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Chapter 06: Consciousness and Cognition
Chapter 06 Multiple Choice Questions
1. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and
thoughts?
thinking
cognition
conscience
consciousness
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-01
Page-Reference: 202
Topic: What Is Consciousness?
Skill: F
Objective: 6.1
Answer: consciousness
2. Consciousness is the _____________.
state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes

awareness of ourselves and the environment
memory of personally experienced events
intentional recollection of an item of information
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-02
Page-Reference: 202
Skill: C
Objective: 6.1
Answer: awareness of ourselves and the environment
3. The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called _____________.
altered state of consciousness

waking consciousness
self-awareness
intelligence
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-03
Page-Reference: 202
Skill: F
Objective: 6.1
Answer: waking consciousness
4. What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or
hypnosis?
daydreaming
meditative absorption
stream of consciousness
altered state of consciousness
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-04
Page-Reference: 202-203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.1
Answer: altered state of consciousness
5. Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as
_____________.
hyperconsciousness
unconscious states
relaxed wakefulness
altered states of consciousness
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-05
Skill: C
Objective: 6.1

Answer: altered states of consciousness
6. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of _____________.
self-awareness
self-absorption
waking consciousness
altered states of consciousness
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-06
Skill: F
Objective: 6.1
Answer: altered states of consciousness
7. What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?
drugs
dreams
sleep
meditation
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-07
Page-Reference: 203
Topic: Altered States—Sleep
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: sleep
8. A circadian cycle is about _____________ hours long.
8
12
6
24
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-08
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: 24

9. A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) _____________ cycle.
infradian
circadian
diurnal
ultradian
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-09
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: circadian
10. Our sleep–wake cycle follows a(n) _____________ rhythm.
infradian
diurnal
circadian
ultradian
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-10
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: circadian
11. The hypothalamus controls the _____________.
hypnotic suggestibility ratio

sleep–wake cycle
frequency of nightmares
growth hormones that occur during sleep
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-11
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: sleep–wake cycle
12. The sleep–wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the _____________.
optical nerve
frontal lobe
hypothalamus
median forebrain bundle

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-12
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: hypothalamus
13. What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?
Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.

The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
Heart rates typically increase at night.
There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-13
Skill: A
Objective: 6.2
Answer: There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
14. _____________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the
pineal gland.
Serotonin
Testosterone
Estrogen
Melatonin
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-14
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: Melatonin
15. Melatonin is to _____________ as an aspirin is to _____________.
nausea; nightmare
nightmare; blood clots
insomnia; headache
sleep apnea; blood thinner
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-15
Skill: C
Objective: 6.2

Answer: insomnia; headache
16. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
the thalamus
the cerebellum
the basal ganglia
the hypothalamus
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-16
Page-Reference: 203
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: the hypothalamus
17. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the _____________.
pineal gland
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
thalamus
hippocampus
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-17
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
18. The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the _____________.
morning
early evening
afternoon
night
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-18
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: C
Objective: 6.2
Answer: night

19. Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?
Most people need at least 10 hours.

Men need more sleep than women.
The amount of sleep people need varies from person to person depending on age and possibly
inherited sleep needs.
Women need more sleep than men.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-19
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: C
Objective: 6.2
Answer: The amount of sleep people need varies from person to person depending on age and possibly
inherited sleep needs.
20. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep
an individual needs as a function of age?
We require more sleep as we age.
As we age, we tend to need less sleep.
We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early
adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-20
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: As we age, we tend to need less sleep.
21. Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?
electromyograph (EMG)
electrocardiograph (ECG)
electro-oculograph (EOG)
electroencephalograph (EEG)
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-21
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: electroencephalograph (EEG)

22. REM sleep refers to _____________.
dreamless sleep
sleep induced by sleeping pills
sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely
sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-22
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly
23. In 1984, Dr. Rosenthal and his colleagues described a variant of major depression, associated with
feelings of worthlessness and helplessness. What did they call this condition?
"jet lag" depression
seasonal affective disorder
sleep apnea
reactive depression
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-23
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: seasonal affective disorder
24. How were the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) unique, compared to those of other
types of depression?
Symptoms consistent with depression would occur only after travelling to a different time zone.
Symptoms consistent with depression would generally appear during the summer months and
disappear in the winter months.
Symptoms consistent with depression would generally appear during the autumn or winter months
and disappear in the spring and summer months.
Symptoms consistent with depression would occur only after travelling to a different time zone during
the summer months.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-24
Page-Reference: 204
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: Symptoms consistent with depression would generally appear during the autumn or winter
months and disappear in the spring and summer months.

