C2 R3

Satellite broadcast
to all stations

R1
A1

B1

R2 C1
A2

B2

A3 R3 C2

Reference
station
  
Td 
 Tframe   Tp  Tg
    Tframe  NTp  Tg 
 i 

Tframe

Burst i

Ti
Preamble

Data Tpi Tgi Reference

burst
RT - Transponder data rate

Td
Ru R
Tframe T

R ui

Ti  Tpi  Tgi R 
Ti  Tp  Tg
RT
T
Tframe Tframe

Td
  100 % 
Tframe
CTBR UW TTY SC VOW VOW Data from different channels

Preamble or reference Data from different

burst earth stations
 



 Ta Ta Tm

Frame

1 i
Reference
burst

Ta Error
Tm
 Shift register

Input bits

CLK

 Cross-
correlation

Threshold
1 –1 –1 1

Stored word
 

Frame = 125 s

#1 #2 #3 #4

T
Guard time
96 bits = 1.6 s

Traffic : N bits
let it = T s

Pre-amble 240 bits

= 4 s @ 60 bits/s


  


 

 

Time slots

Frame period
T3 T2 T1

Beam AU Beam CD

Beam BU Beam BD
Satellite switch
control station
Frame
Beam CU
period Beam AD
AD BD CD
Transmitting AU
earth terminals Receiving
earth terminals
BU

CU
T3 T2 T1
Legend S3 S2 S1
Traffic patterns
To A

To B
Switch states
To C
Satellite microwave
switch matrix
 y(t) = m(t) c(t)
m(t) 

c(t) i(t)
Transmitter Interference
  

v v

Modulator
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Incoming bit stream Rb bps Outgoing spread bit stream NRb bps
v

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Each incoming bit
is multiplied by Spreading PN sequence NRb bps
the PN sequence

y(t) c(t) LPF m(t)

c(t)

v v

Modulator
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1

Incoming spread bit stream Recovered bit stream

v

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
Incoming bit stream
multiplied by a synchronized Despreading PN sequence
copy of the PN sequence
  
  
 
 
  
 

Tb
Sm()

Tc
Sy()

2_
_  2_
_  
Tb Tc
 Tc

Signal energy


–1 1
0
T T
(a) Spectrum of data signal


–1 1
0
Tc Tc
(b) Spectrum of pseudonoise signal


– ( 1
+
T Tc
1
) 0 1
+
T Tc
1

(c) Spectrum of combined signal

     


 14-GHz 11-GHz
Dual polarized Dual polarized
Channel 1-2, 5-6, 7-12 Upconverters
Uplink R1 Downlink
R2 Input TWTA's
MUX and
R3 Output MUX
Spot Spot
beam R4 beam
antennas antennas

6-GHz 4-GHz
Dual polarized Dual polarized
TWTA's Output
Receivers Input MUX
6-GHz MUX

Channel 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 Switch

7, 8, 9 matrix
TWTA's Output
MUX

Receivers Input
6-GHz MUX Downlink
Uplink zone
zone beam Output beam
Channel 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, TWTA's MUX antenna
antenna
7-8

6-GHz
Receivers Input 4-GHz
6-GHz MUX Output
TWTA's
Global MUX
beam Global
Channel 9, 10, 11, 12, beam horn
horn 7-8
 Satellite

Master
station
Broadcasting coverage
area
 Satellite

Master control
VSATS
station
VSAT

VSAT

VSAT Satellite HUB

VSAT

VSAT

Satellite

VSATS
VSAT VSAT

VSAT VSAT

VSAT Satellite VSAT

VSAT VSAT

VSAT VSAT
 User-1 User-2

Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Link Link
Physical Physical
Rc Rb
Rs Rb
Bt Rs

Bt Rs

Inbound link:
VSATs Satellite Hub station

300 FDMA channels

Schematic of a 64 kbit/s
f1 36 MHz satellite transponder f2 equivalent voice channel
Uplink transmission accessing a satellite using
from VSAT terminal FDMA

