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An Algorithm For The Automatic Design of Concrete Shell Reinforcement
An Algorithm For The Automatic Design of Concrete Shell Reinforcement
A. B. COLOMBO a
abcolombo@gmail.com
J. C. DELLA BELLA a
dbella@usp.br
T. N. BITTENCOURT a
tbitten@gmail.com
Abstract
An algorithm developed for the design of reinforcement in concrete shells is presented in this text. The formulation and theory behind the develop-
ment is shown, as well as results showing its robustness and capability of application on fairly large-scale structures. The design method is based
on the three-layer model for reinforced concrete shell elements. A material model is also proposed in order to improve the numerical stability of the
algorithm. Comparisons of single element design show that the modifications made to the material model don’t effect significantly the final results
while making for better numerical stability.
Resumo
Um algoritmo desenvolvido para o dimensionamento de armaduras para cascas de concreto armado é apresentado neste artigo. A formulação
e aspectos teóricos que fundamentam o método são apresentados assim como, os resultados que mostram a robustez e capacidade de apli-
cação do algoritmo em estruturas de grande porte. O método de dimensionamento é baseada no modelo das três chapas para elementos de
casca em concreto armado. Um modelo constitutivo é proposto para obter melhor estabilidade numérica no algoritmo. Comparações feitas do
dimensionamento de um único elemento mostram que as modificações do modelo constitutivo não apresentam mudanças significantes nos
resultados enquanto proporcionam melhor estabilidade numérica.
a
Departamento de Estruturas e Geotécnica, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Received: 31 Jan 2013 • Accepted: 10 Sep 2013 • Available Online: 13 Feb 2014
© 2014 IBRACON
An algorithm for the automatic design of concrete shell reinforcement
Shell type structural elements are used to model a great number of re- Shells are two-dimensional elements that are subjected to com-
inforced concrete structures, these elements can be found in structures bined membrane and plate load components. Generally the state
such as nuclear power plants, offshore structures, and tunnel linings. This of internal stresses in the shell can be described in function of
document focuses on finding the necessary reinforcement for a shell or eight resultant force components shown in Figure 1. An ideal-
plate element subjected to membrane forces Nx, Ny, Nxy and flexural forc- ized shell composing of three layers is proposed by CEB [12], in
es Mx, My and Mxy. In the last decades many researchers (Baumann [1], this idealization the outer layers resist the bending moments and
Brodum-Nielsen [2] and Gupta [3]) have proposed solutions for this type membrane forces acting on the shell and the inner layer resists
of problem. The basic idea behind these solutions is that the forces and the transverse shear.
moments are resisted by the resultant tensile forces of the reinforcement The membrane forces for the outer layers of the model can be
and the resultant compressive forces of the concrete blocks. found by applying equilibrium between the shell’s membrane
More complex models, which focus on the behavioral analysis of rein- forces and bending moments and the membrane forces for
forced shell elements, have also been developed (Scordelis [4], Hu the outer layers, as shown in Figure 2. Equations (1) - (6) are
[5], Cervera [6], Polak [7], Wang [8], Liu [9], Schulz [10] and Hara [11]). obtained through this equilibrium, in these equations, h(z+), h(z-
These formulations are fundamental for the development of new design )
, hsx(z+), hsy(z+), hsx(z-) and hsy(z-) are the indicated dimensions in
techniques, on the other hand the complexity of the material models and Figure 3.
analysis procedures involved in these, make them very difficult to apply
in practical design situations.
For these situations a simpler procedure is more favorable. Gupta [3] pre-
sented a general solution procedure and an automatic solution algorithm
(1)
based on it and on the CEB [12] formulation was presented by Lourenço
[13], these authors proposed a general method of solution, including cas-
es where there is no need for reinforcement. Tomás [14] used optimiza-
tion techniques to design elements using this formulation. More recently N y h( z- ) + M y
Fall [15] suggested the same algorithm to reinforce tailor-made concrete
structures. The algorithm presented here is proposed as an alternative to
N y ( z +) =
( h( z+ ) + h( z -) )
(2)
the one presented by Lourenço [13], it diverges on the algorithm structure
and some modifications were made to the material model adopted.