25. Why is it possible that those living in Canada would suffer a greater chance of SAD than perhaps
someone living in Florida?
Depression is connected to vitamin C, and Florida produces an abundance of oranges; therefore,
vitamin C is plentiful.
Due to the abundance of sunlight in Florida, the internal clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, would
not be affected; therefore, SAD would not develop.
The long winter nights in Canada increase the production of melatonin, which results in decreased
production of serotonin, causing an increased risk of depression.
There is no statistical difference regarding the probability of SAD developing more in Canada than in
Florida.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-25
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: C
Objective: 6.2
Answer: The long winter nights in Canada increase the production of melatonin, which results in
decreased production of serotonin, causing an increased risk of depression.
26. If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude
that the sleeping person is _____________.
really not sleeping and is actually awake
in Stage 2
in Stage 3
in Stage 4
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-26
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: F
Objective: 6.2
Answer: really not sleeping and is actually awake
27. You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple: just put
on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while
asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered
proof?
Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-27
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: C
Objective: 6.2
Answer: What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?

28. You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked
up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
enters the first stage of sleep?
alpha waves eventually replaced by delta waves
delta waves eventually replaced by theta waves
alpha waves eventually replaced by theta waves
delta waves eventually replaced by beta waves
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-28
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: A
Objective: 6.2
Answer: alpha waves eventually replaced by theta waves
29. What term do sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1 to 4 of sleep?
REM sleep
non-REM sleep
REMN sleep
paradoxical sleep
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-29
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: non-REM sleep
30. If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, you were
most likely in which stage of sleep?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
slow wave sleep
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-30
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: A
Objective: 6.3
Answer: Stage 1
31. Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such
phenomena?
hypnic jerk
positive hallucination
hypnogogic image
hypnopompic image

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-31
Page-Reference: 205
Skill: A
Objective: 6.3
Answer: hypnogogic image
32. If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping
person is in which stage of sleep?
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 4
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-32
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: Stage 2
33. Sleep spindles appear during _____________ sleep.
Stage 1
REM
Stage 2
Stage 4
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-33
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: Stage 2
34. Short, rhythmic bursts of brain wave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called
__________.
delta waves
sleep spindles
paradoxical sleep waves
beta waves
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-34
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3

Answer: sleep spindles
35. Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an
hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?
beta
alpha
theta
delta
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-35
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: delta
36. The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is _____________ sleep.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-36
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: Stage 3
37. The deepest stage of sleep is _____________ sleep.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-37
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: Stage 4

38. Stage 4 sleep is marked by _____________ waves.
alpha
beta
theta
delta
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-38
Page-Reference: 206
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: delta
39. Children, in Stage 4 sleep, _____________.
dream all the time

are harder to wake up during this stage than adults
are easier to wake up during this stage than adults
hallucinate
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-39
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: are harder to wake up during this stage than adults
40. What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of
sleepwalking?
paradoxical sleep waves
very large sleep spindles
evidence of deep sleep (Stage 4)
a record that is virtually the same as that of a daydreaming person
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-40
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: C
Objective: 6.3-6.4
Answer: evidence of deep sleep (Stage 4)
41. REM behaviour disorder results from _____________.
too much sleep

not enough sleep
failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
deterioration of the medial hypothalamus

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-41
Page-Reference: 207
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles
42. REM behaviour disorder most commonly occurs _____________.
in men over age 60

in women under age 60
in children
among the poor
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-42
Page-Reference: 207
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: in men over age 60
43. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?
REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.

