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Chapter 6 Cellular Movement and Muscles
1)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 6-1

Which of the following is a motor protein?

A)

myosin
B)

microtubules
C)

microfilament s
D)

intermediate filaments
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 209
2)

Which of the following types of movement may NOT require use of a motor protein?
A)

muscle contraction
B)

flagellar movement
C)

vesicle transport
D)

amoeboid movement
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 209
3)

Microtub ules are strings of tubulin proteins that are formed from a
A)

dimer of α- tubulin.
B)

single string of α-tubulin.

C)

dimer of one α-tubulin and one β-tubulin.

D)

hexamer of α- tubulins and β-tubulins twisted together.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 212
4)

Microtub ule growth will stop if

A)

concentration of tubulin drops below a critical point.

B)

cholchicine binds to free tubulin.

C)

GTP on the β- tubulin is hydrolyzed.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 213-214
5) The microtubule disruptor, vinblastine

A) is derived from the autumn crocus.
B) kills dividing tumor cells by disrupting the mitotic spindle.
C) kills cells that line blood vessels, thus cutting off blood flow to tumors.
D) B and C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 215

6)

________ __ vesicles are transported to the membrane by the motor protein __________.
A)

Filled; kinesin
B)

Filled; dynein
C)

Empty; kinesin
D)

Empty; dynein
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 216
7)

Kinesin- associated proteins have the ability to do all of the following EXCEPT
A)

affect kinetics of movement.

B)

affect the type of cargo binding to kinesin.

C)

affect the isoforms used to build kinesin.

D)

affect the ATP hydrolysis rate.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 216
8)

Dyneins generate movement in cilia and flagella by

A)

the dynein moving along its own microtubule, pulling the cell membrane with it.
B)

the dynein on one side of the flagella moving along its neighbor's tubule.
C)

all dyneins moving along their neighbors' tubules in a synchronized fashion.

D)

the dynein pushing on the neighboring tubules, generating movement.

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 216
9)

The microfilament __________ is commonly used with its motor protein, __________.
A)

actin; dynein
B)

nexin; dynein
C)

actin; myosin
D)

nexin; kinesin
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 217
10)

What is the function of capping proteins?

A)

to prevent increased growth of microfilaments

B)

to stabilize the microfilament, allowing for increases in length

C)

to attach microfilaments together at a common point

D)

to allow the microfilament to bind to the cell membrane

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 217
11)

Which of the following statements about movement via actin polymerization is true?
A)

Movement can be generated using actin polymerization by itself (no motor proteins).
B)

Movement occurs only when motor proteins move across actin polymers.
C)

Actin polymerization prevents growth of filapodia.

D)

During cell movement there is always a net growth of actin polymer length.
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 218
12) Filapodia
A) are rodlike extensions of cells formed by myosin fibers.
B) are used by nerve cells to make physical contact with neighboring cells.
C) resemble pseudopodia found in protists.
D) arise from sheetlike networks of microfilaments.
Answer: B
Page ref: 218
13)

Actin and myosin work together to allow

A)

movement of vesicles throughout the cell.

B)

movement of muscle.
C)

movement of the cell itself.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 218-219
14)

The __________ of the myosin is where ATP is broken down, providing energy for movement.
A)

tail
B)

neck
C)

head
D)

light chains
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 219
15)

In the bridge cycle, the power stroke of myosin is immediately preceded by which of the following
cross- events?
A)

the hydrolysis of ATP

B)

binding the actin

C)

releasing Pi
D)

binding new ATP

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 221
16)

The unitary displacement of the myosin refers to

A)

how many actins are displaced by myosin.

B)

how far along the actin filament the myosin can move in one cycle.
C)

how many units of time pass during one cross-bridge cycle.

D)

how much time the myosin stays bound to the actin before it is displaced.
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 222
17)

When moves along the actin, it goes through cycles of binding and releasing (duty cycle). How
myosin does myosin keep from losing its place on the actin when it releases?

A)

The time of the duty cycle is large (.99) so that it is only unattached a short time.
B)

The myosin is to the actin by weak electrostatic forces that prevent it from moving too far away
still attracted during release.
C)

The myosin is actin by another protein that it uses as a safety line to prevent it from slipping too far
attached to the back.
D)

The myosin is arranged in dimers so that when one releases, the other is bound.
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 222
18)

The main component in __________ of a muscle cell is polymerized actin.

