DAW CE oe €G € Sa ra 1. ode » sew put Mee Ee On)lished as an Aeromodelling. venue, wil ‘once againbe the site fr our 1981 Ali Seale ay. This will take place on the 20th and 21st of June. Gates open at 9 a.m. and Close at 6 p.m., by which time the airfield must be cleared. The Shuttleworth ‘Museum will make their usual charge of 275 276 280 HANGAR DOORS WHAT'S HAPPENING AIRCRAFT DESCRIBED — Solar Challenger VINTAGE CORNER — Vintage news AERO ACES — Oesigning your own models FROM THE HANDLE DER ADLER — Full size plan for ‘Arsen Power unit SCALE MATTERS — Arden power unit eeview FREE FLIGHT SCENE PRACTICAL AERODYNAMICS — Pant 3 R/C SPORT FLYER — SES kit review plus slope gliding aerobatics TOPICAL TWISTS 290 292 238 302 304 306 312 0) oO JUNE 1981 £1.00 per adult and SOp per child. This charge will give access tothe collection of {ull size aircratt fandother vintage modes. of waneport} as well asthe mode! ving event. By permission of the Museum. limited camping facilities will be availabie — for Friday 19th, Saturday 20th and Sunday 2st at £3 per night, but only by prior ar rangement. (Phone Northill 288 and ask or the Museum Shop). If you want to see the best scale models ‘around, don't miss this two day event You will see radio controlled models iving incredible aerobatic displays as well as free Hight, scale and vintage aireral I Tsswooor 9292 Volume 46 Issue No. 545 aa 316 ENGINE NEWS — Old and new SHOP TALK — Commercial products ‘CLUB NEWS: CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS. 318 320 ON THE COVER NEXT MONTH Editorie Director E0ITOR Graphics Tony DowoESWELL ‘COLIN RATTRAY LORNA CULLEN [epmone: DIVISION MAGAZINE Advertisement Director ‘Managing Ourector moray RON MOULTON You're participating be safe and sure by sing 35MH2 ‘August the 16th s the date to put in your diaries for the Vintage Model fying day at Shuttleworth, Old Warden. you have been following with interest cur new column, by Alex Imrie Vintage Corner), and ‘wenttosee these ‘Old Timers’ inaction, this isa datenottobe missed Newmodellersare always walcome in all areas of Aeromode! Ting. and at any meating. there is always Someone with time to give help and advice to newcomers ‘So lets see some now faces on the ying fields this year. Model 8. Allied Publications Ltd ‘thang wapetiR— naovo conTROL Manes rectnomies — Ponulan charts scale woocis Nooet encinten — oon soars opel Ralways — wooowameR AuitraRy MoDeLUNG ~ MODE CARS flocks puzzles o1cesT Punters wom Aer kawTioUeS evr ear ‘Serr serps es Bsr et Eg “AEROMARE CONEY ROCTOR ne MOD APCRAF nd pblcad ted day ach ities sa ana teOO esa Waza THE PICK OF THE POPULAR ONES ! MODEL HAS ALL-BALSA JEDELSKY-SECTION WING FOR EFFICIENCY AND EASE OF CONSTRUCTION. (deal for School instruction, igen Junior Group Competitions | Kiva FOR OVER 45 VEARS| ou MODEL AIRCRAF NORWOOD PLACE, POKESDOWN, BOURNEMOUTH. eromodellerSOLARBO Especially for all-sheet gliders where you must use top quality Balsa if you want really good results. We are often asked for plans, so here are classic proportions for a 36” span ‘model made mainly from 3" sheet... and using the available sheet width in a really economical manner. You could also scale it down to use 2" wide sheet; or up to use 4” wide sheet. t's the panel proportions which really matter. Youcan draw your own curved shapes for the outer wing panels and tail planes and fin outline, Lay ae flying performance — is the wing A 36" x 3" x J," 36" x 3" bean ureter wing sheet always is: other makes are often warped!). es) Mark off three 12” panels. Cut the outer panels to plan shape. Carve and sand the whole wing down to aerofoil section. Cut off the outer panels, chamfer the inner ends and rejoin to the wing centre with 3" dihedral under each tip. ‘The tailplane is marked out and cut to shape froma 12" x3"% ie" sheet pane! The fin from a3" length off the same panel, again shaped as you like. Use light Solarbo RIB STOCK for this, Taper off the edges lightly with sandpaper. You do not need to bother about forming @ proper aerofoil section and ail etacen! agua pertecly avoatn Boot cope es Vnnecssery weight Note side piecos ‘glued on ot angle te ovarlap boom. The boom is cut from really hard)" balsa sheet Length 12%" exactly and tapering from 1" at the front to %" at the rear. Alternatively use really hard Ye" % Ye" strip, cut to this taper wan sige 18 bottom of boom Mark and cut out the curve fuselage pod from a 9" x 1," ie ioe panel of J," sheet. Glue to the tapered side of the boom, with Scrap batee the front af the boom exactly 5” back from the nose. Glue on oF fit owe! each side 9” * 17,” panels of !." sheet at an angle to cover for wing band ‘over both the pod piece and the boom Trim to oulline shape and finish by rounding the edges. Cement the tailplane tothe Underside of the boom: and the fin on top. you own tip Darel outline SOLARBO GRADE ‘A BALSA rr COMMERCE WAY + LANCING « SUSSEX BNISSTE+ ENGLAND. ALWAYS! June 1981 273 i tney avin or persona vse at hps anew nippockeeases ef B la ola ri = > : | eel od oe Me ) ns aa ae iis A BieONE OF THE WORLO'S most respected medel engine designers has recently Introduced 2 new design. Bill Brown, fenowined for hrs ignition engines of the 1990s and later for Ms CO; powerplants. is now approaching his 701n birthday. Yer he Femains 23 creative a ever, and is brim ‘ming. with enthusiasm for the model aireratt hobby His latest brainchild 1s a tiny CO,engine intended specifically for Peanut ‘Scale models, which Ell considers a ving artform” Before releasing the new design. Bill personally tested one in a Peck Polymers kit Piper Cub to be certain of its sustabilty "If 4 dian't work atficiently. 1 would not have been marketed. he explained. Happily, the engine passed all tests Lincluding shunting off gymnasium ‘walls during indoor flying sessions, and is ‘now in production The naw Brown Je. Com 14-23 Paanst CO. ‘the spark plugin At a glance the new Campus A-23 is seminiscent of aa earlier Brown design. he Campus A-100, cea 1948 However. 2 direct comparison reveals. many differences and improvements. The older Unit employed a difficult to-use charging system and was prone to rapid crankshaft bearing wear, particularly if rot oiled frequently. Mogellers of the time, familiar June 1981 conly with traditional seil-lubricating ‘gas engines. frequently overiooked ihis needed Fequirement! The new Campus employs the same charging system as the larger Brown CO; engines. and the crankcase nas been completely redesigned for fuggedness and long beating ite ‘The cylinder features an aluminium head equipped with a swiveling fuel. line 10 ‘make speed adjustments easier The fuel lines themselves are aluminium, resulting in significant weight savings over the previously employed copper tubing Gone too ate the solder joints of the earlier engines ‘And whereas the A.100 was intended to bbe mounted via common straight pins pushed into the firewall, the A-23 nas three crankcase lugs to accommodate tiny machine screws, All-up weight is less than (0.2802.and overall height is under one inch about the height of the old Brown rignition engine spatk plug, n fact! The engine is supplied with a 3cc capacity aluminium tank, whieh will yield durations well over two minutes Optionally available. and seeminglya saler {choice for outdoar flying. sa 2ec tank. 6c. 1Oce and 20ce tanks are also manufactured, suggesting practical possibilities for indacr control line or RC ‘models. Surely the time is long overdue for some enterprising electronics manutac turer to produce a truly small guidance system suitable for such a purpose? ‘The A-23 engines are presently pricee at 1US839 95 without the enarging unit anc to ‘ate the cemand is outsteipping the supply However production 1s being increasedand in our opinion. such a jewel-ike piece of altsmanship is well worth the want Who wll be the first to win @ Nationals contest wath a Peanut? Indoor World Record Flight On 3rd February 1981. Hideo Enomoto, who has had experience in the F1D World Championship, made a new Worle Record ‘of 25 minutes 24 secondsinF 10 Category? The tight was made atthe 1st Gymnasium of Seishonen Sogo Sports Centra in Yovog! ‘which has a height of 7 95m. Specification fof his plane is a follows: total wing area, 41 B8dm: wingspan, 640m: wing chord, 190mm; wing weight, 0.359; stabiliser area 4 214m", stabiliser span 380mm: ‘Stabiliser chord 190mm. fuselage length. 753mm (not including propeller! propeller (0520mm » PBOOmm, weight (plane only) 103g, rubber weight, 132g (Pirelli — made in 1978), 1620 turns Use of Cardington 1981 Contirmed Contest Programme 17m May Hand Launches Glider 0; Duration: £28/Man hatian, ete Hand Launched Glger 0; Duration E28 Man hattan, ete {Onginally 28m June) ‘Seale: Peanut £28 “Film CO, / Manhattan. 