REM deprivation occurs only among the elderly.
REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-43
Page-Reference: 207
Skill: F
Objective: 6.3
Answer: REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
44. John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he
takes a sleeping pill before bed.

drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
did not sleep much last night.
slept more than 8 hours last night.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-44
Page-Reference: 207
Skill: A
Objective: 6.3

Answer: did not sleep much last night.
45. Barry has experienced an emotionally stressful day. What would you expect to see in his EEG
record when he sleeps tonight?
REM rebound
a greater amount of time spent in NREM sleep than usual
a greater amount of time spent in Stage 2 sleep than usual
a greater amount of time spent in REM than usual
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-45
Page-Reference: 207
Skill: A
Objective: 6.3
Answer: a greater amount of time spent in REM than usual
46. Jennifer wakes up, shaken from her memories of a terrible nightmare in which she was being
chased by zombies. What sleep stage did Jennifer just wake up from?
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 4
REM
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-46
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: A
Objective: 6.3
Answer: REM
47. Approximately _____________ percent of the population experiences at least some incidents of
sleepwalking.
20
40
60
80
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-47
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: 20

48. Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most
likely that Laura is experiencing the _____________ stage of the sleep cycle.
REM
first
third
fourth
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-48
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: fourth
49. Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk?
a 10-year-old child
a 24-year-old adult
a 44-year-old adult
a 74-year-old adult
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-49
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: a 10-year-old child
50. Sleepwalking occurs __________.
primarily during REM sleep

primarily during NREM Stage 4 sleep
equally as often in REM and NREM sleep
only in REM sleep
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-50
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: primarily during NREM Stage 4 sleep
51. Features of sexsomnia include all of the following EXCEPT
a history of sleepwalking.
previous history of sexsomnia behaviours.
sleep deprivation.
co-morbid ADHD.

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-51
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: co-morbid ADHD.
52. Sexsomnia is often described as a mix of
sleepwalking and emotional stress.

elevated brain waves and substance abuse.
sleepwalking and wet dreams.
elevated brain waves and hyperarousal.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-52
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: sleepwalking and wet dreams.
53. According to sexsomnia expert Dr. Collin Shapiro, the hallmark symptom for a diagnosis of
sexsomnia is
abrupt brain wave patterns that elevate the person out of periods of deep sleep.
a documented previous history of other sexsomnia acts.
a documented previous and current history of sleepwalking.
alcohol abuse combined with sleep deprivation.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-53
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: abrupt brain wave patterns that elevate the person out of periods of deep sleep.
54. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Night terrors are a rare disorder.

Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems.
Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems.
Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-54
Page-Reference: 208
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4

Answer: Night terrors are a rare disorder.
55. One of the main semantic problems associated with using sleepwalking as a defence for murder is
that _____________.
sleepwalkers really do not walk
the correct term for this type of behaviour is REM behaviour disorder
true sleepwalking does not really exist
most murderers do not sleep well
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-55
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: the correct term for this type of behaviour is REM behaviour disorder
56. If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from
_____________.
insomnia
parasomnia
hypersomnia
reverse insomnia
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-56
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: insomnia
57. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the
night is _____________.
zombulism
cataplexy
narcolepsy
insomnia
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-57
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: insomnia

58. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should avoid sleeping pills, alcohol, and
caffeine; that you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day; and that you
should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?
enuresis
narcolepsy
insomnia
REM sleep behaviour disorder
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-58
Page-Reference: 209
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: insomnia
59. Sleep research supports three helpful hints to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is
one of them?
Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep, so that you do not "wake up" your brain.
Avoid meditation or relaxation techniques, as they interfere with your circadian rhythm.
Try to nap as much as possible.
It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-59
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.
60. Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it?
Take sleeping pills.

Go to bed at different times every night.
Study in bed and then go to sleep immediately.
Do not do anything but sleep in your bed.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-60
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: Do not do anything but sleep in your bed.

