28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community Recommended Details for Reinforced Concrete Construction yt «july, 2019 Part2: Beams ‘This article isthe second in a series on recommended reinforcement detalls for castin-place concrete Construction. The first article, on Two-Way Slabs, ran inthe June 2019 issue of STRUCTURE, {ural Reinforcement Detailing Fl ‘Once the size of the cross-section of a beam has been determined based on serviceability and strength requirements, the required area of flexural reinforcement, As, I calculated by seting the required flexural strength, Mu, equal tothe design flexural strength, Mn. The size and numberof reinforcing bars must be {chosen to (1) provide an area of reinforcement equal to or greater than the amount that is required, and (2) salisty the minimum and maximum spacing requirements in ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for ‘Structural Concrete and Commentary, Beam Width (in.) 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 48 3) 4/4/4 oe Table 1. Minimum numberof reinforcing bars required in a single layer Reinforcing bars that are spaced too far apart could result in relatively large flexural crack widths. Thus, the ‘maximum center-o-center spacing, s, of the deformed longitudinal bars to mit crack widths is given by the following equation (see ACI Table 24.3.2) where fs s the calculated stress in the flexural reinforcement closest tothe tension face of the section due to service loads and cc is the least distance from the surface ofthe reinforcement to the tension face of the ‘member. itis permitted to assume that fs = 21yi3 where fy isthe specified yield strength ofthe reinforcement. ‘Table 1 contains values of the minimum number of bars required in a single layer fr various beam widths based on Grade 60 reinforcement (fs = 40,000 psi), cc = 2 inches (1.54nch cover plus the diameter of a #4 stirup), and the overall longitudinal reinforcing bar diameter (approximate dlameter to the outside deformations ofthe bar), whichis given in Table 2 15 one —2.5¢, 40,000 12 Minimum spacing between the longitudinal bars is required to adequately place the concrete; concrete may s< lesser of not be able to flow in the voids between the barsf the bars are spaced too closely together, especially with ‘concrete mixes with larger aggregates. According to ACI 318-14, Section 25.2.1, the minimum clear space between reinforcing bars must be at least equal tothe greatest of 1 inch, db, or (4dagg/3) where db isthe ‘nominal diameter ofthe longitudinal reinforcing bars and dagg is the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate inthe concrete mix. Table 3 contains the maximum number of bars that ean fit in a single layer for -forreinforced-concrete-construction-2! wr tps: civilax comrecommended-deta28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community various beam widths based on Grade 60 reinforcoment, the overall ainforcng bar diameter, 1.S-inch cover to the beam stirups, dagg = % inch, #9 stirups used with #4, #5, and #6 longitudinal bar, and #4 stirrups used for #7 and larger longitudinal bars. Bar Approximate Diameter to Outside Size Deformations (in.) #3 te #4 ZG #5 ly, #6 % #7 1 #8 1% #9 1% #10 1% #11 1% #14 1% #18 2% Table 3. Maximum number af reinforcing bars permitted in 9 single layer ‘Selecting the number of longitudinal bars within the limits of Tables * and 3 provides automatic compliance with the ACI318 requirements for cover and spacing, given the assumptions noted above, The minimum clear spacing requirements of ACI 318-14, Section 25.2.1, are also applicable to contac lap splices ana adjacent splices or bars. Using the largest practical bar sizes that satisfy these requirements usually results In overall cost savings. htps:wwuclvilax comrecommended-delalls-for-einforced-concrete-construction-2/28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community tna 9. tna 2 ti F Note t(yp) y= A/F Note? AR 0.1258 Note 4 (typ.) < 0.125ey2 nz Abs S0.125Eps fns toads Perimeter Beams ‘ACI318-14, Section 9.7.3, contains the requirements for the development of reinforcing bars in beams. For beams subjected to uniformly distributed gravity loads where the shape of the moment diagram is known, the development lengths in Figure 1 can be used. These recommended details include the requirements for structural intogrtyreinforcoment in ACI 318-14, Section 9.7.7, and can be used for beams that have been designed using the approximate bending moment coeficients in ACI Table 6.5.2. The Notes in Figure 1 are as follows: Reinforcement be anchored to develop fy atthe face of the support, (Standard hooks are depicted in Figure 1.) {At least the larger of (A+S1/4) or (A+82/4) but not less than 2 bars must be continuous or spiced with Class B tension splices or mechanical or welded splices. {At least the larger of (A-s1/6) or (A-82/6) but not les than 2 bars must be continuous or spliced with Class & tonsion splices or mechanical or welded splices, Closed stirups in accordance with ACI 318-14, Section 25.7.1, or hoops must be provided along the clear span Where the requirements in Note 2 are not satiied for beams ather than perimeter beams, closed stirups in ‘accordance with ACI Section 25.7.1.6 or hoops along the clear span must be provided For simpler detaling all the bottom bars are often extended the entire span instead of cuting off a portion of them, as shown in Figure 1 htps:wwuclvilax comrecommended-delalls-for-einforced-concrete-construction-2/28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community » T | pom at, at coun Figure 2. Spice arangement for bottom bars in 9 reinforced concrote beam: 2) Al bottom bars spliced over the column; 2) Separate spice bas provided in the beam-calumn jot Lapping of continuous bottom bars at supports often presents congestion and instalation problems, For ‘example, itis common to splice all the bottom bars aver the columns away from the section of maximum postive reinforcement, as shown in Figure 2a. This arrangements the simplest to detail and is most suitable where the beams are wider than the columns. How ult in congestion in the beam-column joints. tose the detain Figure 2b: spice bars are provided in the joint, which ‘One way to circumvent this issue are spliced to the bottom bars on both sides ofthe