14th June 2st J 5th July {Orcginaily 12th July) 1st FIA Mierohien team tals. 29/30/3181 Indoor Nationals, all clas August $e8 including COs, Ours tion and Hand Launches Glider Events per cay 10 bbe published later Final FIA Microtiim Team Teals 20th Sepiember CO; and Hand Launched Gider Trophy finals 6th September As previously publishes, 11s vital to the Interests of Indoor Flying, that good atten. dances be made during these dates at Car ington 1981 in order to delray the cost of hising these facilities ‘The SMAE predicts a cost of somewhere between £3 and £5 per head (or less if Sufficient numbers attend). 19 order that they delray the daily charge for using the hanger The more than turn up the cheape Woecomes. Spectators are to be charged approximately £1 whieh 1s well worth the Organisers make a note of the two ‘changed dates in the above programme to [avoid clashing with outdoar events, and do ‘come along and support the indoor com mittee and enjoy these magnificent facilities, Midland Family & Leisure Show The Organisers of the Miclaneés Family & Leisure Show have regrettully deciced 10 postpone holding this exhibstion unt 1882 Despite most encouraging response from ‘many model rms who Rave booked stands. it became clear that in ine present tecession many other firms who would normally have exhvbwed. were not able to do #0, and it was therelore felt better to posipore the exhibition until the Business climate improves 275 secopautes compe. pans teen Joly 12 2029$e, OMAC FAL CONTEST 14 f10. FHC Bien 0 1233 Io thar dat Ehnasc useage. pmorueanpceass2 4 PSA PIONS SII 25} “the eign document Ten ancl ai A" e6aiiey Anca FowGotLee a, seats on¥s ~ o1 waren we tae Non agham 615083 ee (OL0 TIMER ® C MMEETING — cars to ee eames sy Wane fae Cannes Gar Aon Rok rg 3 Ray eee eee ain nat eee Cowan teaw aace #2) ano 5 POssacY atRO. ‘SME BRO CENTRALISED Cc EVENT Got fas feat Mansa eae SRG Snoon ase A MEETING © « S#EE0 om MNO CO AND LG JS Bint Teetelono meen 22 {a Sante one Gauss Satna Some iGimon, eroroush PES NA Ye #5 os etenmece meen: lee FF PicH Rutan naire weamance,cooovene Pa reaiiace Se Couaat, Ses seaoanees Se SES Soe eves agora unces cugcrawrone Aeromodeller ve toy persona vse at hipsowem hppocketvesonases compa, pea! hom July 12:02Often imitated, == neverequalled E== When you choose Humbrol enamel, you're not Just buying paint. you're buying the exper PUNK teeters ier hr eae are ee TAY ‘modelling paints money can buy. That's why we're the World's leading brand. We te also the only Bert oat eae Stretton ae Tere Tre Ae oe Ce eS a ee sey ‘and quailty control. We alsa test things such as the varying conditions In which our palat may be ieieeiettie iy We are constantly checking the sultabillty ofall new modelling materials and reqularly reviewing and Pee eS ea ee ee er Ree Cee ey modellers choose Humbrol. they know they're buying the best. The very best Ee ae LLC ea RO a bE CL ORB en TELCO HUMBROX CONSUMER PRODUCTS DIVISION OF EORDENIUKLTD. MARFLEET HULL ENGLAND June 1981 ee 277PLUS> MEDALLION 2 7 SLINGSBY EAGLE anc thermal soaring. Strong balsa and ply all hardware and aceessaries and decals, Complete even to glues CAMBRIA’S 70” span fa THE IDEAL COMBINATION near-scale SLINGSBY EAGLE 7) MaiW Wan iMiy Muse (normal price £21.50) MEDALLION 2 RADIO OUTFIT COMPLETE OUTFIT (normal price £34) | TOTALNORMAL PRICE £55.50 es ae =—— [oe SPECIAL eats niceties ate orrer £49.50 “ Sermgornereteming totes aur A CUR Le) ever as TUEN cele EE | SOLARFILM, ACKHURST ROAD, CHORLEY, LANCS. PR7 1NH olarfilm Super Strong, Self-Adhesive, Shrink-on Covering Material for Flying Models SOLARFILM IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL RADIO CONTROL MODELS, CONTROL LINE MODELS AND FREE FLIGHT SPORT MODELS INCLUDING GLIDERS. 41. EASY TO USE in one simple, clean, easy operation you 4. CLEAN AND SAFE — does NOT need dopes. thinners, over your model witha tough, strong skin brushes, sending sealers, ete. — so the smel, mess and ‘get super high gloss fishin brillant colours fing tigks are reduce. ‘make your mode! fuelproot, waterproof and easy to 5. DURABLE — Solarfiim does not crack, fade oF wrinkle IMPROVES FLYING PERFORMANCE — Solailm is with age ‘much lighter than ordinaty high gloss Finishes — and light ‘models beter. 6. VERSATILE — can be used to cover open trame or 3. NEEDS ONLY THE SIMPLEST TOOLS — 2 domestic sheeted construction, can be formed round compound Clothes iron, scissors and modeling knife are all you curves such a8 wing tips; ean be cut out to make liters, need: insignia, tines. ete SOLID COLOURS: White, Yellow, Red, Black, Silver, Dark Red, Orange, Tropie Blue, Midnight Blue. METALLIC COLOURS: Green, Gold, Red, Blue TRANSPARENT COLOURS: Yellow, Red, Blue, Orange From all good model snops. Sheet sizes: 36" x26" 60" * 26” and off the roll SAE. wil bing you tee sample of Solari plus uated shee and colour shade at Aeromodelier 1 doce tne avn or peosona ve at hips aw hippocketne spun! hom duly 992029 ‘with rudder and elevator control for slope fuselage with moulded top deck. Cli.on canopy for access to 'adio Kit includes de cutandpre shapedbais anépiypars spas, canooy. wheelSpecialist adhesives sticky | &) and finishing products stuff * e ae by DE LUXE MATERIALS \/ SPEED rea imitans B/C MODEL. ieeniaicon EPOXY w tb tor 299, LERS GLUE ONE HOUR 7 os MICRO EPOXY 600: temamy sie 2s BALLOONS ae MEAT-PROOF fo oes WING JOIN. Sones acct on EPOXY GLUE nas JOINING KIT ies sors ot sac eam on araariel St LIGHTWEIGHT 2! 2 eo. RESIN sy (075 GLASSFIBRE a er se ‘SPEED ’ tats CLOTH aw BOND onccing er ant Sy sts $y £220 FINISHING eae ream RESIN Export inquiries invited. Pe ccinar irvine engines itd. YOUR LOCAL HOBBY UNIT 2. aRuNswicy mDUSTAIL PARK. BRUNSWICK wa, DEALER NEW SOUTHGATE, LONDON NIT Tee OF 3B 1123 SYSTEMS ees compact mts ONE Piece MoD DESIGN FOR rete EASY INSTALLATION PLUS the : igal Telco freon sige LUMINOUS mony ose ie PAINT -=, Sale robber fovesdmets | | £9.84 & igtal ore on’ stelnons. toys mages ne ard June 1981 279 aBy Martyn Cowley first hand report. of Exclusive Paul MacCready’s solar powered aircraft project [A PIONEER of modern aviation. working on ew project. i eertain to push forward he frontiers. of achievement. Dr Paul MacCready's vision was to. make the World's frsticulysolarpoweredaircrat.the Solar Challenger Strong enough. vet light fenough to be capable of 100 mile plus flights at altitudes of 5:10,000K "His Consultant for the project. Bob Boucher. has the experience with elecinc powered flight and use of photovoltaic solar cells 10 help make the vision become reality. Wi financial backing provided by the DuPont Company, an enthusiastic and youthful team, guided by project manager Ray Morgan, worked iteraily round the clock 10 build the experimental aeroplane in the unprecedented time of just 4 months During flight trials late in 1980, the Solar Challenger. piloted by Janice Brown. went ‘on to establish an impressive performance. 2 a prelude to MacCready’s ulimate goal for 1881 — 2 solar powered flight trom Pans to London! Paul MacCready. himself 3 World Soaring Champion in 1957 and a leader of the Hang Gliding movement during the 80s, is internationally famous as the Faiher of Human Powered Flight” His Gossamer Condor won the first Kremer Prize of £50,000 for competing the 1 mile figure eight course in 1977 and his Gossamer Albatross collected the second Kremer Prize of £100,000 lor crossing English Channel in 1979. the pilot on both ‘occasions being Bryan Allen Bob Boucher will be better known to ‘model livers theough his company Astro Flight Inc. which has promoted and ied the field of electric powered fight since the arly 1970s. Bob set World Record fights with electeie powered RC models and holds US patents for electrically powered A/C awcratt.In 1972 he achieved alight of 19 miles in 29% minutes at speeds up to ‘S5mph and in 1873 his model carried 2 6b payload for a flight of 1 Rout ln 1974, Bob Boucher flew the World's first Solar Powered RPV (Remotely Pioted Vehicle) the Sunrise |, followed in 1975 by ‘Sunrise Il, which set an altitude record at 17,2008, Boucher's concept was perpetual flight — to climb all day on solar power, lide all night, and stil be above cloud base at dawal A little history Others too have made sigauticant contributions over the years, Feed Mi Geveloped electrical solar powered Fight and R/C models from the mic-60s, ‘and made the Worlds first man cartying flectrc fight with a converted HB-3 motor- Glider in Austra in 1973. In England Freddie To designed ine Solar One, a motor glider type aircratt powered Aeromodellby electric motor daven ty batteries charged betore fight by a solar cellareayon the wing. Larry Mauro Solar Riser, Converted biplane hang glider, Iter used a Similar principle to make fst man eaerying