61. The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that _____________.
sleep apnea affects primarily the elderly, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children
insomnia is treatable, but sleep apnea is not
insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing
difficulties
sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-61
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing

difficulties
62. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages
is called _____________.
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
cataplexy
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-62
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: sleep apnea
63. Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep
disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms?
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
sleep terror
REM sleep behaviour
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-63
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: sleep apnea

64. _____________is a disorder in which breathing stops briefly during sleep, causing the person to
choke, gasp, and awaken momentarily.
Sleep apnea
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Non-REM sleep
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-64
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: Sleep apnea
65. You find it hard to sleep due to your roommate's sleeping behaviour. She snores quite a bit, and at
times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have
_____________.
sleep apnea
night terrors
nightmares
narcolepsy
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-65
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: sleep apnea
66. A student nurse looks at a patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep
apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this
condition?
The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
The patient cannot sleep unless he has several pillows that he uses to deaden sounds that might
awaken him.
The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking, but he will not respond to
commands.
The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his
nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-66
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his
nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.

67. CPAP stands for _____________.
continuous positive airway pressure

cancer prevention application procedure
controlled pulmonary air pump
correctable pointed airflow problem
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-67
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: continuous positive airway pressure
68. Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea?
John, 62 years old, who is overweight

Angela, 21 years old, who is depressed
Alicia, 42 years old, who is suffering from anorexia
Juan, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-68
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: John, 62 years old, who is overweight
69. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by _____________.
difficulty falling or remaining asleep

nodding off without warning in the middle of the day
difficulty breathing while asleep
experiencing temporary paralysis immediately after waking up from sleep
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-69
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: difficulty breathing while asleep
70. Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea?
septum
uvula
olfactory membrane
auditory canal

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-70
Page-Reference: 210
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: uvula
71. Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly
falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from _____________.
narcolepsy
parasomnia
REM rebound
sleep apnea
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-71
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: narcolepsy
72. You are telling a joke to your friend, who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to
the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as _____________.
enuresis
narcolepsy
sleep terror
daytime insomnia
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-72
Skill: A
Objective: 6.4
Answer: narcolepsy
73. Which of the following statements might help you to determine if an individual has narcolepsy?
"I have difficulty getting to sleep."

"I do not have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills."
"I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
"When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-73
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4

Answer: "I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
74. Narcolepsy occurs when _____________.
REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness

NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
inadequate levels of Stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-74
Skill: F
Objective: 6.4
Answer: REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
75. Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have?
enuresis
narcolepsy
sleep terror
daytime insomnia
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-75
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: narcolepsy
76. Research suggests that narcolepsy is due to
severe stress.
childhood trauma.
abnormally high levels of serotonin.
a loss of hypocretin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-76
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: a loss of hypocretin-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus.

77. The mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to
understand information and conveying information to others is known as
selective attention.
communication.
processing.
thinking.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-77
Page-Reference: 212
Topic: How People Think
Skill: C
Objective: 6.4
Answer: thinking.
78. When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time
people take to come up with the answer _____________.
does not depend on the number of windows
depends on the number of windows
depends on the size of the windows
depends on whether the house had one or two stories, not the number of windows
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-78
Page-Reference: 212
Skill: C
Objective: 6.5
Answer: depends on the number of windows
79. You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do
this is to _____________.
recite a rote list of directions he memorized
give you the GPS location of his dorm room
walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does so
tell you that he has to draw a map of the path before he can describe it
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-79
Page-Reference: 212
Skill: C
Objective: 6.5
Answer: walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does so
80. You cannot remember where you left your car keys. You think back to where you have been and
mentally retrace your steps. You are using _________ to find your keys.
mental images
formal concepts
a prototype
insight

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-80
Page-Reference: 212
Skill: A
Objective: 6.5
Answer: mental images
81. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image _____________.
the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-81
Page-Reference: 213
Skill: F
Objective: 6.5
Answer: the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
82. Concepts are ideas that represent _____________.
a class or category of objects, events, or activities

patterns of behaviour
higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers
none of these
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-82
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: F
Objective: 6.5
Answer: a class or category of objects, events, or activities
83. Don tells Ray that he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he
is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different
from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called _____________.
classes
concepts
attributes
classifications
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-83
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: A
Objective: 6.5