A)

thin filaments
B)

thick filaments
C)

A-bands
D)

Z-disks
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 224
19)

The thin filaments are stabilized by being capped by __________ at one end and CapZ at the other.
A)

troponin
B)

tropomodulin
C)

tropomyosin
D)

a polymer of all three

Answer:

B
Page Ref226
20)

The sarcomere, or contractile unit of striated muscle, extends from one __________ to the next.
A)

Z-disk
B)

M-line
C)

A-band
D)

I-band
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 226
21)

In what ways is muscle myosin II the same as the myosin used in vesicle travel?
A)

They have the same unitary displacement.

B)

They have the same length of duty cycle.

C)

Myosin attaches to actin.

D)

There is a chance myosin can drift away from actin.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 226
22)

A single skeletal muscle cell is referred to as a

A)

cardiomyocyte .
B)

sarcomyocyte.
C)

myofibril.
D)

myofiber.

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 228
23)

During which phase of an excitation-contraction cycle does depolarization occur?

A)

excitation
B)

inhibition
C)

contraction
D)

relaxation
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 234
24)

When Ca2+ is present at high levels in the sarcoplasm of striated muscles, then
A)

TnI has a strong interaction with actin.

B)

TnC has a strong interaction with TnI.

C)

TnT has a strong interaction with myosin.

D)

TnT has a weak interaction with Ca2+.

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 229
25)

Muscle contraction kinetics can be affected by

A)

affinity of troponin for Ca2+.

B)

pH.
C)

temperature.
D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 229-230
26)

Contracti on of striated muscle is regulated by

A)

TnC's affinity for Ca2+ (and nothing else).

B)

alternating the two available isoforms of myosin.

C)

utilizing different combinations of muscle protein isoforms.

D)

the rate at which Ca2+ is able to bind to actin.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 229
27)

Which myosin isoform is found in fast-twitch muscle?

A)

perinatal
B)

extraoccular
C)

type I
D)

type IIb
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 229-230
28)

Skeletal muscle may be used in a __________ contraction.

A)

shortening
B)

isometric
C)

lengthening
D)

both A and B
E)

all of the above

Answer:

E
Page Ref: 230
29)

What is underlying mechanism that allows striated muscles to contract more rapidly when very little
the force is required?
A)

The muscle is rapidly that some myosin heads are moved to their new position without actually
shortening so generating any force.
B)

Fewer myosin heads actually attach to the actin, increasing the rate of shortening.
C)

Lighter loads stimulate only a very high speed, low tension isoform of myosin.
D)

Lighter loads stimulate a myosin isoform with a very long unitary displacement.
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 232-234 (Box 6.2)
30)

Cardiom yocytes have a much longer repolarization period than skeletal muscles due to their
A)

voltage- sensitive Na+ channels.

B)

voltage- sensitive Ca2+ channels.

C)

voltage- sensitive K+ channels.

D)

voltage- sensitive Cl- channels.

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 235-236
31)

Factors such as adenosine and catecholamines alter heart rate by affecting the kinetics of
A)

voltage- sensitive Cl- channels.

B)

voltage- sensitive Na+ channels.

C)

funny channels.
D)

voltage- independent K+ channels.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 238
32)

Motor release __________ into the neuromuscular synapse, which may generate depolarization at
neurons the motor end plate.
A)

acetylcholine
B)

adenosine
C)

catecholamine s
D)

GABA
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 237
33)

Action s can be conducted into the muscle along invaginations of the sarcolemma, or __________.
potential
A)

sarcoplasmic reticulum
B)

T-tubules
C)

terminal cisternae
D)

sarcotubes
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 238
34)

Most of the Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is bound to

A)

parvalbumin.
B)

troponin.
C)

calsequestrin.
D)

ryanodine.
Answer:

35)

2+
receptors (DHPR) are also called __________ because of their large Ca conductance.
Dihydro
pyridine
A)

T-type Ca2+ channels

B)

N-type Ca2+ channels

C)

L-type Ca2+ channels

D)

Na+/ Ca2+ exchangers (NaCaX)

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 240
36)

Which of following pumps is specifically used to return Ca2+ to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
the
A)

Ca2+ATPase
B)

NaCaX
C)

parvalbumin
D)

SERCA
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 242
37)

Muscle fiber types may be termed glycolytic or oxidative in reference to

A)

the amount of myoglobin.

B)

the speed of contraction.

