Res. Environ. Life Sci.

ISSN: 0974-4908 1(3) 109-112 (2008)

http : //www.geocities.com/rel_sci/ rel_sci@yahoo.com

Accumulation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu and Fe) in various
parts of Zea mays treated with asbestos effluent
Amar Nath Giri*1, Aditya Verma2, Shiv S. Yadav2, Shikha Chaudhary2 and Y.K.Sharma2
1
Environment Management System, NFCL, Nagarjuna road, Kakinada - 533 003, India
2
Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow - 226 007, India
*e-mail: goswami818@yahoo.com, amarnathgiri@nagarjunagroup.com
Abstract: The treated asbestos effluent was collected from asbestos industry. Different concentrations i.e. control (0%), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% were prepared
from asbestos effluent. Maize (Zea mays) was grown in sand pot culture. All metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe and Co) concentration was increased with increasing
concentration of treated effluent of asbestos industry in tissues of root, stem and leaves. The heavy metals concentration was significantly increased in root on
40, 60, 80 and 100% of concentration of asbestos effluent. The plant tissue analysis in our experiment shows higher accumulation of heavy metals in different
plant parts with the application of asbestos effluent, although the level of accumulation varied from part to part. The higher accumulation of heavy metals in roots
than aerial parts can be explained as heavy metals remains bound in the roots that is why did translocation from roots to leaves.
Key words: Asbestos effluent, Chromium, Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Iron and Cobalt

Introduction
Industrial effluents when discharged into the sewage canals,
rivers and irrigation water, cause serious pollution and health
hazards (Baddesha and Rao, 1986; Mariappan et al., 2001a).
Industrial effluents have been a major cause in reducing soil fertility
and causing great damage because effluents are being continuously
added to the neighbouring soil and water (Hosetti, 1995). Such
water is frequently used for irrigation. Toxic heavy metals are mostly
absorbed and get accumulated in various plant parts as free metals,
which may adversely affect the plant growth and metabolism
(Barman and Lal, 1994). Ultimately human being and cattles are
badly affected when these metals are incorporated into their food
chain as it causes bronchitis and cancer (Khasim and Nanda, 1989;
McGrath and Smith, 1990). In variable problem soils, the chief
causes of damage and decreased soil fertility vary from place to
place. Various industries have been continuously adding lot of
wastewater containing high level of nutrients, heavy metals and
hazardous substances to the cultivable land (Srivastava et al.,
2000). This activity has been detrimental to the quality of soil and
water. Different crops being grown in that area are affected by their
negative and toxic effects. Bioconcentration of heavy metals may
lead to biomagnification and thus pose serious threat to those who
consume it i.e. directly or indirectly human beings. Biomagnification
takes place with in the aquatic system creating hazard to aquatic
flora and fauna. So accumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals
are also of great concern. Algal bioassays are used in-vitro for the
study of biomagnification of metals by Sanders and Riedel (1994).
They detecting the toxic effect in various organisms that are member
of upper food chain in ecosystems and found they are badly affected.
According to Swedel et al. (1994) primary producers are the base
level member of food chain, and if they or their growth is affected the
whole food chain will be disturbed and the ecosystem will get disturbed.
Cotruvo (1983) briefly reviewed its impact on future
regulatory decisions regarding the possible control of asbestos
fiber in drinking water. The results of animal feeding studies indicate
that asbestos fails to demonstrate toxicity in whole-animal lifetime
exposures. The epidemiologic evidence of risk from ingestion of
water containing asbestos fibers is not convincing, and in view of
the lack of confirmation by animal studies, the existence of a risk has
not been proven; however occupational gastrointestinal cancer
may indicate ingestion risk. Whether or not there is a risk from
asbestos in drinking water, however, common sense tells us to deal
with an undesirable situation by employing means that are commonly
and economically available. Well-known methods can minimize the
presence of asbestos fibers in finished drinking water. In the case of
natural fiber in raw water, standard or augmented filtration practices
are extremely effective. If the source of asbestos fiber is asbestos-
cement pipe that is being attacked by corrosive water, then, there is
more than sufficient economic reason to correct the corrosivity of the
water. Varga (2000) discussed the possibility of a carcinogenic
effect of consuming drinking water contaminated by asbestos fibres.
Varga (2000) discussed the possibility of a carcinogenic
effect of consuming drinking water contaminated by asbestos fibres.
According to Joshi and Gupta (2003) locally mined asbestos is not
enough for its current needs in India, hence a great deal of asbestos
is imported from Canada. Singh et al. (2001) conducted a field
study at Arid Forest Research Institute to study the effect of textile
industrial effluent on the growth of forest trees and associated soil
properties. Arey and Yadav (1993) studied the effect of various
heavy metals on plant growth. They concluded that in all the metals,
nickel was found more toxic for root and shoot growth. The higher
reduction in root than shoot might be due to higher concentration of
Ni in their tissues. Banerji and Kumar (1979) studied the fresh and
dry weight of Daucus carota shoot which increased to several folds
as compared to control in sewage sludge supplied as source of
irrigation. Treatments with heavy metals increased chlorophyll-b
synthesis, where as chlorophyll a content either decreased or did
not change (Corradi et al., 1993). Heavy metals reduced soluble
proteins in agricultural crops and in another study this effect was