2. Formulation
(3)
This section will discuss the basic theoretical concepts necessary
in order to comprehend the proposed algorithm.
(4) (6)
Figure 2 – Equilibrium between membrane forces in the outer layers and the shell active forces
and membrane forces in order to account for the real reinforce- 2.2 Reinforcement for membrane elements
ment depth.
The real forces acting on the reinforcement can be found by impos- As shown in the previous item, determining the necessary reinforce-
ing equilibrium between the calculated values at the mid-plane of ment for membrane elements is an essential part of the solution for
the membrane and the values at the real position of the reinforce- the three-layer model. Reinforcement in membrane elements has
ment, as shown in Figure 4, this provides the following equations been studied by many authors including Baumann [1], Brodum-
for the real reinforcement values. Nielsen [2] and Gupta [16]. The design method proposed by the
structural code CEB [12] incorporates the main ideas proposed by
(
N sx , y ( z + ) × h( z + ) + h( z - ) )
N sx , y ( z + ) shell =
(h + hsx , y ( x - ' ) (9)
( z -)
(10)
(21)
(13)
(22)
(14)
In a similar form if eq. (14) yields a negative value for Nsy, its’ pos-
sible to obtain the following equations for Case III.
(15) (23)
The optimal design is obtained for q = 45°, so long as Nsx > 0 and
Nsy > 0, meaning that the reinforcement is needed in both x and y
directions. This case will be referred to as Case I, applying the q (24)
value above to eq. (13)-(15) yields the following equations.
(16)
(25)
(17)
(26)
(19)
(28)
chio [17]. This model was based on experimental results from re-
inforced concrete panels. In this model the maximum compressive
(35)
(30)
The material model proposed in this paper adapts the above ex-
pression to interpolate between the values given by the CEB. In
When working with the three-layer model, the solution to the nec- this model as e1 increases, the compressive strength is reduced
essary reinforcement problem is finding the thickness of the outer from the value given by eq. (32) down to a minimum value given
layers. This thickness is found by dividing the compression force by expression (34). When the element is subjected to biaxial com-
acting parallel to the crack direction of the concrete membrane Nc pression the increase in the concrete strength given by eq. (33) is
by a limit stress, the evaluation of this limit stress will be described considered. Equations (36)-(38) give a mathematical representa-
in the next item. Eq. (31) may be used to find the thickness of the tion of the proposed model.
layer.
b=
1.0
( )
, 0.6 0.85 £ b £ 1.0 (36)
(31) 0.8 - 0.34 × (e 1 e cp )
(34) (40)
The simplicity of the above model makes it ideal for practical use Using these equations it’s possible to find ε1 by estimating values
in structural design. A more complex model that represents the for ε2 and εsx or εsy. Expressions for ε1 will be developed for the four
behavior of concrete in a better manner was presented by Vec- cases of membrane reinforcement shown in item 2.2. For Case I
(41)
For Case II setting ε2 = εcp and εsx = εyi in eq. (39) yields eq. (42).
Working in a similar form with Case III we obtain eq.(43) from eq.
(40). The ε1 value in the equations below can be obtained from Element B
equations (22) and (26) for Case II and Case III, respectively.
(42)
Figure 6 – Reinfocement area results for finite element model (Units: cm2/m)
problems significantly but there is still plenty of room for improve- Monotonic Loading,” Computers and Structures, vol. V. 38,
ment. Another aspect that should be mentioned is the lack of no. No. 5/6, pp. 637-651, 1991.
displacement compatibility in the shell formulation. These issues [06] M. Cervera, E. Hinton and O. Hassan, “Nonlinear Analysis
should be studied in future works on the area. of Reinforced Concrete Plate and Shell Structures Using
20-Noded Isoparametric Brick Elements,” Computers and
6. References Structures, vol. V. 25, no. No. 6, pp. 845-869, 1987.
[07] M. A. Polak and F. J. Vecchio, “Reinforced Concrete Shell
[01] T. Baumann, “Zur Frage der Netzbewehrung von Flächen- Elements Subjected to Bending and Membrane Loads,” ACI
tragwerken,” Der Bauingenieur, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 367-377, Structural Journal, vol. V.91, no. No.3, pp. 261-268, May-
1972. June 1994.
[02] T. Brodum-Nielsen, “Optimum Design of Reinforced Con- [08] W. Wang and S. Teng, “Finite-Element Analysis of Rein-
crete Shells and Slabs,” Copenhagen, 1974. forced Concrete Flat Plate Strucutres by Layered Shell Ele-
[03] A. K. Gupta, “Combined Membrane and Flexural Reinforce- ment,” Journal of Structural Engineering - ASCE, vol. 134,
ment in Plates and Shells,” Journal of Structural Engineering no. 12, pp. 1862-1872, December 2008.