joint, This arrangement works very well with preassembled beam cages because no bottom bars pass through the column during installation. Even though this arrangement increases the amount of reinforcing steel that is required, the cost ofthe addtional material may ‘be more than offset by the savings in labor and other costs; it may be the most cost-effective arrangement in certain situations. Detailing Shear Reinforcement ‘To avoid potential congestion issues at beam-column joints, itis good practice to specify beams that are at least 4 inches wider than the columns into which they frame. As floor systems become shallower (which also leads to overall economy), beams generally need to become wider. Proper slirup detaling in wide beams is. ‘essential fo ensure thatthe longitudinal flexural reinforcement and the stirrups are fully effective. (b) Figure 2, Beam strap configuration: 2) Three one-piece, cased stirs dstnbuted across the Beor wth; B)Alemate stirap caniguration with open strips and stp caps htps:wwuclvilax comrecommended-delalls-for-einforced-concrete-construction-2/28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community Research has shown that locating stirups solely around the perimeter of a wide beam is not fly effective, “Thus, sirup legs are required in the interior of @ wide beam, A comman stirup configuration i ilustrated in Figure 32, where three closed stirrups are provided. One problem with this configuration is that none of the stirnps traverse the full net width (that i, the full Beam width minus the total side cover) of the beam. Thus, the overall with ofthe stirrup arrangement needs to be measured and verified inthe field before installation, hich translates to extra time and cost, During installation, iis possible forthe net width to change when the preassembled cage is hoisted into postion by crane; this increases the possibly that the provided cover wil bo less than that which is required. Another problem may occur where the stirups are built in place instead of preassembled: one-piece closed sttrups make it challenging to place al the required longitudinal reinforcement in the beam, especially where large, ong longitudinal bars must be threaded through the stirups. In the configuration ilustrated in Figure 3b, a single, open stirup is provided that extends the full net width of the beam. A stirup cap consisting of a horizontal bar with a 135-degree haok at one end and a 90-cegree hhook at the other end is provided at the top ofthe configuration, which also extends the full net width ofthe ‘beam. Providing full-width strup helps in maintaining the correct concrete cover and facilitates installation of the beam reinforcement: longitudinal bars can be placed easily within the beam from the top before: Installation ofthe stirup cap. Two sets of ientical U-stirups with 135-hooks are shown symmetrically placed Within the interior of the beam. This configuration provides a cost-effecive way of providing shear teinforcament for wide beams. Concrete Concrete Concrete Cover Cover ‘Cover | Concrete | Concrete | Concrete Drip Cover Drip Cover Drip Cover Groove Groove Groove (a) (b) ( Figure 4. A beam witha crip groove on the bottom soft: a) Inadequate bottom cover at the drip greove;b) Shifting the enforcement cage upward causes nadequete tp cover ¢) Adequate concrete cover provided at bat the op and bottom surfaces, Drip Grooves [A drip groove or edge in a beam often presents @ problem in maintaining the required cover to the reinforcement in the beam (Figure 4a). Itis frequently not feasible to increase the concrete cover after the bars in the beam have been detailed. Raising the stirrups from the bottom to achieve the required bottom cover decreases the top caver (Figure 48). A practical solution isto measure the conerete cover tothe drip groove and detail the stirrups accordingly, as shown in Figure 4c. This impacts the overall effective depth to the flexural reinforcement and needs to be accounted forin the design, -forreinforced-concrete-construction-2! tps: civilax comrecommended-deta28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community _ Top bars over primar primary fecondary [Nine in. cover ee one 1% in. cover Primary 1}in. cover be secondary seis beam bare beam Figure 5, Layering of beam and slab reinforcing bars at beam intersections Beam Intersections ‘Maintaining the proper concrete cover can also be challenging at beam intersections (Figure 5). In particular, layering the top steel in the slab at such intersections can create constructablty issues. The sequencing and layering of beam and slab top reinforcoment can also create congestion issues, The folowing sequence for bar placoment is one way of avoiding problems associated with these intersections: Erect the reinforcement forthe primary beams (bottom bars, stirups, and top bars) as stand-alone cages and set in place. Place the stitrups (bottom pieces of twospiece stirrups) and the bottom bars for the secondary beams. Place the bottom bars forthe slab (not depicted in Figure § for cart) Place the top bars and the top piaces of the two-piace stirups for the secondary beams. Place the tp bars forthe slab. ‘Additional recommendations for detaling of reinforced concrete beams, including detaling guidelines for torsional reinforcement, steps in beams, and for beams in bulding assigned to Seismic Design Categories C through F can be found inthe CRS! publication Design Guide for Economical Reinforced Conerete ‘Structures. References ‘AGI (American Concrete Institute). 2014, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. ACI 318-14, Farmington Hills, Michigan. RSI (Concrete Reinforcing Stee! Institute). 2018. Reinforcing Bar Detalling. Schaumburg, IL RSI (Concrete Reinforcing Stee! Institute), 2016, Design Guide for Economical Reinforced Concrete Structures. Schaumburg, IL Civitax tps://ar bia com -forreinforced-concrete-construction-2! tps: civilax comrecommended-deta28/01/2020 Recommended Delails for Reinforced Concrete Construction - Civil Engineering Community Cciviax isthe Knowledge Base covering all disciplines in Civil Engineering, We aim to close the gap to the industry by improving the awareness about latest trends in Civil Engineering, fin w htps:wwuclvilax comrecommended-delalls-for-einforced-concrete-construction-2/ uw