Research in Environment and Life Sciences 109 November, 2008

Giri et al.
found much pronounced on forest tree species as compared to
agricultural crops (Hemlatha et al., 1997).
Materials and Methods
The treated asbestos effluent was collected from asbestos
industry Mohan Nagar, Lucknow (U.P.). Different concentrations
mainly control (0%), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% were prepared from
the asbestos effluent using distilled water. Maize (Zea mays) was
grown in sand pot culture. Accumulation of heavy metals
concentration (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe and Co) in tissue of Zea mays
(root, stem and leaves) were analyzed at 50 and 90 days of
exposure period. Metal analysis in plants was done by Piper (1942)
using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
Results
Effects on metal concentration in tissue of Zea mays due to
application of different dilution levels (20, 40, 60 and 100%) of
asbestos industry effluent on 50 and 90 days of exposure period
are shown in Table 1 to 6. The metal concentration was increased
with increasing concentration of treated effluent of asbestos industry
in tissues of root, stem and leaves. The Cd concentration was
significantly higher in root at 0, 60, 80 and 100% concentration of
asbestos effluent on 50 days of exposure period and at 90 days on
60 and 80% of roots and 100% of leaves of effluent concentration
value was significant when compared with control. The chromium
concentration was increased and statistically significant in root at
20, 40 and 80% of concentration of effluent on 50 days of exposure
period and in stem at 20, 40, 80 and 100% value was statistically
significant compared with control. In stem at 90 days of exposure
period showed statistically significant value compared with
control on 60% concentration of treated effluent of asbestos industry
effluent. The quantity of Ni in root, stem and leaves was slightly and
gradually increased with increased effluent concentration.
An effect of asbestos industry effluent on cobalt concentration
in root, stems and leaves on 50 and 90 days of exposure period.
The cobalt at 50 days of exposure period showed significant high
value in root, stem and leaves 20 and 80 % in root, 20, 60, 80 and
100% in stem and 40, 80 and 100% on leaves value were significant
as compared with control root, stem and leaves. The copper, a
micronutrient was also increased with the increase in effluent
concentration and 50 days of exposure period. The Iron value was
increased with increasing concentration of treated effluent.
Discussion
The plant tissue analysis in our experiment shows higher
accumulation of heavy metals in different plant parts with the
application of asbestos effluent, although the level of accumulation
varied from part to part. The higher accumulation of heavy metals in
roots than aerial parts can be explained as heavy metals remains
bound in the roots that is why did translocation from roots to leaves.
The similar data were also obtained by Cunningham et al. (1975),
Huffman and Allaway (1973 a, b). Our results also concise with the
findings of Lahouti and Peterson (1979) where it was reported the
Research in Environment and Life Sciences
uptake and translocation vary different parts and also depend upon
the genus and species diversity. Previously, several scientists Cotruvo
(1983); Czuba et al. (1992), Varga (2000), Joshi and Gupta (2003,
2004), Martino et al. (2004), Trivedi et al. (2004), Gotloib (2005),
have revealed the asbestos toxicity and their effects on health, drinking
water, magnitude of risk, oxidative injury, sclerosis, effects on growth,
physiological and biological parameters of plants, interaction of soil
fungi with asbestos, contamination of soil and agricultural plants.
Siddaramaiah et al. (1998) reported the chlorophyll a, b and total
carotenoid contents of the leaves of Capsicum annumm L exposed to
heavy metal rich industrial effluents using pot culture technique. Hara
and Somoda, (1979), studied toxic effects of different heavy metals in
cabbage growth and found that (Cr VI), Cu, Cd and Hg (II) in the
solution were more toxic to the plant growth and Mn, Fe, and Zn
were relatively less toxic. They also found that Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cd
were translocated into all the plant organs while V, Cr (III), Cr (VI),
Fe, Cu, Hg and Hg (II) got accumulated in the roots.
Although effluent from industrial unit account for only 20%
loss but their toxic value is constantly higher. Industrial pollutants viz
acid alkali, oil, grease and pH, halogen sulphate, sulphuric
phosphates, fluorides, sodium, calcium, potassium, detergent,
carbonates, bicarbonates and heavy metals like Hg, Cu, Pb, Cr,
Co, Mg, Fe etc., while present in the effluent causes colossal damage
to the crop efficiency. Dissolve oxygen in water is associated with
higher BOD and useful to the survival of aquatic flora and fauna.
Pollution by toxic metals can be much more serious and insidious
problem than by organic substance, because these are intrinsic
component of environment. At high concentrations, all the metals
are toxic to animals and plant both (Rai and Chandra, 1992; Sinha,
et al., 1997). The continuous input of polluted water from point and
non point sources have been causing harm to aquatic ecosystem
and consequently to the flora and fauna. Heavy metals cannot be
eliminated from the water bodies as they persist in sediments from
where they are slowly released into the water. After their release
from sediments heavy metals again pose serious hazards to aquatic
organisms including algae. All living organism require trace amount of
the metals, which are essential for normal metabolic function. Instead
of this the elements namely As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se
and Zn are major environmental pollutants, potentially considered as
cytotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, although a few of them are essential
for vital metabolic processes (Hadjiliadis, 1997). Some heavy metals
such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo are ‘essential’ for the growth of
higher plants, some are called ‘beneficial’ because they seem to be
essential for some plant groups e.g. Ni, Co and V, other are thought
to be ‘non-essential’ e.g. Pb, Cd, Al, Cr, Hg and Bg (Bolland, 1983;
Marschner, 1986; Woolhouse, 1983). High concentration of heavy
metals in the environment creates serious pollution problems and
cause deleterious effects in aquatic plants (Wang, 1992).
According to Francesco et al. (2005) the concentration
levels of five metals, namely Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb, were investigated
along the durum wheat processing chain, from grain to the final
product. The relationship can be established between the original
concentrations in durum wheat grain and those in pasta for Cd and
110 November, 2008
 Accumulation of heavy metals irrigated with asbestos effluent