- ASCE, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 550-557, March 1985. [09] Y. Liu and S. Teng, “Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Con-
[04] A. C. Scordelis and E. C. Chan, “Nonlinear Analysis of Rein- crete Slabs Using Nonlayered Shell Element,” Journal of
forced Concrete Shells,” Computer Applications in Concrete Structural Engineering - ASCE, vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 1092-
Technology, SP-98, pp. 25-57, 1987. 1100, July 2008.
[05] H. T. Hu and W. C. Schnobrich, “Nonlinear Finite Element [10] M. Schulz and M. P. S. d’Avila, “Analysis of Reinforced
Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Plates and Shells under Concrete Shells with Transverse Shear Forces,” Journal of
Structural Engineering - ASCE, pp. 837-848, July 2010. [14] A. Tomás and P. Martí, “Design of reinforcement for concrete
[11] T. Hara, “Application of Computational Technologies to R/C co-planar shell,” MECCANICA, pp. 657-669, 2010.
Structural Analysis,” Computers and Concrete, vol. 8, no. 1, [15] D. Fall, K. Lundgren, R. Rempling and K. Gylltoft, “Reinforc-
pp. 97-110, 2011. ing tailor-made concrete structures: Alternatives and chal-
[12] Comité Euro-Internacional du Béton, Model Code 1990, lenges,” Engineering Structures, p. 372–378, 2012.
London: Thomas Telford, 1990. [16] A. K. Gupta, “Membrane Reinforcemnt in Shells,” Journal of
[13] P. B. Lourenço and J. A. Figueiras, “Automatic Design of the Structural Division - ASCE, pp. 41-56, January 1981.
Reinforcement in Concrete Plates and Shells,” Engineering [17] F. J. Vecchio and M. P. Collins, “The Modified Compression-
Computations, vol. 10, pp. 519-541, 1993. Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to
Asx(z+) Asy(z+) Asx(z-) Asy(z-) q(z+) q(z-) a(z+) a(z-) fc(z+) fc(z-)
Element Algorithm
(cm2/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m) (deg) (deg) (m) (m) (MPa) (MPa)
Lourenço et. al. 1.00 12.14 15.14 2.27 -79.6° 45.0° 0.0816 0.0495 7.34 7.34
A
Proposed algorithm 0.00 12.10 13.56 1.99 -79.1° 45.0° 0.0584 0.0464 8.88 7.39
D (%) N/A -0.35 -10.45 -12.51 -0.65 0.00 -28.42 -6.18 21.0 0.62
Lourenço et. al. 10.85 14.19 0.00 0.00 -45.0° N/A 0.0236 0.0474 57.3 10.40
B
Proposed algorithm 11.23 14.34 0.00 0.00 -45.0° N/A 0.0244 0.0536 47.3 10.46
D (%) 3.51 1.09 N/A N/A 0.00 N/A 3.42 13.13 90.6 0.61
Shear,” ACI Journal, pp. 219-231, 1986. hsx(z-) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the x direction (z-)
[18] R. Chen and J. C. Della Bella, “Design of Reinforced Con-
crete Two-dimensional Structural Elements: Membranes, reinforcement;
Plates and Shells,” IBRACON Structural Journal, vol. 2, no. hsy(z-) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the y direction (z-)
3, pp. 320-344, September 2006.