Answer: concepts
84. Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had
been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had
heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a
cognitive psychologist describe the influence that the course had on Gary's idea of psychological
disorders?
Gary learned the value of algorithms.
Gary now uses heuristics.
The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-84
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: A
Objective: 6.5
Answer: The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.
85. Compared to the formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be
_____________.
easier to learn
very clear and well defined
fuzzy with unclear boundaries
good fits with a rigid classification system
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-85
Page-Reference: 214
Skill: C
Objective: 6.5
Answer: fuzzy with unclear boundaries
86. The first thing that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the
_____________.
schema
prototype
concept marker
category marker
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-86
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: C
Objective: 6.5
Answer: prototype

87. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a
fruit)?
grape
apple
orange
olive
Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-87
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: A
Objective: 6.5
Answer: olive
88. Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?
glider
car
scooter
bicycle
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-88
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: C
Objective: 6.5
Answer: car
89. While travelling abroad, you find yourself on a bus tour with another Canadian student and a
student from Japan. Based on what you know about prototypes and culture, you would expect that
your prototypes will be
more similar to the prototypes of the Canadian student.
more similar to the prototypes of the student from Japan.
equally similar to the prototypes of each of these students.
unique to you and have very little in common with those of either student.
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-89
Page-Reference: 215
Skill: A
Objective: 6.5
Answer: more similar to the prototypes of the Canadian student.
90. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as _____________.
the use of a heuristic device

the use of algorithms
a mechanical solution
the A.I. solution

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-90
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: F
Objective: 6.6
Answer: a mechanical solution
91. What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a correct solution, provided that one exists?
heuristic method
algorithmic method
mnemonic device
cognitive shortcut
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-91
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6
Answer: algorithmic method
92. Talia is looking for her cat by methodically searching each room and then closing the door. She is
using what type of problem-solving strategy?
an algorithm
a heuristic
a means–end strategy
a hunch
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-92
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: A
Objective: 6.6
Answer: an algorithm
93. Sally is enrolled in a high-school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and
figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to
calculate an aspect of the figure, such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making
use of what psychologists call __________.
heuristics
logarithms
algorithms
convergence

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 06-1-93
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: A
Objective: 6.6
Answer: algorithms
94. An advantage of algorithms over heuristics is that _____________.
algorithms are much faster

algorithms guarantee a correct answer
algorithms are shortcuts
algorithms use rules of thumb
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-94
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6
Answer: algorithms guarantee a correct answer
95. An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is that _____________.
the heuristic ensures a correct answer

the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate
the heuristic can be quicker
the heuristic always works in the same way
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-95
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6
Answer: the heuristic can be quicker
96. Which problem-solving strategies do not guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time?
heuristics
algorithms
mnemonic devices
cognitive shortcuts
Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 06-1-96
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6

Answer: heuristics
97. In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to _____________.
heuristics
algorithms
mnemonic devices
cognitive shortcuts
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-97
Page-Reference: 216
Skill: F
Objective: 6.6
Answer: heuristics
98. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is
described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think that this
description refers to a male student?
They are using the availability heuristic.
They are using the representativeness heuristic.
People seek only confirming information.
People tend to make relative comparisons.
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-98
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6
Answer: They are using the representativeness heuristic.
99. Frank mistakenly believes that there are more words that begin with the letter K than there are with
the letter K in the third position due to the _____________.
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
planning fallacy
confirmation bias
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-99
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: A
Objective: 6.6
Answer: availability heuristic

100. In a heuristic called _____________, a person determines the difference between the current
situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods.
means–end analysis
representative heuristic
rule of linked arms
Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 06-1-100
Page-Reference: 217
Skill: F
Objective: 6.6
Answer: means–end analysis
101. A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly
becomes apparent to you but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called
_____________.
brainstorming
priming
insight
a mental set
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: C
Objective: 6.6
Answer: insight
102. Kohler demonstrated "aha!" or insight behaviour with _____________.
birds
dogs
cats
chimps
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: F
Objective: 6.6
Answer: chimps