flights in America Gossamer Penguin Paul MacCready's involvernant in Solar Powered light followed a serves of tosts on low speed flight for NASA which used Ins Albatross Ml, converted to batte-y powered ‘lectne fight to enable accurate computing af iadight performance This led to the Zonversion of the thud cross.Channel Dack-up MPA, the Gossamer Penguin for Solar powered fhgnt_using 8 top mounted Solar panel togenarate power ThePanguin Teeded near calm condivons at dawn and Lbliged a tilling solar pane! which cou'e be Signed perpendieulae tothe rays athe sun ow an the horizon, to. maximise verlormance ‘MacCready s 13-year-old son Marshall auloted the first flight on May 18, 1980 and ‘roman pilot Janice Brown subsequently ‘official records on August 7th, 1980 of naa Ren cabs place mth June 1981 “Fun edajued dotinnalts hnaly tdehin tir pentane ana niece 1.95 mules during a 14 minute flight The solar powered Gossamer Penguin however, had many shortcomings The ‘added payload of 5059 fo! solar cells made conirol very difficult there was insufficient power 10 take-off wthoutabicycletow, and Structurally the airframe was barely eapable of supporting Ws own weight during fight, limiting 1 10 3 sate hesght of ‘about Tf ‘Although the Penguin has no future. serves its purpose as 3 development poo type. providing essential information andi experience in solar powered tight that ‘entured success for the Challenger Solar Challeng The designers and constructors of the Solar Challenger included two from the previous Gossamer projects. Blaine Rawdon, responsibie for much of the sieve tural design, and Ted Ancona Others on the project owe more to thei expertise as hang glider enthusiasts oF model builders than to any formal education ia aviation Alter all, the Challenger 1s closer to being 2 {an outsize model than any regular avtera The construction of the Solar Challenger 1s masterpiece in itness for purpose and ‘use of materals. combining ast does, the Strongest of man-made materials. Kevls fang carbon tibres.. with probably the weakest. expanded polystyrene The main ‘Skeleton ofthe airrame s constructed team handmade carbon bre tubes, using eehauguie volved with MacCrendy’s Gossamer aircralt But because the Solar Chotienger has a cantilever wing without tive support of ware bracing, i requires stronger tubes of larger diameter, The main suing, spar and luselage tubes are an ingen ‘ous sandvach of materials which fesuit an immensely strong tube, wath the sand wich construction. providing iaherent Shape stabilty and “strength trom 1's structural wall thekness The fabreation technique consists of siveal wranping two oF theee layers of ore a PETI: i GQEerrrerreyyTTT T Ww Ip Brags Seen Fore emonond ar WT TEE a; ins pregnated unidirectional carbon 00Sin thick, at 45° around @ waxed aluminium tube mandrel and then adding linear caps, {op and bottom. back and front, tapering in Strength with. diminishing laminations This hand-assembled tube is then spiral wrapped with T!qin wide OOlia polypro: plene heat shrink tape, and cooked in a Tong oven a converted helicopter blade Dox) {a1 250°F, whieh eures ine epoxy impregna ted carbon under pressure from the expanded aluminium tube and ine contracting polypropylene tape The next stage, alter sanding the carbon to ensure good adhesion, 18 10 wap the tube in juin. thick Nomex honeycomb. bonded with epoxy 2nd mictoballoons and held whvle curing with steetehy Tedlar tape pulled taut while wrapping Finally, two layers of 1.702. vd woven Keviar cloth thoroughly impregnated with two pari ‘epory, form the outer skin, also wrapped ‘while curing with Tediar tape The use of these tubes and other composite epoxy and fibre components for brackets, mounts and fixings. accounts for he incredible strength and lightweight aireame, 145ib without calls He Scam at itn nrtcen ond say re, Another unique feature of the Solar Chattenger, certainly to the eyes of model fiyers, 1s the flat topped aerafoll This was. required in order that all the solar cells attached 10 the top surface of the wing and tall had the s2me angular orientationto the sun's 129s, net possible with conventional convex upser surfaces The aerctoll ‘computer designed by Peter Lissaman and Bart Hibbs at AeroVizonment Inc in Pasadena, has a curved leading edge entry shaped to give a docile stall characteristic, ‘with the rear 80%. of the chord perlectly flat! The underside has a convex curve t0 maintain laminar flow as far back as possibleThe wing es are made from ‘qin low density expanded polystyrene sheet capped with Yin O15in ‘thick carbon, retained by Tin sieps of OGoz ya lass ‘loth. Patches of Kevlar cloth reintorce the S10e$ of the ribs at the leading edge and around ihe spar location, and Junply blocks are set inthe railing edge to accommodate control surface hinges. The upper surfaces fare sheeted with in exoanded polystyrene Justin order to give support tothe solar cells and prevent damage trom flexure The leading edge sheeting s also Yan thick pre shaped by Not wire cutting Allthe sheeting {ins between the ribs to enable ihe OO5in clear Mylar heat shrink covering toachere directly to the carbon eb caps for better transmission of loads The Sin diameter tip spars plug into the Jin centre panel main spar to gue a dihedral angle of 3° The tips are retained by 4 bolt through flange 10. allow disassembly for transportation. The tailplane is built with two earbon tube spars. leading andtraiiing edges and ‘s attached to the fuselage boom with two pin jointed hingeing brackets. Thebrackets Gan move fore and alton @ parallelogram Principle to increase or decrease tail Incidence for in-flight trimming without the need for elevator deflection, thereby teducing drag duning cruise on long flights In practise this system has yet 10 be connected 10 the pilot's controls and it remains to be seen if this will even prove Elsewhere, anything that is not ‘contributing dieectly to structural integrity for pilot safety 18 made according to the Gossamer principle — make it as ight and weak as possible and replace it only iit ever fais: The 11 9 propeller blades cesignedin accordance with the theories of Professor ee Eugene Larabee of MIT wore constructed by R/C Sailplane and "San Fernando Valley Flyer” Mike Bame As with previous Gossamer propellers, the core vs het wie {cut trom 21D. ev It blue Styrofoam in short segments, each incorporating the appre priate blade twist for each station The assembled blade, which incorporates ‘carbon tube hud spat and carbon caps, tapering from 21 103 laminations of OOSin material Jain wide, 1¢ then covered with woven carbon fibre cloth belore final Surface finishing Each blade is 8 workot art, weighing just 114Ib, and is mounted on a ball race stub shaft, free to rotate in pitch, A perpen dicular carbon bracket cestrains movement, attached by a short yoke to push-pull fod controlled by the plat. Just testing Prectiight tests were performed an the structure inorder to check calculations and onstruction of the finished components. Sand bag static load testing was used to check the dellection and load carrying capacay of all living surfaces for 6G positive and 3G negative forces, A simi practical test could prave most illuminating for aecomodellers for mezsuring the swrength and rigidity of thew designs During the test. the wings were progres sively loaded up with sand bags unt they supported almost nalf aton— equivalent to “8G which gave a detlection of 18in at each AeromodellerFurther tests were performed by bolting the flying surfaces 10 the roo! of a van ‘which was thea driven at high speedtotest for detieetion and tatter hom ai toads. The Solar Challenger was designed to lly 31 2 ‘maximum speed of about 35moh, but the ‘wings, tail and fin reached 65mph in test ‘with noilletfecte Finally me FAA inspected the airframe and cevfied as an experi mental aircraft. No prizes for guessing ine significance of the registration — N1B1SC First battery flights To eliminate its dependence on midday ‘sun curing istial test lights, rechargeable [NiCad were instalied. whieh could provide ‘up t0 20 minutes of power from a 1 hour charge. Taxt tests and lst fight hops were perlormed by experiences test pilot Steve Pracek. who has over 4.600 hours of fying ‘legged ‘The frst real test fights were perlormed at Shatter Airport near Bakerslield — site of the Condor's Kremer prizewinning flight back in 1977 The CG position was varied during these testsby adding end weights to rose or tail. Moving the CG. affected Fotation at take-ol, climb rate and control fesponse So the Solar Challenger was fight immed just lke any Free Flight model airecat! Alter twodsys of taxttrialsiind brief ight hops. Steve Pracek lites off scon alter sunset on the evening of November Bth for 5.30 thght