Information Transmission
rate = 64 kbit/s QPSK modulation bandwidth = 96 kHz
plus 1/2 - rate FEC
and roll-off = 0.5
Terrestrial channel from
64 kbit/s equivalent Terrestrial / VSAT user equipment
voice channel network interface

f1 f2
 Antenna
Feed

LNC DEM To
IFL Base band data
processor terminal
HPC MOD (BBP) equipment

RFT

Outdoor Unit (ODU) Indoor Unit (IDU)

LNC = Low Noise Converter (amplification, IF Conversion)

HPC = High Power Converter (amplification, RF Conversion)
IFL = Interfacility Link
DEM = Demodulator
MOD = Modulator
 HLR VLR

BSC

PSTN
SIM MSC ISDN, CSPDN
PSPDN
BTS

BSC
ME
BTS
Mobile EIR Au C
station Abis A
Um
Base station Network
system system

SIM : Subscriber identity module BSC : Base station controller HLR : Home location register
ME : Mobile equipment BTS : Base transreceiver controller VLR : Visitor location register
EIR : Equipment identity register MSC : Mobile service switching center
Au C : Authentication center
. 66 Satellites
. 6 orbits
 

 

 

 

 
 B

5s
ec
c

A
se
4
 5s
ec
5.5
se
ec c
4s
A
c
se
5
4.

B
 5s
ec
5.5
c se
se A B c
4
B
c
se
5
4.

6.5 sec
6 se
c
 Space segment

User segment

Monitor
station

Monitor
24 satellites/6 planes station
Carrier frequencies Control segment
L1 = 1575.42 MHz
L2 = 1227.60 MHz


 Position data
from satellite

Antenna

Range
calculation Position
Receiver
algorithm estimator
 Bit no. 0 30 60 300

Subframe Telemetry Handover

Clock correction 6 sec
1 word word

300 330 360 600

Subframe Telemetry Handover

Ephemeris 12 sec
2 word word

600 630 660 900

Subframe Telemetry Handover Ephemeris 18 sec

3 word Word

900 930 960 1200

Subframe Telemetry Handover (Multiplex) Message (Changes through 25 frames) 24 sec

4 word word

1200 1230 1260 1500

Subframe Telemetry Handover Almanac/Health status

(Multiplex) 30 sec
5 word word (Changes through 25 frames)

*12.5 minutes before the entire message repeats

Fundamental
frequency Signal codes
10.23 MHz 10

Carrier L1 C/A code P- code

1575.42 MHz 1.023 MHz 10.23 MHz
x 154   19 cm   300 m   30 m

Carriers

Carrier L2 P- code
1227.60 MHz 10.23 MHz
x 120   24 cm   30 m

L1 L2
L1 L2

(D)GPS
receiver

Surveyed GPS
antenna

(D)GPS reference
Data link receiver

Corrections
Data link
DGPS ground station
12.2–12.7 GHz
DBS-TV signal

900–1400 MHz Low noise

Image rejection
LNA Mixer IF amplifier block converter
BPF
mounted on
antenna feed

Coaxial cable
Local oscillator
Ku-band to set top
11.3 GHz
antenna receiver

900–1400 MHz 70 MHz QPSK Baseband

IF amplifier Mixer IF amplifier demod amplifier

Tuned BPF Input

Select Tuned LO Frequency
select Microprocessor
polarization transponder synthesizer

Video
D/A
Audio
Inner De-interleaver Outer Digital MPEG 2 Analog output
decoder decoder demux decoder to TV set
Data
input (204, 188) Rate 3/4
Reed-solomon Interleaver convolutional
encoder encoder

Link

Convolutional Reed-solomon
De-interleaver
decoder decoder Data
output
 QPSK IF amplifier Upconverter LPA HPA Multiplexer
modulator

M MUX

17 GHz
70 MHz LO RF LO Other RF uplink
signals antenna

MPEG 2 Digital Reed-solomon Interleaver Convolutional

encoder multiplexer encoder encoder

MPEG
ADC MUX Coder l Coder
2
Analog video
and audio Other digital
signals signals




G
T