1.

Francis Turbine: The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine that is widely

used in medium to high-head applications, typically ranging from 30 to 600
meters. It has a mixed flow design, where water enters the turbine radially and
exits axially, passing through both fixed and moving blades. Francis turbines
are known for their high efficiency and wide operating range, making them
suitable for a wide range of hydroelectric power plants.
2. Kaplan Turbine: The Kaplan turbine is a type of axial-flow turbine that is
commonly used in low-head applications, typically ranging from 3 to 30
meters. It has adjustable blades that allow for efficient operation over a wide
range of flow rates and heads. Kaplan turbines are known for their compact
design and high efficiency at low heads, making them suitable for run-of-river
hydroelectric power plants and tidal power generation.
3. Pelton Turbine: The Pelton turbine is a type of impulse turbine that is used in
high-head applications, typically ranging from 200 to 2000 meters. It has one
or more jet nozzles that direct high-speed water jets onto the curved blades
of the turbine, causing it to rotate. Pelton turbines are known for their high
efficiency and ability to handle high heads and low flow rates, making them
suitable for mountainous regions with high-altitude reservoirs.