during which he completed ‘one lap of ihe perimeter Wack, about 2 ‘With the docile handling of the Solar Challenger contimed, Janice Brown took over as official pilot for the project, and within @ couple of days was achiewing 20 June 1981 “The eign! document eet avait or personal use at hp ee ee minute flights. the lim umposed by the charge capacity ol te 120 D' size NiCads ‘The best of these eary lights came on the morning of November 13th, when thanks to Some thermal assistance, Janvee was able to extend the fight time 10 92 minutes duringatlightihat reaches 1600ftabove the aihield — believed to.be a Worle Record for Electnic Battery powered tight Those solar cells The Solar Challenger then returned to the workshop 1 Simi Valley just north of Los Angeles, where the battery pack was removes and replaced with the photo voltaic solar cells fixed to wing and tail in pre assembled strings, using couble sided teansler adhesive tape ‘The photovoltaic cells, as used on space projects, are made from thin slivers of silicon erystal, grown in a eylindvical cove, accounting for the excular shape of some low grade cells. Higher elhesency 16 fobiained by trimming to square oF rectan. gular shape. allowing denser mounting. thinner calls also being lighter But more fragile, One sige of the cells positive, he other negative, and when excited by solar radiation. a minute current flows. Each cel hhas 3 fine pattern of silver klaments on the ‘upper surface to collect the charge to one electrode, the undersurface coated in solder being the other Coupling sulficient cells together in series parallel produces a usable power source, The Sofar Challenger uses 16,128 cells, each approximately x 2iin to Produce an estimated 3.800 watts power fn atypical June day vn California with the Sun nearly overhead at noon As the celle heat up under the sun however, they lose elficiency — but tly them high enough and the temperature drops. regaining power Optimum operating alutude may be around 3,000! The cells use on the Challenger Valued at one quarter of a million dollars, {are on loan trom the USAF and convert the sun's energy into electricity with an efficiency of just 13% —whichisquite high for photovoltaie cells, Each had to be indi vidually testedand wired in circus because 8 faulty, cracked oF dirty cell can degrade the power of a whole string. Shading the solar cell arrays during thght was also 2 prime design consideration. partly Accounting for the configuration of fying surfaces in relation to fin and propeller are shade Unlike most vehicles, the solar poweres averalt has no throttle. Mother Nature decides how much energy s delivered as 3 product of naze, cloud cover. sua intensity and precise orientation An early lesson of Interest to aeromodellers was the need to exactly match the pitch of the propeller to tme available power On the Penguin this was achieved using a simple test colly wth pitch optimised following test ground runs, the propeller being clamped in place with piteh adjusted For the Solar Challenger the ingenious variable pitch propeller mechanism allows the pilot fo continuousiy tune the propeller thrust approximately plus or minus 2ft piten, and consequently alter the load on the moter to match the available in-coming a ——ower, monitored on a watt meter. Adjust- ments by pilot to keep the meter needle pointing tothe optimum setting is all hatis required ‘The electric motor used was 2 2.75hp Luni developed specially by Astra light inc. operating up to 70 volts 40amps and 7.500:pm. A Kevlar reinforced belt and Bicycle chain sprocket produce 231 two stage gear reduction totura the propeller at fan average of 300rom. First solar flights ‘The high desertarea ol E/Mirage Soaring Centre was chosen for solar because of better weather prospects. However the first day, November 20th. started windy and cold. with ice on the ‘ground from the previous night. and plenty fof thin cloud high overhead impeding the ‘The Challenger wes set up in readiness but midday passed without any chance of 2 mt due to cloud cover Finally a1 1.10 fttempt to be made, and into an Bmoh ness wind, Janice rolled forwara in the Solar Challenger tor take-off ‘The world's lest exclusively Solar poweredliltolt preceded = first fight of 2min SOsee which travelled the length of the main runway at heights up to 60h Paul MacCready isa super optimist. ut even he admitted his delight and 286 surprise that the Soler Chollenger performed so apparently etfortiessly under these exireme conditions. Other fights made later that alternon, contirmed that the Challenger has a potenti tight time ot 5-6 hours, even on @ mid-November day with the sun's path between 20° and 35° above the horizon High wings and bad direction in relation tothe sun for take-offs muted the flights at El Mirage and resulted in some off-field landings in tne nearby dh problem was how 1o get the machine back fo the hangar 2 miles away! The answer ‘was to walk back through a maze of ‘narrow sandy tracks between desert scrub ‘and the occasional Joshua Journey in its own right Long distance attempt ‘Anrona, home of cactus and cowboys, was chosen as the location for the final phase of the project for 1960. Consicering the time of year and low sun angle, Arizona offered better prospects for sun and fair weather, A route was chosen between Marana Air Park near Tucson, and Stel ‘Aur Park. one of several landing sites near Phoenix, a distance af 63 miles with few ‘obstacles in between except for the small Picacho mountain range and the 3Oft high Saguaro actin Any fellowing tail wind ‘would of course help the flight North, but heeding to take-off away from the sun ‘would then require a down-wind take-off ‘One of the main problems facing the Solar Challenger so late in the yeat was that the extremely low sua angie not only Feduced energy but also inhibited ne itection of fight. The solar cells. being mounted on the sloping surtaces of wing ‘and tal, are inclined 15° tothe rear during fight — adding to the sun angle when fying North away from the sun, but reducing it when tying South This meant tn effect that tne Challenger would be tunable tofycireits ue o ne requirement to only fly away trom the sun This would present no problem for the sdeal straight Tine flight North under clear bive skies. But in oxeer to gain sulficient height over the ‘Air Park to guarantee satety over fying nearby ground obstacles or to navigate ‘around cloud formations. tre abilty 10 fly Gireuits would be required The dilemma was easily solved by the innovative MacCready who simply ispatched a van iato the desert to deve found ang ‘ound in excles The result? Rising columns of desert dust tte into the ait, passing thermals on which the Solar Challenger’ could centre and maintain altitude in circuits. The all-letter registra tion of the van in zany Calfornian tradition ‘was GCONOOR' The hurried nature of ne project, hterally ‘chasing the sun as tank lower each day of the year finally brought the Challenger 10 the ‘moment ‘of truth on Wednesday, December aed Under clear biue skies, Janice Brown contemplated take-off for 2 itight to Phoenix some 20 times longer than aay previous solar light she had ever mad tpn trang dae, tay mare “Twn gus! documents octy svete fer persue cs fepeiomndtpicobeiulsinuamaspioitegs SEOTEEEruta tame homing tga Alter tive 12ke-offs and landings due to ingullicient height. Janice finally climbed fut along the main runway. gaining sufficient height te complete a evveuit and ‘maintain alutude in arising dust cloud over the endof therunway Several circus ater she was steadily gaining height, a the ‘ground crew raced 10 thew vehicles to follow the Might by road "Soon the Challenger was the highest had ev flown under solar power as headed North towards sts destination. The long distance attempt was on, and soon Janice had broken her previous solar fight record of 14 minutes achieved in the Penguin Regrettably, that was ot all that was broken duting the fight A short one inch iameter piich control pushrod buckled and without full power. Janice was fo Tolandin the desert near Red Rock, some § ‘miles and 22 minutes avay trom Marana Nevertheless. tvs Wrst attempt had produced the best ever solar powered flight. wath the advantage that they could try tall over again the nextday andthe ext day So it was. during more test flying on Friday, Sth December, the Sofar Challenger established another new record ‘of 92 minutes at altiudes upto 3 SOOM aver Marana Aw Park, flown under remarkable Cconaitions of almost total cloud over at umes Even so the sun continued to produce some power, perhaps a third at fumes, which stil enabled the fight to ‘continue much to everyone's surprise ‘with this latest success, the Solar Challenger was again prepared for a fight