Table - 1: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Cr and Cd Table - 4: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Ni and Co
concentration on 50 days of Zea mays concentration on 90 days of Zea mays
Cr Cd Ni Co
Treatments Treatments
Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves

control 18±0.57 2±0.65 1±0.01 2.2±0.05 1.4±0.17 9.6±0.05 control 4.7±0.05 0.6±0.01 0.2±0.06 49±0.57 4.6±0.05 4.2±0.11
20% 12±1.87 5±0.57 3±0.14 4.1±0.05 1.5±0.02 9.7±.057 20% 14.0±1.46* 1.5±0.01 1.2±0.02 88±2.15* 8.0±0.28 6.2±0.35
40% 14±1.57* 6±.057* 4±0.28* 6.0±0.28 5.9 ±0.13* 10.0±0.28 40% 18.0±1.58* 2.6±0.03* 2.0±0.05* 92±2.11* 8.6±0.11* 7.8±0.51*
60% 29±1.98* 7±0.28* 8±0.50* 7.5±0.28* 9.6±0.11* 12.0±0.28 60% 36.0±2.54* 5.0±0.11* 4.0±0.05* 96±7.57* 9.2±0.11* 7.0±1.29*
80% 36±2.30* 7±0.65* 9±0.93* 7.8±0.11* 12.8±0.11* 12.0±0.57 80% 38.3±3.20* 6.0±0.28* 4.6±0.01* 107±5.57* 10.2±0.15* 8.5±1.28*
100% 48±1.11* 9±0.77* 10±0.76* 9.8±0.11* 13.6±0.05* 14.0±1.27* 100% 55.0±5.47* 8.0±014* 7.0±0.14* 112±8.73* 12.0±0.57* 9.0±1.11*
Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically
significant at p<0.05 level significant at p<0.05 level
Table - 2: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Cr and Cd Table - 5: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Cu and Fe
concentration on 90 days of Zea mays concentration 50 day’s concentration of Zea mays
Cr Cd Cu Fe
Treatments Treatments
Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves

control 8±0.14 3.0±0.10 1.2±0.15 2.3±0.77 1.3±0.15 11.9±0.52 Control 5.0±0.01 2.2±0.01 2.0±0.02 42±1.57 32±1.54 16.4±0.11
20% 15±1.12 8.0±1.15 5.6±0.44 5.1±0.60 3.0±0.14 13.4±0.11 20% 7.0±0.28 3.0±0.08 3.0±0.14 43±1.57 35±1.27 19.6±0.11
40% 21±1.87 8.0±0.57 6.0±0.26* 6.8±0.56* 12.0±0.05 14.0±1.11 40% 7.2±0.05 4.5±0.14 3.0±0.14 48±1.15 41±2.11 20.0±1.15
60% 32±2.74 10.7±0.70*9.0±0.28* 8.4±0.89* 12.6±0.34 14.0±1.11 60% 7.8±0.11 5.0±0.14* 4.2±0.11 48±1.57 42±2.57 22.4±1.15*
80% 42±4.23 9.8±0.46 9.5±0.28* 8.3±0.88* 15.0±0.57 16.0±0.57 80% 8.0±0.01 5.6±0.08* 4.3±0.14 54±1.25* 43±2.11* 22.6±1.11*
100% 52±4.91 10.0±0.57*11.0±0.57* 9.5±0.93* 17.0±0.15 18.1±0.88* 100% 8.5±0.14* 6.3±0.22* 5.0±0.14* 55±2.88* 52±3.15* 33.0±1.57*
Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically
significant at p<0.05 level significant at p<0.05 level
Table - 3: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Ni and Co 50 day’s Table - 6: Effect of asbestos industry effluent on tissue Cu and Fe
concentration of Zea mays concentration 90 day’s concentration of Zea mays
Ni Co Cu Fe
Treatments Treatments
Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves Root Stem Leaves

control 4±0.57 0.6±.0.28 0.2±0.06 46±2.57 4.3±0.55 4.2±0.05 Control 5.2±0.01 2.6±0.05 2.2±0.02 11±0.57 33±0.57 18±0.57
20% 11±0.77* 1.0±.0.11 0.8 ±0.01 85±3.57* 7.5±1.00 5.0±0.17 20% 7.4±0.11 4.1±0.20 3.4±0.05 50±1.15* 36±0.57 20±0.57
40% 14±0.56* 1.8±0.11 1.6±0.01 89±3.11* 7.7±1.11 5.5±0.25 40% 8.1±0.01 7.0±0.28 3.0±0.05 52±2.57* 42±1.15 21±0.57
60% 28±2.96* 4.2±0.28* 3.6±0.05* 92±5.11* 7.9±1.05 6.0±0.65* 60% 8.3±0.17 7.1±0.28 3.9±0.21 58±3.15* 46±1.52* 23±1.46
80% 36±5.58* 5.0±0.14* 4.1±0.05* 98±5.57* 8.4±1.05* 6.5±0.87* 80% 8.5±0.11 7.5±0.25 4.0±0.05 58±3.77* 50±3.47* 28±1.57*
100% 48±3.87* 7.0±0.23* 6.0±0.11* 102±6.11* 8.5±1.05* 6.7±0.78* 100% 9.2±0.25* 8.1±0.279*5.3±0.12* 60±5.15* 57±3.67* 32±1.89*
Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically Metals : µg g-1, values are mean of three replicates ±SE and (*) statistically
significant at p<0.05 level significant at p<0.05 level

Fe, while for Pb, Cr and Ni, a greater uncertainty in the estimation
of the levels in the final product is expected. Luca et al. (2004)
studied that among the four heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd)
contained in the industrial organic waste, only Zn, Cu and Cr
concentrations in plants differed consistently between clones or soil
treatments, while Cd levels were always below the detection limits.
Nadia et al. (2004) also indicated that the toxicity of Cu and Cr was
significantly decreased in the spiked forest soil, suggesting lower
metal bioavailability to barley in the natural soil. Analysis of tissue
concentrations in barley showed that Cu and Cr were mainly
accumulated in the roots. Toxicity was correlated with Cr residues
in shoots (11.2 and 5.3 µg Cr g-1 for artificial and natural soils,
respectively) and roots (161 and 51.7 µg Cr g-1 for artificial and
natural soils, respectively) and Cu residues in roots (61.8 and
91.3 µg Cr g-1 for artificial and natural soils, respectively). Cu
concentration in shoot tissues was 61.8 µg Cr g-1. Since it may
overestimate toxicity, effect and risk assessment using spiked soils,
particularly in artificial soil, must be used with diligence.
According to Pandey and Srivastava (2002) adjacent areas
along with the drain of industrial effluent and domestic sewage are
highly polluted and represent a sink for heavy metals and a large
variety of chemicals. The accumulation of heavy metals like Cd, Cu,
Zn, Hg, Ni, Pb, Cr etc., has been studied in industrial waste water
amended soil. The cropland is increasingly becoming unsuitable
for agriculture due to the indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluent.
The industrial pollutants change the quality (pH and electrical
conductivity) of soil and water (Sekar, 2001). It is evident that
industrial wastewater adversely affects the soil characteristics, making
it unfit for cultivation. It is estimated that in India about 36% of the

Research in Environment and Life Sciences 111 November, 2008

Giri et al.
irrigated area suffer from soil and water related problems because
of indiscriminate use of poor quality water and in the absence of
proper soil water crop management practices.
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