reinforcement;
7. Symbols M x = bending moment per unit length in the x direction (Fig. 1);
M y = bending moment per unit length in the y direction (Fig. 1);
a ( z + ) , a ( z − ) = thickness of the (z+) and (z-) layers (Fig. 3); Mxy = twisting moment per unit length (Fig. 1);
fck = characteristic strength for concrete;
N x = normal force per unit length in the x direction (Fig. 1);
fcd1 = average concrete strength for uncracked concrete; N y = normal force per unit length in the y direction (Fig. 1);
fcd2 = average concrete strength for cracked concrete; Nxy = shear force per unit length (Fig. 1);
f c = average concrete strength given by material model; N c1 = maximum principal tensile force per unit length;
h = shell thickness;
N c 2 = minimum principal tensile force per unit length;
h( z + ) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the (z+) layer mid-plane; N x ( z + ) , N y ( z + ) , Nxy (z+) = membrane forces per unit length act-
h( z − ) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the (z-) layer mid-plane; ing in (z+) layer (Fig. 2);
hsx(z+) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the x direction (z+) N x ( z − ) , N y ( z − ) , Nxy (z-) = membrane forces per unit length acting
reinforcement;
in (z-) layer (Fig. 2);
hsy(z+) = distance from the shell mid-plane to the y direction (z+) Nsx,y (z+) = resisting forces per unit length for the x and y reinforce-
reinforcement;
Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Nx (tf/m) -1494.1 -1063.2 -263.6 -117.1 -648.7 -482.1 -682.2 -872.8 -541.7 -327.5
Ny (tf/m) -116.2 101.1 276.4 -191.4 -68.6 23.6 -2.6 41.7 -5.3 0.6
Nxy (tf/m) -29.5 57.5 83.6 -371.5 -114.2 30.1 30.4 190.2 10.4 13.1
Mx (tf.m/m) 291.3 32.2 -148.1 -107.8 -95.4 25.0 37.7 -61.5 -0.1 -0.7
My (tf.m/m) 36.4 72.4 -209.0 -295.9 -32.0 8.4 7.6 1.2 -1.7 -1.7
Mxy (tf.m/m) -86.5 -64.0 113.3 31.8 56.1 -13.3 -11.5 59.2 2.2 0.6
h (m) 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 0.80 0.80 1.30 0.80 0.55
hsx(z+) (m) 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.250 0.250 0.400 0.250 0.125
hsy(z+) (m) 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.300 0.300 0.450 0.300 0.175
hsx(z-) (m) 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.250 0.250 0.400 0.250 0.125
hsy(z-) (m) 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.300 0.300 0.450 0.300 0.175
fcd (MPa) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
fsyd (MPa) 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8 434.8
Asx(z+) (cm2/m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Asy(z+) (cm2/m) 22.85 30.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.97 2.74 16.47 0.00 0.00
Asx(z-) (cm2/m) 0.00 0.00 16.75 67.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Asy(z-) (cm2/m) 0.00 0.00 98.35 99.86 11.61 0.55 0.00 5.01 0.00 1.09
q(z+) -53.9° -85.8° 0.0° 0.0° 0.0° -88.1° -88.9° 73.1° 0.0° 0.0°
q(z-) 0.0° 0.0° -45.0° -45.0° -65.1° 82.9° 0.0° 85.3° 0.0° 88.1°
fc(z+) (MPa) 12.9 15.8 18.3 18.3 18.3 15.9 15.9 15.0 18.3 18.3
fc(z-) (MPa) 18.3 18.3 12.9 12.9 14.0 15.7 18.3 15.8 18.3 15.9
a(z+)(m) 0.1837 0.3170 0.1943 0.2588 0.2278 0.1196 0.1630 0.3897 0.1485 0.0891
a(z-)(m) 0.7360 0.3176 0.0898 0.3508 0.2014 0.1891 0.2336 0.2143 0.1481 0.1042
3rd iteration for Element 3 from Table 2: A negative reinforcement force in this case indicates
The previous iteration yielded the following thickness that using the real reinforcement depth leads to no
values: need for reinforcement in the (z+) shell to correct the
force acting in the (z+) membrane in the y-direction.
a( z +) = 0.1949m Þ h( z +) = h 2 - a ( z+ ) 2 = 0.5525m Since DN y ( z +) acts in the mid-plane of the membrane
a( z -) = 0.0910m Þ h( z -) = h 2 - a( z -) 2 = 0.6045m it's necessary to substitute hsy( z + ) = h( z +) in eq. (7).