to Phoeain the next day Butthistime twas the weather that played @ major role An hour alter take-off, Janice found herselt bbeing surrounded by approaching rain clouds ang losing height fast as she tiesto ‘rreumnavigate them ane io the Sunshine The accompanying natty of aweratt were scon radiaing advice to the Solar pilot, of cloud and thermal conditions to enabie Janice to pick the best route As ‘ain started faling on the solar plane. ine chances looked hopeless. Janice tlew the Challenger towards the Picacho mountains tn Search of slope lilt that might enable her to sneak though 2 pass towards tne sunnier conditions further North But she ould fing ite assistance, and atter 1 hour 55 minutes Janice nally conceded, toland ‘ear Picacho Peak, about 12 milesout trom Marana Her actual flight distance including dodging between the clouds, was hearer to 50 mies ‘With bad weather forecasts and some doubts about mechanical reliability, Paul MacCteady finally decided to sente at th and pack up for the wir Goal for 1981 ‘Solar power will never become a reality cells were developed that were 100% ‘atficent, there still woulde't be sulliient ‘energy available per square foot of solar wang area to make st eally feasible Where development of solar cells will bring Denelits 18 not necessarily with improved aificiency, but im eeduced cost per watt The ature of solar power ss one of plentiful and ‘cheap power for the more mundane earth: bound uses Paul MacCready’s purpose ‘wath the Solar Chattenger thght programme {8 10 draw attention to the application of Sola power and lightweight energy efficient design to highlight other potential uses for the future Unger summer sun, the Solar Challenger wil be able 1 1ake off andy, without need for thermals,1n any direction. irrespective of wind of sun direction Flights could last Up to 11 hours producing a range of 400, ‘miles The fact remains that even so late in the year, the Cherlenger was easily capable of flying tram Tucson to Phoenix, 2 feat i ‘wall no doubt achieve early this year as a Build up to the proposed Paris to London fight ia the Summer in June there will be mace solar radiation a1 90 amin Pans than there was in Arwons in December at mueday! See age satanic ——SAM 35 SPEAKS Issue number eight of this journal ss to thang and 1 gets betier ancbetter Free plan sm this issue 1s for a Rise-oll-the. Ground’ ‘actor biplane by AC. Horth and 1s a ‘eprint trom “Junior Mechanics and testy’ of January 15th. 1914 Thisisa antique j0b, enough to get anyone reaching for the Honduras mahogany. gluepot and ‘white nally! The eighteen pages includes Instructions on how tomake a Bowden type fengine mounting, use of corrugated card board in model structures and a host of father contributions from the membership ‘Acaitonally much space is used to detail the season's projected meetings and com peutions The meetings of interest to ‘vintage enthusiasts are given elsewhere sn Ithisissue Ot course the SAM 35 Nationals ‘wall be held in conjunction with the SMAE Barkston Heath, Lincolnshire SECOND 1981 FLYING MEETING AT BIGGLESWADE The Biggleswade Common venues pro conditions and atmos Je meetings, ice picnic plus the usual itty. like-minded ‘th, when SAM 35 held ss second flying meeting of the year. the weather refused ia snd the ran filled gusts o! wing from 3 laden shy. provided the other teneatediy lew his RC assist Southerner powered by an EO 3.48ce diesel, and Don KKovght and son Cheis were soon obtaining exercise when rettieving theit two 54 ‘Abrug designs (OC Oart powered after io downwind dashes Paul Mardell had one Done! fight from hs beautfullyfinished Keil Kraft Ladybied fitted with the G-Matk Twa, before deciding that the conaitians were Derhaps not exactly ideal for such 2 mode! Others also flew and the prize for sheer doggedness must go to Mario Gandath wha Hew 2 DC Dart powered Mam’selle, 2 Cloud Avmmaster fied with an Ela 5 and 2 ‘modilied Performance Kus Sundustet wich used a 3ec Fram Italian diesel pur- chased by Mario way back in 1947 As was tobe exnocied he broke alltnree machines, the first two in ‘llying aceidents’, but the modilied Sunduster alter partorming Several times, broke up in a particularly fierce gust when being releeved Thage view dhawing of Poul ‘Biacan's 30m wingsoan Tornado" This model wat ‘onommaly desioned forthe ‘Bantam 1918 1938, but sear apparent not overiy ‘Wecenaful uring the then ow power petetengmes sean ther valtivey heavy ‘onton flying’. where amidst. much cchin-wagging, latest acquisitions were passed avound lor all to see, plans, ‘magazines and engines changed hands and new models were displayed. A part ularly fine Johe Worth “Cement Mix ‘built by Derek Weich was on view, this ‘example being powered lke the prototype wih a glow Arden 099 Pat Tranheld's rubber powered Frog Jupiter was also ‘much admired, since the plan far this model ‘came to ight, after many years of searen, @ ‘number of Jupiters are now under cor- struction In view af planned to doit ‘again a fortnight later, hopefully under more susiable weather conditions. Unfortunately this was, ‘organisationally not possible. so the next swade meeting wll aot be unt Sunday May 171h ROG (RISE OFF GROUND) In the beginning all models were hand launched and as such, mos: aid not have any form af undercarriage except possibly 3 rudimentary skid to prevent damage on Alghting However, the treed lor the future was clearly spelled out bx VE Johnson MA waiting 19 1912 “By far the most interesting models and ‘ones which have recently come into prominence are those when “se from the Rising mode! was born and 4 became necessary to ase the qual ‘neaton ‘OM Ground againsta performance im duratvon of distance in order 10 ait Herentiate between ths type ul take-off and the landlauneh Later sul the abbreviation ROG iRise Olf Ground) came snto general ‘uring the recent showing of some home emowes of a pre-war yas model meet in ‘America, kindly brought over by Dancy ‘Sheelds trom Baltimore, one was stuck By the fact that ail of ie models that flew had {0 take-ofl from the plywoed and linoleum boards provided: none of the madels were hand launened Here then 1s an area of very great dit ference between then and now Today at fur vintage meetings, 11s most unusual 10 see.amodel doa suecesstulROG, wnat lot ‘ol fun we are missing by merely heaving them into the a Taking olf the grouné was an smportant sundercar: the process a practical possibilty Thin ‘streamline section wheels were soon in ‘use on both rubber and power designs, since less power was required to push them along on take-off and they had less ‘rag in the av Although the doughnut type low pressure airwnee! like the Trexier, ‘50 much used by present day vintage enthusiasts, looks night and provides ‘excellent shock absorbsion on landing tis ‘not an easy tyre to take-off on through tong Aeromodell “Tim cvighas Gomurnenttstrocty audigier paul in atttps:tenen.btsgotbotenroranfessemr-ape,plare! om uiy 12.9029‘9ra38, and many modellers wil be sur Prised at the amount of extra power Fequired to get aitborne. Pylonious, writing recently, commented fon the reluctance wilh which ihe rise-off ‘round rule 1s observed in today's vintage Competitions. and that the smooth newly laid tarmacs of the pre-1950s have become the crumbling runways that vintage thers are stuck with today! Well | feel that the chance would be @ fine thing. Usually vin. tage lies now-a-days commit their avia tion on tarmac tree fields like Biggleswade Common, Halton and Old Warden aero romes, but take his point, and so should fall vintage meeting organisers, Let's have Some plywood oF linoleum take-off boards tomake tall more genuine ané toenabie us to Feap some of the pure enjoyment from realistic take-offs (ROG) as they used to be JUNIOR VINTAGE FLYERS it is the young chap we have always. needed or there willbe notomarrow Acidd fr group that does not recruit yourg talent will Be no more than aa exploding star in the en” So wrote truly vintage aero, ‘modeller, Juste van Hettum. atthe end of his historieal coverage of the hobby in ‘Those Early Days in Aeromodeller some five years ago. Although van Hattum was speaking genecally, much of what he said Could be applies tothe viniage scene ios Travers basa Whole famiy af Stterent ree ‘Scorpions. ‘here he ‘ar Old Warder popular size (éain fwingepan| whieh was ered by Rest hoate on "9s6 Don Knight, profitic builder and regular aden ata tintage mectings,lnunching his Pretfer dese! powared “Tornado” ot Biggles We do have a umber of juniors but they have been mostly introduced 10 vintage rmadelling by their own family circle or close Acquaintances and since the old yee models are s0 attractive, tis no wonder that the juniors desire to join in. However. hhow do we reach the young man hovering