C)

the metabolic processes.

D)

the myosin heavy chain isoforms used.

Answer:

C
Page Ref: 242
38)

Smooth and striated muscle share many common features, including

A)

organization of filaments into sarcomeres.

B)

use of actin and myosin in contraction.

C)

a ratio of 2:1 thin to thick filaments.

D)

dependence on T-tubules for spread of depolarization.

Answer:

B
Page Ref: 245

39)

Muscle fiber types can be changed in response to

A)

activity levels.
B)

temperature.
C)

thyroid hormone levels.

D)

all of the above

Answer:

D
Page Ref: 244-245 (Box 6.3)
40)

Invertebr ate muscle, like vertebrate muscle,

A)

has two major forms of muscle (striated and smooth).

B)

utilizes thick and thin filaments in contraction.

C)

makes use of obliquely striated muscle.

D)

both A and C
Answer:

B
Page Ref: 248
41)

Vertebrat e striated muscles composed of twitch fibers are able to produce a graded contraction by
A)

recruiting different numbers of motor units.

B)

summing EPSPs in the motor end-plate region.

C)

having excitatory and inhibitory input to a single muscle.

D)

Vertebrate muscles are unable to produce graded contractions.

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 249
42)

Asynchr flight muscles in insects are able to achieve contractions in the range of 250-1000 Hz because
onous
A)

they have very fast Ca2+ ATPase pumps.

B)

they have muscles that don't depend on Ca2+ regulation at all.

C)

they have very high amounts of parvalbumin in the cytosol.

D)

the TnC can change its affinity for Ca2+, leading to rapid contraction/relaxation cycles.
rapidly
Answer:

D
Page Ref: 250-251
43)

Mollusc are able to generate tension for long periods of time without consuming much energy. We
catch do not understand everything about how this is accomplished, but there are unique proteins,
muscles such as __________, that seem to play a role.
A)

twitchin
B)

myosin
C)

titin
D)

all of the above

Answer:

A
Page Ref: 251
44)

Which of the following statements is true concerning sonic muscles?

A)

They contract at much higher frequencies than the locomotor muscles found in the same organism.
B)

They utilize completely different muscle proteins.

C)

They have a very slow rate of cross-bridge cycling.

D)

They are able to contract rapidly while producing large amounts of force.
Answer:

A
Page Ref: 252
45) Which of the following statements is inaccurate with respect to sonic muscles?
A) Rattlesnakes, cicadas, and toadfish are examples of animals with sonic muscles.
B) Animals can modify their muscles to operate some 10 times faster than the fastest
locomotor muscles in that animal.
C) The fast speed can be attributed to some muscles being able to lengthen sarcomeres.
D) Sonic muscles must have fast Ca2+ transport.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 252
46)

How does the heater organ of a swordfish produce heat?

A)

The muscle contracts very rapidly, producing large quantities of heat.

B)

The myosin weakly to the actin, utilizing large amounts of ATP that ultimately produces heat, but
binds very no tension.
C)

The releases and recovers large amounts of Ca2+, releasing heat as a by-product of these
sarcoplasmic processes.
reticulum
D)

The muscle rapidly generated and degraded, which produces large quantities of heat as a by-
fibers are product.
Answer:

C
Page Ref: 253
47)

Animals are capable of movement because they have a unique type of cell, the __________.
Answer:

muscle cell
Page Ref: 208-209
48)

Microtub organized in cells with the ends near the nucleus in a region known as the __________, or
ules are MTOC for short.
Answer:

microtubule- organizing center

Page Ref: 211
49)

Microtub ule-associated proteins that stabilize the tubules are called __________.
Answer:

stable-tubule only polypeptides (STOPs)

Page Ref: 213
50) The Pacific yew tree produces the microtubule disrupter known as ___________.
Answer: taxol
Page Ref: 215
51)

When ments remain the same size by increasing length on one end and decreasing their length on
microfila the other, we say they are __________.
Answer:

treadmilling
Page Ref: 217
52)

An in surface area of a membrane, or contact with another cell, can be achieved by generating
increase __________, thin, rodlike extensions produced by polymerizing actin fibers.
Answer:

filapodia
Page Ref: 218
53)