fon the brink, he who is about to take up Beromodelling? How can we make him @ vintage devotee before the other branches of the hobby recruit him? itis the expectant desire of the writer 10 increase the numbers of viniage juniors ‘There is no reason why newcomers tothe hobby should not be reared on line vintage designs that have always been good ‘models for the beginner, like the Keil Kraft ‘Ajax lor example, which is still avail kat form today. forty years after it frst appeared. To quote van Huttum again. "A beginner's model may sometimes be more important than a world championship de. signDo we ceally look after the aero modeller who fies for fun and does not want to reach the top? When we introduce 2 new simple class, soon becomes Sophisticated and scares off the tyro ‘The vintage movement willnot scare off the tyra, mor quench the spark of fenthusiasm thar brought him 19 us Our aim must be to gain his attention and interest land a fine balance musi be struck between assembly (which the present day youngster faccepts) and. construction The vintage ‘modeling scene 1s very much a make It il ‘yourself game with ihe emphasis on make. Tamm suce that this 2 youngsters natural desire and his appteite and ability have merely been somewhat dulled by feeding right, Ben Buckie leattor of Sannas speaKs, inunehng his 1987 Chester Lance S6in wingzosa hing Yossisge dengn Smayback” ode powared by . ri ener rere ere rer ec him assembly thinking these past years {Let us awaken the latent interest in hie to really create a model with his own hands. He must realise that the Rip Van Winkles, and the middle-aged modellers who build the vintage models today, because of their connections with the dim and distant past ‘must surely fade away The onus will not ‘only be on him then it an him now, and the movement needs his support to survive. Tvs appreciated that modern youth seek the thnils and demends of competition fiying Welt, they can have plenty of that too inthe vintage environment, and don't have to stick to the stad eicuits of under Dowered oldies rom the Thirties Yet. when they realy get the vintage bug, his + the soft of fying that will please them most t has been said that many clubs have long since abandoned their junior sections, ‘and that this might have something to do ‘wih the so-called change that has come ‘ver young people the last twenty years or so, caused possibly by the effects of pop music and television Grown-ups have been expressing the same doubts for 2 variety of other reasons for generations, bout the youngsters have never let them down yet Tt ig suggested that SAM wawe the Junior membership tee completely for ‘under sixteens Ifthe response makes thisa financial burden, pernaps an increase in senior membership fees will balance things lt should be understood that it luniors avail tmemselves of such an offer. they willbe expected to maintain a reason able level of activity in the Duiding anc flying of vintage model aeroplanes Other sacentives for the juniors could be cheaper fengines and building materals. tree Tull ‘sn plans, and help with transport to and from the various SAM 35 flying meetings. How about st SAM?= A ASN ERI EVERY AEROMODELLER will, at some Z stage in his hobby, be tempted to praduce 3 model of his own Gesign The successo! the ‘Outeome will very much depend upen both the amount of practical experience he has. accumulated in building proven designs from kts and plans, and his understanding of the basic requirements for tight, The ‘models that have been built prewously by the intending designer will have given hie aninsightitothe ype of structure required for various components, and ihe sizes of materials to be used. A sound structs design, however. is of no use if the ser. ‘dynamics ofthe project are unsatisfactory, and itis my intention to give some guide lines to lead to a suecesstul model aieralt design ‘Although it isa great boost to your ego to see your own design taking to the air, st must be admitied that very litle of the esign will be completely unique. Each new modelis really development of what hhas gone belore, and will incorporate the ideas of many other people Styles may change. and many well-established esigns have an old fashioned’ ait about Sa them, A modern styling trend is the use of swept fins; Unis makes no apparent dif ferent to the tight performance, ane may even add a litle structural weight, but it looks good. Curvaceous, ‘streamlined fuselages have gone out of fashion. as they were difficult to make, and did tte to help the efficiency of the machine. Simple ines can sillbe pleasing eine eye, anditishere that 2 good designer can produce an easily made, high performance, yet attractive model Techmques Aight examples of mijn and tow npect mr campanents of a conventional model ait Craft, and, without delving too deeply into the theoretical aspects. see what size relationships there are for the various com ponents The basic unt of any flying machine isthe wing, which must generate Sufficient lift 10. support the complete model, and also be strong enough to with stand all flying land landing) loads. To esign a wing that performs ficiently, Several factors have tobe considered. Long thin wings require les effort to push them through the air than short stubby ones of equal area. This is because of the relative losses incurred by spillage of the high pres. sure ait from underneath the wing, round the wing tip to Ihe lower pressure topside, This shape configuration 1s called the aspect 1200, and in simple terms is the umber of times the wing chord {leading edge 10 tavling ege distance) will divide ina the span On average models. this number will be about 5 oF 6, with high pee formance glider wings going upto about 10, (or 12. Lower aspects ratio wang shapes are more tikely to be found on contol-line models. Wings with a relatively iow aspect fatioean be mide quite sul and strong, and fre to be found on power models, which have a wide speed range and are generally heawer than gliders ano rubber models Narrower wings. as found on gliders, pre sent difficulties in flexure, both bending during the tow launch, and twisting or staring la sie as ‘paar Sem waneur hawaneconsicton leading 10 wing Hutter) during fast tying ‘The nigh speed lying can occur duting the tow launeh, of pemaps n the eecovery dive ‘rom a sali. Stliness in twist can be pro: vided by diagonal braces, clten in the form of the ribs themselves Bending loads in the wings can be quite high, and steong spars must be provided at the highest and lowest points nthe wing section for optimum bene! For some high aspect ratio wings subject to high loads, ‘such as on radio gliders, these spars may ‘even nave to be made from spruce Thin wang sections can present difficulties in Strength, and may requite substantiallead ing and trailing edges for adequate sti fness. Remember that when you do use '3¢5, they shouldbe eep rather thanwice to give the best resistance to bending Wing tios must be kept light. yer strong ‘enough to react against the shrinkage of tne covering tissue’ Wing tips are also very inhardlandings. and Should be of a simple design so that easy fepairs can be made. For lateral stability, free fight models require 9 certain amount of ihecral. and 8 Suitable amount for a high wang model isto raise the tip not less than one tenth of the fall span of the wing ie a ane metre span ‘model should have the st 50mm above the wing centre Mid and low wing models will require 2 greater amount Of dihedral. It preterred. poly-dinedral ‘wangs may be bull, with 2 reduced dinedralAN lons quoted as percentages of lot of wood and thus extra weight, A wide the chord line, These enable the section to spacing 1s certainly light, But tissue sag be drawn to the size required for the new between the ribs spoils the section. and model. Sections in common use are the fenders the covering more prone to 19 the centre panels. and more at the tips Davis and the Clark Y. but there are many damage._An optimum distance between nedralyoints carry high loads.andshould _allernatives. nibs is about SOmm, adjusted a8 necessary have adequate keepers fied, usually cut The plan form that you select isa matier__tospace the ribs neatly in the desired span fom thin plywood Even withagooddesign of taste. Arectangular ovlline is obviously Sheet balsa ean be used to good elfect in of joint. sloppy workmanship can theeasiest toconstruct, vsing vibsofallthe wing construction, The upper leading edge Gangerously reduce its strength Triangular same length Tapered wings. with the taper back tothe highest pontan the section, cae {ussets should be hited into the corners at starting either at the root or at about two. be covered with | Smm sheet, whieh wll ‘wing tins and all dihedral joints thirds out towards the ip. area litle mare give a smoother contour and aé¢ torsional ‘One decision that must De made is what elegant, but require ribs ol graduetedsizes st aeroloil section is 10 b Previous The most dificult of all is the elliptical «4 bottom. will ge added sup: experience helps here. and suitable outline, which also introduces curved lead ‘at the wing mounting platform, and sections can be eribbed from equivalent ing and wailing edges. Ns always better designs Rubber and glider models can design your wing structure so that use can have fairly thin sections, sometimes with be made of stock sizes o! pre alsa ne luncercamber, while power models. wi Rib spacing is something of a compro. we wil igok at the other have thicker, flat-bot jons. Ordin mise: alarge number of ribs maintains tne airerat. belore discussiak ates for various gerofoils willbe found, with 2eroloil section accurately. but involves a them ll together into a new design foil shope better Wing with Geodetic ribs WING STRUCTURES June 1981 See Aero Ace Letters on page 317 291 ia wig at SI ect ies oe ate tm eeeeSTUNT Glen Alison IN DESIGNING ine tapered wing fra new stunt irom slpwood fermen anther umber fie These sre then caved and ssrde lgmingpertect Band “tre mojar problem va haraiy ‘ura the aca wg ag petit ats pace ol heer wah vt Ite amt set an cstances apart eorresgondng to the shard engih a each ib the eaunee tn usted between sro Prorecior aways semains.Sead aquare tome taas dm longer than the neat 292 ee retrieve 4 downed model. The plot must mote ne Satna the ake FAI COMBAT RULES CHANGES Repets trom the Pa Sosear to be ROOT RIB TEMPLATE ROOT RIB SPAR NOTCH CLAMPING BOLTS STACKED RIB PRODUCTION 1992.1 ths is offically contemed thvough the Nest yea“ em 2 Woe Championsmp. covering we Cips and terminals wth uBber tle markings have been onengec omiwa—fubing ‘cucles ISand 22 mewer tonsngie tas “Wase enanges are 9 have been siminsted “Conquest 8 are Ia AP loware a g00d set ot ‘HACE mace onto arte (On EALSA AT cxCH CRONE Move mOxCIOR sACRWARDS AND FORwaKeS 10 ENLARGE Ot DUCE mma zt On SenEDN a an tesa inpesiniim-com te, ptome!bolnly 12:308Bain of these engine makers were taken over by inelconglomert, Lasre Oynamen KE tat mance engines. s0 the new "K&B Conguest Shot Seed lun oe serge TThave been eoetaspending with Vitor Tan, 3 young combat ier tam Singapore ove the ast Year He hes sent me some tener ong iste of {uestions about combst ma inareted’s rather Bigh evel af competion. ine county A Bechage a photos ne prowdedahow age, nal Eaprted conroraconston re fotal te ‘ember of the FAI Hopeliy they wil 200 jm ‘would censiniy be wvconentan, wee "NY ‘Page 87 of ihe Fabruaryspup states hat here swore we hunareg ames mA compa! atthe US ats ‘The aetal eurmer was twenty 2 th ‘089 in glows ve il an unolisal event over here. so wentyenuiesspretygcodstihspamt petition Stunt Worry Precision Acrobats) ihe hoboy, nave found sevealailorecees tam he Scane aestusea tobe Infact the oncouldbesummedupby saying “ZO years gol raw at here waste town about Sun but ‘Way back he ie $08 and early 60s:t was 2 etriate event ageed wich drew more than 8 fumed up ted then eatmate your pigeng tary Sccurately Not ort aroune the ma Sines ig Sresabl shed tashuon begiatoemerge n mode designe Pror vo ina simort ymin cola be Eensidered to be competitive. the” overnn ‘maxim being’ Bund 9 rol able mace! tod thes Inavn wo lipith The 2a0¢: Geseh stil hag te sherens Inotaiy Gig Esliandor aed Frog 500" ia superbly Handling "maton but not Fenowned for leaving skinless ice puddings ving Sound wile Brin Brown trom the Nadinnds ‘made mary pecoie st up wth an ETA 29 0 Frantease pressure ‘nen tne tly lapped glow motor powered mode’ vegan to'emeige se the standarce the June 1981 motor te varied kom 183 to 602 ane many Beagle attempted to procuce models based om Pavucutar ule erat Utinatly he: 38eun ade "etre stomata io ey Stet onoals these besngprended overby Bob Palmer SneSecge Ag years ana though various models elminatng: The" “Thunaerod Marks Tana it Taose Rag Sharply tapered laps which were eventually ‘eduens (0 ery part of the wigasan and he fypically 45° cach way on the elevator ‘way on the fags, Tvs produced 9 very of the Toungerbrg fens. tay own successee guar to sem retire imertwete gained win a mochedversan lhe "ine George Alardgephlosophy was conceived wettuniys cesrngri an the form of a. mad ed Palmer’ Chiat hich had a longer ial moment fnd increased ap movament Ths was followed Byte prototype ol the famous Neblet the Imnmed.ate ancestoof wrivaliyevery mode fying tegny. Mess. of layout are rather less Saar tsnot te everyones taste ul oes need comaine he winuse Of each of the above Bbieg tak atise hap tokage, 1 sraragee ve Sere oe ‘neira. whereas wnen approaching the lit of ‘movement than the lags Amaningly enough delet wate The age ware at oa ‘aymbers, things are much more neatiny wih 12 SSrenmnes berg consdered 9 poor tut out and Sieihers cabs of winning instead of single Inde wo covers way every conten atiation From the. modal point af view. the Sutton 1s far lese egthy most of the madels fre stonting mactines wah le, oc no, resem Blance'o 2 real aeroplane. Very lew peone ore svn ty swhingaren Gran Being endante of he hobieratnough ihe bane deen agin moat cates Been enlarged ta eater fore how fasnvonsbl a6 sue engine “te rena tothe lager Sue engine comes, ike most ings, rom he USA where the tend for ne fave vine contcared robe ceasabieto aim ioriaptimes round $254 aes Nowadays he target seems tobe 6 sacs or more Interestingly trough the engin the Sater sowtogacoo™ Signy to 40 suc motor the = ye tonne fact ingt's'modeen 40 as more power than exting ‘26 se motors and can hy on thinner ines ‘wun tne modern generation of oak site stunt imoseln. the whole emprasin vt or irmming ogee are bu win every pocebie tem made 293 enBrogresswely changing each al the varables Eigly andan combieation ang thon colaing he fesue img. 2 rotul fim. seams 1 De wary Soubtiul" Experience. Inaiates that” a. mare ‘change of proplir can completely change the handling of model ascansverysmallchangeat Stunt model sesign The result wos a se! ol fe elaing to the serodynamcssnvclved ted conan suggestions of haps worthy ol Inverugaton “renealiy all of thw formula hae Sveasy been published in AEROMODELLER Burnet wehin he an 25 yrs! Yousawit latin RERGMOGELLER) the pointers to. design ‘mogieavont have. tkowie, all been tied ane ‘iscorsed an grin interior petlormance Could iyiuprotedseradynes operat utventiviashionsbie Vey and myst tng eedtay Sogo taut tet ponies He e's procuct of despnrangyour sympathy woul THREE SISTERS INTERNATIONAL Entry at his event wil be esteted te 30, due tote limitations of he ite Arthur Eves informs ‘located on ne basis of dividing ne number of ountnes who have entered, nto 2010 give the {Gves 8 wncle number avin W any county Sus Yewer sete than the manimur, The ‘umber wil be made up Wom extra Bish Snanes nites fr each country wal boon fist come: tietservedbasis What this bos dowe tos FILM (RE)COVERING, EPISODE TWO ‘atthe end ol the notes nthe Apiligcue a0 tum covering. mentioned that the model wa ‘hay, but net exactly a8 Mad orginally sstended ‘he fim had adhered to the fuselage much ‘more trmiy than expected Thisissomewhatsut Dusingin view ofhefactthat afer alte ln Sean pursuades to come off was found that bout 90 per een o! the structure was saturated stn castor The only area when had escapes cesar Ras geet erga "ober, Daa ay 108) 33 cha “nd tee 35 294 ‘was the rear 10p decking and he inane cuter [Xs I had not been look ng forward to recovering the wing and tol whieh would have ievolved ‘some means of tveading the cevering through the fap and elevator hinge lines. | decided fo tuseiage in order aeroto! tin ok dy cleaning uidthe particular ted going under the name of Goad. but Inere are sevra! ethers) This was sprayed onto the bare wood and allowed to diy, The areas ‘which nag ight ot denon becarse covered wth ‘edied ry wood! Where here was a heawer oi ome areas. several appicavons of flag were fequired to reach the powee’ sage. and 1d man went over the ene fuselage using the toilet ussue ang iron routine described prewously lana nen sponged the whore siucture wihwate’ {aremove any remaining power use tots ight weight he model has always ‘been nose heavy Aza nev cowl was naeced any ‘wav I semoved the font bultheea emnounted {hin furtnerattanddrlea neweng.ne mounting holes jm behind he orgial ones The nose wa Simularly shortened ana tecontouresto st ‘One eharacterste of the Nebler which has. botmored ome peop, a terdencyotuin much tigmer on ini corsers than outs ones. This ‘depend on CG location. getup ina ncteneavy ‘Eondivon can appear asa very markedsuggish ‘nes on the tie boom corer at square Bunte ‘is parteutar