The __ explains how the myosin head moves down the actin polymer, generating movement.
________
Answer:

sliding filament model

Page Ref: 219
54) The term ______________ refers to the time in each cross-bridge cycle that myosin is
attached to actin.
Answer: duty cycle
Page Ref: 222
55)

ed animal cells that have contractile properties are called __________, or muscle cells.
Specializ
Answer:

myocytes
Page Ref: 223
56)

The thick of striated muscle is indirectly connected to the Z-disk by the compressible protein
filament __________.
Answer:

titin
Page Ref: 226
57)

An __ contraction is one in which the length of the muscle does not change significantly.
________
Answer:

isometric
Page Ref: 230
58)

The axon of motor neurons are found in the __________ of the sarcolemma of vertebrate skeletal
termini muscles.
Answer:

motor end plate

Page Ref: 237
59)

________ muscle cells can depolarize and contract on their own, as opposed to neurogenic muscle cells
__ which require neuronal innervation.
Answer:

Myogenic
Page Ref: 238
60)

In the dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors are linked to allow for __________ Ca 2+
skeletal release that is independent of local Ca2+ concentrations.
muscle,
Answer:

depolarization- induced
Page Ref: 240-241

61)

In muscle, bundles of filaments attach to the plasma membrane at points referred to as

smooth __________.
Answer:

adhesion plaques
Page Ref: 245-246
62)

In muscle, the actin is bound by __________, a functional parallel to troponin C because it

smooth prevents myosin from binding actin.
Answer:

caldesmon
Page Ref: 246-247
63)

Insect muscles contract at frequencies much higher than the stimulation rates they receive from the
flight nerves that innervate them. For this reason, they are termed __________ flight muscles.
Answer:

asynchronous
Page Ref: 250
64)

Sonic are able to shorten even more than most muscles because of perforations in their __________
muscles that allow the thick filaments to pass into adjacent sarcomeres.
Answer:

Z-disks
Page Ref: 252
65)

Some undergo trans-differentiation during development, causing them to have novel properties
muscle that are not typically associated with muscles, like the billfish __________, for example.
tissues
Answer:

heater organ
Page Ref: 253
66)

Microtub structural proteins. They may be used to support the cell, as pathways for the movement of
ules are motor proteins, and to ensure the even division of chromosomal material during mitosis.
importan Thus, having the ability to regulate the growth of these proteins is necessary for survival.
t as Discuss some of the ways in which microtubule growth can be regulated.
Answer:

One of the most tubulin are low, microtubules tend to shrink. When the concentration is high, their
basic methods of length increases. At concentrations between critical levels, the length stays the same.
control is Even when there is sufficient tubulin, growth is controlled in other ways. GTP is
supplying the bound to the end of β-tubulin. While it remains a whole GTP, growth continues, but
necessary building when it is hydrolyzed, the length actually decreases. Lastly, there are microtubule-
blocks for making associated proteins (MAPs) which are a large group of proteins capable of
microtubules. destabilizing and stabilizing microtubule length. They can also regulate ways in
When which the microtubules interact with each other and the cell. In ectothermic
concentrations of organisms, temperature can also affect formation.
Page Ref: 211-213

67)

Actin interactions are utilized in many types of movement, including the movement generated by
and muscles. Explain how the movement of myosin down an actin filament can generate
myosin contraction of a muscle.
Answer:

On the some portion of the cell membrane. Myosin is also anchored to proteins inside the cell.
microscopic level, When myosin undergoes its cycle of binding, pulling actin, then releasing so it can
it is important to rebind to a point farther down, it pulls the actin filaments past itself. Since myosin is
realize that the anchored by proteins in the cell, it is unable to move. This means that eventually the
actin filaments points of actin that are attached to the cell membrane also need to move. As a result,
align with each the cell shape is changed, frequently by becoming shorter. If all the muscle cells are
other and are attached end to end and they all shorten, then this means the muscle as a whole
connected directly becomes shorter. It is the shortening of the muscle as a whole that is referred to as a
or indirectly to contraction.
Page Ref: 219-223
68)

The e can produce is related to its length. The same is true for a skeletal muscle, as it is composed
tension of sarcomeres arranged end to end. Explain how the structure of a sarcomere allows the
that a most tension to be generated at an intermediate length, while the longest and shortest
sarcomer lengths will produce very little tension.
Answer:

A sarcomere reaches completely across the sarcomere. When the myosin heads bind to the actin,
extends from one they are able to generate tension. Thus, the more myosin is able to form cross-bridges
Z-disk to the next. with actin, the more tension can be generated. At the longest lengths, there is very
Actin filaments are little overlap between actin and myosin, making it difficult for any cross-bridges to
attached to the Z- form. As the sarcomere shortens, the amount of overlap, and therefore cross-bridge
disks, while the number, begins to increase. There is a small range of maximum overlap before the
myosin bundle is actin fibers from opposite Z-disks begin to overlap each other. At this point, they
attached at the M- prevent the normal formation of cross-bridges, and tension begins to decrease. Thus,
line and stretches the more cross-bridges that are formed, the more tension is generated. At the extremes
out toward the Z- of length, few cross-bridges exist so that little tension is produced. The intermediate
disk. Neither length is the point where the maximum number of cross-bridges formed means the
group of proteins most tension is generated as well.
Page Ref: 226-227

69)

In Ca2+ regulates contraction by interacting with troponin and tropomyosin. Explain how
striated Ca2+ is able to regulate the timing of contraction as well as affecting the kinetics of
muscle, contraction.
Answer:

Typically, cytosolic (inhibiting myosin/actin interactions), and TnT binds to the tropomyosin. It is the
Ca2+ levels are tropomyosin that physically blocks the myosin binding site on actin. When Ca 2+
very low. When binds to TnC, it causes a conformational change so that TnC and TnI become more
Ca2+ tightly bound to each other. This, in turn, decreases the interaction between TnI and
concentration actin, so that the whole troponin/tropomyosin complex slides over, exposing the
rises, it can bind to myosin binding sites on actin. As long as Ca2+ is present, cross-bridge formation can
troponin. Troponin occur. When Ca2+ is removed from the cytosol, it is also released from TnC, causing
is actually the whole complex to return to its original position. Clearly, the point of control is
composed of three how quickly and tightly TnC binds to Ca2+, thereby allowing the interactions between
protein subunits: troponin, tropomyosin, actin, and myosin to occur. By having different isoforms of all
TnC binds to the these proteins, organisms can regulate these interactions and their sensitivities to
Ca2+, TnI binds to physiological variables (pH, temperature, etc.). Ultimately, this affects the time it takes
the actin for contractions to occur.
Page Ref: 228-229
70)

Skeletal striated muscle. You have been given one type of each sample, but the identifying labels
and have come off. You know that these muscles have some similarities and some differences in
cardiac terms of their rate of depolarization, rate of repolarization, and length of action potential.
muscle Which of these features would not be useful in identifying the two types of muscle? Which
are both of these features will you use to correctly label the samples? Explain what you would expect
types of to see for skeletal and cardiac muscles for each feature that you use.
Answer:

Skeletal and not be useful in identifying them. The duration of depolarization is different between
cardiac muscles the two: it is much longer for cardiac muscle. This is because cardiac muscle uses
have similar rates voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels that remain open for longer periods of time. As
of depolarization, skeletal muscle does not possess these channels, the cells can repolarize more rapidly.
largely because This difference relates to the second difference between the two categories of striated
they both use muscle: length of action potential. Because cardiac muscle repolarizes slowly, its
voltage-gated Na+ action potentials also have a longer duration. By the same token, skeletal muscle has
channels. As a an action potential with shorter duration because it repolarizes rapidly. Thus, by
result, this phase stimulating each sample, recording the action potentials, and comparing the rate of
of the action repolarization and duration of the action potential, it will be possible to correctly label
potential would the two muscle samples.
Page Ref: 234-236

71)

Contracti as Ca2+ is present in the cytosol. As cytosolic levels of free Ca2+ decrease, so does the ability
ons can for myosin to form cross-bridges with actin. This leads to relaxation of the muscle. You have
occur in found a novel muscle and are trying to determine if its relaxation processes are regulated in
striated a manner analogous to vertebrate striated muscle. Describe some of the features of Ca 2+
muscle regulation that you would expect to see in this novel muscle.
as long
Answer:

One of the most concentration. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to have some sort of energy
common ways to source. The energy (such as ATP) can be used to pump Ca2+ back into a storage
decrease cytosolic organelle (similar to the sarcoplasmic reticulum) or to the extracellular fluid. These
Ca2+ levels is to types of pumps are referred to as Ca2+ ATPases in vertebrate skeletal muscle.
remove the Ca2+. Alternatively, energy from another concentration gradient could be used to drive the
This typically transport of Ca2+. Again, vertebrate muscle exchanges Ca2+ for Na+ (one ion
means that Ca 2+ traveling down its gradient and the other traveling up). In both of these cases, Ca 2+
will have to move would be returned to its origin. In other words, if most of the Ca2+ has come from
from an area of extracellular sources, most of it will be pumped back out of the cell. The last
lower analogous mechanism I might expect to find would be some type of cytosolic buffer
concentration to an
that binds free Ca2+. Once the Ca2+ is bound, then it can no longer interact with the
area of higher
troponin, which allows the muscle to begin its relaxation.
Page Ref: 241-242
72) Discuss some of the important factors responsible for the diversity of muscle types.
Answer: The driving force behind the diversity of muscle types in more complex
animals was the trend toward greater body size. Diffusion of respiratory gases
work well for small animals, however, simple diffusion cannot meet the
demands of larger animals. Thus, the evolution of genes for muscle protein
was combined with evolution of primitive respiratory and circulatory
systems. For example, in arthropods, muscles control both ventilation and
movement.
Vertebrates, however, show the greatest diversity in muscle types. Two
rounds of genome duplication occurred in ancestors of vertebrates, resulting
in extra copies of genes for muscle proteins, which enabled the evolution of
specialized muscle types. As land animals evolved, they had to adapt to
challenges of movement on land combined with weight of gravity, and the
challenges were met by evolution of muscle genes resulting in muscle
specialization and diversification.
Page Ref: 243
73)

Smooth utilizes Ca2+ as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur. However, smooth
muscle, muscle does not have troponin. Therefore, Ca2+ must interact with other proteins. Describe
like these relationships and then comment on how this alternate control system affects the rate
striated and duration of smooth muscle contraction.
muscle,
Answer:

In smooth muscle, able to bind to caldesmon, and it dissociates from the actin. If [Ca2+] falls, then the
actin is bound by Ca2+-calmodulin-caldesmon complex dissociates, and caldesmon can bind to actin
caldesmon, which again. If the caldesmon is phosphorylated, it will be unable to bind to actin, regardless
prevents myosin
of [Ca2+]. This action can dramatically extend the duration of a contraction. In
from forming
addition to opening up binding sites on actin, Ca2+ also affects the myosin by
cross-bridges.
activating a myosin light chain kinase. MLCK phosphorylates the myosin, increasing
When Ca2+ enters
its affinity for the actin. It is important to note that other factors may affect contraction
the cell, it binds to
states via these second messenger pathways, rather than directly affecting actin or
a cytosolic protein,
myosin. It should also be noted that phosphorylation is a type of covalent modulation
calmodulin. The
that has a slow and long-lasting time frame, resulting in the slow, long contractions
calmodulin is then
typically seen in smooth muscle (compared to striated muscle).
Page Ref: 246-247
74) Compare smooth and striated muscles in terms of thick and thin filaments, calcium
trigger, sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulation of contraction, and rate of contraction.
Answer: The thick and thin filaments differ between smooth and striated muscle; in the
former, the filaments are not arranged into sarcomeres, whereas in the latter,
the filaments are arranged as sarcomeres. In smooth muscle, the calcium
trigger is calmodulin, while in striated muscle it is troponin. There is not
much sarcoplasmic reticulum in smooth muscle, while it is often abundant in
striated muscle. Thick and thin filaments regulate contraction in smooth
muscle, while the thin filament is mostly responsible for regulating
contraction in striated muscle. When it comes to rate of contraction, the rate is
lower in smooth muscle compared to striated muscle.
Page Ref: 248, Table 6.5

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Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Test Bank for Principles of Animal Physiology

Chapter 6 Cellular Movement and Muscles

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Which of the following is a motor protein?

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single string of α-tubulin.

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dimer of one α-tubulin and one β-tubulin.

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hexamer of α- tubulins and β-tubulins twisted together.

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Microtub ule growth will stop if

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concentration of tubulin drops below a critical point.

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cholchicine binds to free tubulin.

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GTP on the β- tubulin is hydrolyzed.

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all of the above

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5) The microtubule disruptor, vinblastine

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affect kinetics of movement.

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affect the type of cargo binding to kinesin.

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affect the isoforms used to build kinesin.

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affect the ATP hydrolysis rate.

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Dyneins generate movement in cilia and flagella by

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all dyneins moving along their neighbors' tubules in a synchronized fashion.

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the dynein pushing on the neighboring tubules, generating movement.

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