mede! nas always sullered badly Init respect ana I was determined 10 take tis ‘levator pushrod Thve waz eu through the ends ‘verapped about yin and then hound with fue lee aa soldered together. This meant that both Maps and elevators wee now depressed about rors ‘Then taking a deep breath, both fags and ee ‘ators ware femly forced back to. neu {you have tobe bravel Anolewaeineneutinthecocs Then eut anda pecesoldered:n toring tne bel frank back to neutral when the Hage anc “Ihe total oh all ths Nard work thatthe tap te explanavon! The result of hotne as describes ist ntroduce cite Sever more down than up Therelere. when ‘ging U2. the lap wall move trther than the sieuaon, ging 9 slower tuering more slvgg3sh fespanse, while ging down wil produce mere ‘evar man lap ging 2 sharper eeeponce, Wilitwort? Well leanbuilda new cowl aed {Coste on Aor 12 Aeromodeller “Ten erigina Goverventts treet austen for poroone! ube at itps:Poven higpocheteeorautes.corntpe.plara/ trom ly 12.2029DER ADLE Designed by Godfrey Knight This model has been designed around the new Kei ‘motor The unit has 3 weight 1s located at the Wont of the model. This ‘makes itidealfor First World Wartypesorsemi-scale ‘models ike Der Adler that have a short nose FUSELAGE Trace fuselage formers onto medium grade balsa, using carbon paper and Sharp pencil, and.eut out, A good method 10 make this process easier and mote accurate is to photocopy the parts to be cut fut Suck the photocopy of the parts to he balsa sheet using a spray contact adhesive such as ‘Scotch Spraymount”Thepart may then be easly and accurately cut out using {2 sharp balsa krvla. The paper templates 2Fe easily femoved from the balsa part the Spray Movet is lightly applied Bula the two side frames on the plan selecting the harder wood for the longetons andthe softer for the verticals and iagonals Use PVA glue ot Balse cement 2 Clean up the sides with a sanaing block, tapering the inside face at the stern post fend. Once again the Spray Mount can be ‘used to stick sandpaper 10.2 balsa biock 10 ‘make an excellent sanding block Assemble the two sides and formers FI, F2 and F3 tavertes on the pian and allow to dry. Pul sides togeiner and glue at sterm post. making sure that the sternpost is square to the drawing Cut and Mw allerosspreces and twangular skid support 3 Ty the ARDEN unit, sanding the frames where necessary 10 obtain a reasonably snug fit Glue the three plywood motor mounting pads nto position When dy, ‘mark the three screwhoies from the unt Dail with Ygin(1 me) del and test serew June 1987 ‘ec aieat 16 workin reverse whan winding arth the the unit in postion. Make sure thatit canbe removed readily without snagging any of the frames. Remove the ARDEN unit 4 Bend undercarriage trom 20 gauge plane wire; place undercarriage into position and block into place with 25 {Emm balsa and gussets at lower longeron. Bend tailskid and glue into position with 5 ‘minute epoxy glue. Use a few dabs of the glue to secure the main ungerca 5 Fu formers Fla, b and c:F2a, ba and b, Fa, FB, F6 and F7. Add stringers fiting former FAY at the same time. Fit 8 295 “Ten erighna Goverventts truer auetabte fer poroonel veo ttitps:Poven higpocheteeroraufes.corntpe.plara/ om ly 12.2029owel gussets, drill when dry and fit for ‘ward dowel as this helps to retain the Undercarriage 6 Sand the fuselage smooth and cover ‘with lightweight tissue of desired colour and water shrink. Dope with two coats of 500 thinned shrinking dope. The 1a ‘engine cowling may be covered with art {card or 08mm thick balsa sheet 7 Make a circular front of cowling trom four layers of 1 5mm balsa sheet or trom light 6mm sheet Hollow out to reduce weight. Fix four locating dowels, dill cen tealy to clear Arden unit housing an dil hole for winding handle shatt Attach front Cowling using 3 small elasic band and hooks: WING 1 Cut out wing ribs ether individually uaced or prelereably by the plywood template method 2 Sand the 25 x 8 walling edge to its wangular section, and also sand the scallops and cut out notches 3 Cutrnght hand and lett herd main spars trom 2.5 x 8.0 hare balsa, tapering where Shown. (Two laminations of 25 «2.5 may be uses} 4 Guild wing halves on drawing: packing under main sparto bring it upto thecorrect height '5 Place the two wing halves on the draw: ing with the ibs at the centre section atthe ‘correct distance apart, Keeping he wingsin Tine, pack up the tips to give 25mm dihedral at ip. Fit ane glue the wailing edge section, the 2.5 * 2 leading edge, the two spar re Inforcing pieces and the wiangular gussets. 6 Buile up cockpit coaming using 0 8mm ‘sheet and 1.8mm balsa formers as shown ‘on drawing 296 van Sneath arn hgh one 7 Sand curves at wingtips. radius the 2.5% 25 leading edge and cover wing with light weight tissue of desired colour and wat Shrink. Dope with 60°50 thinned shrinking ope TAILPLANE AND RUDDER 1 Teace and eut out TI, A2, RB and Re from medium grade 25mm balse sheet 2 Cut, ft and give parts on plan to make tailplane and rudder 13 Sand smooth and round elf leading and trailing edges 2 Cover wih lightweight tissue, water shrink and dope with 2 coats of 50.50 thinned shrinking dope 5. Glue rudder totailplane making sure that the parts are square to each other GENERAL FINISHING 1 Cut and glue remaining three fuselage owels in place 2 Cut andfit wo cudber band guide dowels to tailplane 3 Cutand it two rubber band guice dowels ‘t wing centre section 44 Make card or ply templates of the German crosses Press stackof 46 layers fof black lightweight tissue between the template and a cutting board anc cut round the profile with a vary sharp knife. The tissue crosses thus produced may then be ‘oped into position on the fuselage and ‘wings with thinned dope 5 Cut apilot rom polystyrene sheet(or use the head and shoulders trom a plastic toy providing that it s not too heavy) and stick ‘nto position. If esired, machine guns may be made trom balsa and glued into position The guns and the engine cow! should be painted black 6 Fit wheelsand retainin posstionby either soldering a small cup washer onto the end bof the axle. of pushing 2 small piace of plastic or nibber electee Hex insulation, 17 Fit Arden unit and chy front cowl into position. ft wings and tail uni to the fuse Tage using elastic bands 8 Check that the plane belances at the position shown on the drawing. i itdoesn’t ‘then ad plasticene ballast to nose or til fequired. The plane is now ready for test ‘light, FLYING 1 Tost glide first, packing the back or ront (of the tailplane with 0.8mm balsa scrap to ‘correct nose heavinessor lightness respec. twely. The glide should be reasonably swaight. only correct it f excessive left of Fight turn is noticed. The tail unit should be biased one way or the other to correct this, ‘Alter all rimming has been completed, the tmangular locating piece and any packing should be glued into postion toensure con sistent location of the tal unit 2 Wind about 30 turns onto the ARDEN Unt, fly the plane noting whether it turns lett or right under power. The number of turns may be increased steadily correcting excessive left or right turns by giving appro piiate side thrust to the Arcen unit, Le packing the LH side of the housing 10 Correct left turn and the RH side for right turns. Nole — owing to the gyroscopic effect of the rotating propeller. 3 LH 1uen ‘wil ft and a RH turn will lower the nose of the plane, This action may be used to advantage when trimming the plane, 3 Although the Arden unit will take an absolute maximum of 140-180 turns, ind {that 80.100 tuens give very satisfactory flights and have the advantage of a long rubber lif. I the motor breaks due to over winding, lack of lubrication or plainold age. always replace it with Pirell eubber. There ‘sno really suitable substitute Acromodeller + hts hw hoppoeketwerenmues compe pen trem dy 1220237 Build up cockpit N from 0.8mm Pes sheet bolsa on 2.5 gusset“ || wing centre section Rubber band guide pegs 1.5mm balsa dihedral keepers both sides of spor Rubber band. guide Foe June 1981 TR tence lly eet he cers wo fi seeeeet deere rete since ny 123087Circular former cowl from 1. Sim Hole Allen key access for am sheet for propeller shaft 5 x 6mm ree 0.8mm sheet balsa 1.5 x 3mm balsa stringers t= from F2 oft to 1.5.x 1.5mm balsa or laminated from thinner sheet. Sand to v / i Vin Keil wheel 298 ' streamlined! Kroft Y 1.5mm ply Is Arden power - behind bulkhead F3. Formers F1, F2, and F3 from 2.5mm balsa All other, 1.5mm sheet bolse Aeromodeller eS a ae 4san | DER ae SEMI-SCALE — ARDEN RUBBER DESIGNED "6 — 2,5x2.5 medium balsa| 2.5 x 2.5mm \ balsa RI, R2, R3, ond R4 from 2.5mm sheet balsa June 1981 298 ‘Tro eviginet eocement ts root avetsnte for pervenal uve ot epe:sure Nepech nineanawtes compe plone om duly 12029