103. Miguel was struggling with the answer to one of the questions on his psychology midterm. Seeing
that the answer was not going to come easily, he went on to answer some of the other, easier
questions. Then, suddenly, in a flash, the answer to the problematic question just seemed to
"pop" into his head. Miguel's experience is an example of
a means–end analysis.
creativity.
divergent thinking.
insight.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 218
Skill: A
Objective: 6.6
Answer: insight.
104. A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting
to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into
his pocket for a dime that he then uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-
solving difficulty did Ben overcome?
relative comparison
functional fixedness
poor problem representation
the representative heuristic
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: functional fixedness
105. Riley has figured out how to unlock his bedroom door with a paper clip. What has he most likely
overcome in his new use of the paper clip?
functional fixedness
the representational problem
the representative heuristic
the confirmation bias
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: functional fixedness

106. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past
is called _____________.
mental set
means–end analysis
noncompensatory modelling
prototypical idealization
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: F
Objective: 6.7
Answer: mental set
107. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports
our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
confirmation bias
convergent thinking
representativeness heuristic
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: confirmation bias
108. Randall believes that aliens crashed in western Canada in the 1950s. When looking for
information about this on the internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only
visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of
mental set.
confirmation bias.
functional fixedness.
divergent thinking.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: confirmation bias.
109. The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe
_____________.
the scientific method as true
information that agrees with our thinking
information that refutes our thinking
logical thinking

Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 219
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: information that agrees with our thinking
110. The ability to produce solutions to problems by combining ideas or behaviour in new ways is
called _____________.
creativity
insight
heuristics
latent learning
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: F
Objective: 6.7
Answer: creativity
111. _____________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a
more creative solution is needed.
Heuristic
Divergent
Insightful
Convergent
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: Convergent
112. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on
that point. The _____________ person is engaging in _____________.
functional thinking
circular thinking
convergent thinking
divergent thinking
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7

Answer: divergent thinking
113. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of
answers to a question?
decisive
convergent
heuristic
divergent
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: divergent
114. Coming up with as many different uses of a brick as possible, such as using it for a doorstop, is a
type of _____________ thinking.
disordered
divergent
associative
convergent
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: divergent
115. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking?
"What is a stapler?"
"How do you spell stapler?"
"How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"
"What does a stapler look like?"
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: "How many uses can you think of for a stapler?"

116. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?
heuristic
divergent
insightful
convergent
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 220
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: divergent
117. A group of business people get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their
company's products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a
short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent
thinking is called _____________.
brainstorming
keeping a journal
freewriting
mind or concept mapping
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: brainstorming
118. The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a "map" with lines
from the centre to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their
connections is known as
brainstorming.
keeping a journal.
freewriting.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: mind or concept mapping

119. The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic
without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later
is known as _____________.
brainstorming
keeping a journal
freewriting
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 221
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: freewriting
120. Clara is completing the _________ component of the TTCT when she is asked, "Just suppose that
people could read the minds of others. How would the world be different?"
Figural
Verbal
Divergent Thinking
Thinking Creatively with Pictures
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 222
Skill: A
Objective: 6.7
Answer: Verbal
121. If you were assessing fluency, originality, elaboration, abstractness of titles, and resistance to
closure, you would be using the __________ component of the Torrance Tests of Creative
Thinking.
Figural
Verbal
S Factor
Thinking Creatively with Pictures
Difficulty: 2
Skill: C
Objective: 6.7
Answer: Thinking Creatively with Pictures

122. Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of the Torrance Tests of Creative
Thinking?
Brainstorming TTCT
Verbal TTCT
Thinking Creatively with Pictures TTCT
Figural TTCT
Difficulty: 2
Skill: F
Objective: 6.7
Answer: Brainstorming TTCT
123. A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be
made is called ______.
pragmatics
language
semantics
grammar
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 222
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: language
124. According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and
produce language through a device he called
Syntax Synthesizer (SS)
Grammar Grabber (GG)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Learning System (LLS)
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 222
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
125. The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language is known as __________.
morphemic rules
phonemic rules
grammar
linguistic relativity

Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 222
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: grammar
126. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is
called _____________.
semantics
phonics
syntax
morphology
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: syntax
127. The sentences "The dog bit the boy" and "The boy was bitten by the dog" have the same
meaning, but differ in _____________.
syntax
pragmatics
semantics
morphology
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: syntax
128. The basic meaningful units of any language are called _____________.
phonemes
morphemes
semantics
sound bytes
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8

Answer: morphemes
129. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?
words
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: morphemes
130. The phrase "I tried" has _____________.
one morpheme
two morphemes
three morphemes
four morphemes
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: three morphemes
131. How many morphemes are there in the sentence "He is very gentlemanly"?
four
six
five
seven
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: six

132. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called
_____________.
syntax
semantics
phonology
regularization
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: semantics
133. The sentence "Colourless ideas sleep furiously" has _____________.
proper syntax but poor semantics

proper syntax and good semantics
improper syntax and poor semantics
improper syntax but good semantics
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: proper syntax but poor semantics
134. Language is based on basic sound units called _____________.
phonemes
morphemes
semantics
registers
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: phonemes
135. The sounds t, th, and sh are _____________.
morphemes
phonemes
semantics
sound bytes

Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.8
Answer: phonemes
136. The words care and bear differ in one _____________.
morpheme
phoneme
gesture
syntax
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: phoneme
137. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good
job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the
Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
audiograms
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: phonemes
138. Which of the following statements is true about infants?
They are not born with the ability to recognize all phonemes.
By the time they are 2 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes of the language to which
they are exposed.
By the time they are 9 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes of the language to which
they are exposed.
By the time they are 12 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes of the language to
which they are exposed.

Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: By the time they are 9 months old, they can recognize only the phonemes of the language to
which they are exposed.
139. The social "niceties" of language are called _____________.
syntax
pragmatics
morphemes
phonemes
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: pragmatics
140. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language, are
referred to as _____________.
syntax
grammar
morphemes
pragmatics
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: pragmatics
141. Pragmatics are defined as _____________.
the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences
the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to
communicate meaning within a language
the language rules used to solve problems between people

Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.8
Answer: the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
142. Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy
is?" by answering, "Yes." They fail to understand the _____________ of the question.
pragmatics
propositional representation
syntax
nativism
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.8
Answer: pragmatics
143. The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called _____________.
intonation
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.8
Answer: intonation
144. When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are
altering their _____________.
syntax
grammar
morphemes
intonation
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 223
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.8

Answer: intonation
145. Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development
of language?
Vygotsky
Piaget
Sapir
Whorf
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 224
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.9
Answer: Piaget
146. Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and
language?
Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it is not the sole basis of thought.
anguage is the sole basis of thought.
When we think, we always make use of language.
Language is not usually required in thought processes.
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it is not the sole basis of thought.
147. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?
the dynamic hypothesis

the language reaction hypothesis
the linguistic relativity hypothesis
the cognitive linguistic hypothesis
Difficulty: 1
Page-Reference: 224
Topic: Language
Skill: F
Objective: 6.9
Answer: the linguistic relativity hypothesis

148. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _____________.
one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language
we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible given
the facts at hand
perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 224
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
149. Consistent with the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following would most likely be
true?
People from New England and England think very differently.
People from New Mexico and New England think very differently.
People from China and New England think very differently.
People from China and New England think very similarly.
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.9
Answer: People from China and New England think very differently.
150. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi have only two nouns for things that fly, one for
birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two
nouns. This argument is based on
the idealized prototype construct.
bottom-up processing.
deep structure elaboration.
the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Language
Skill: A
Objective: 6.9
Answer: the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

151. Researchers have found that despite the number of colour names in a language, the basic ability
to perceive colour is unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of
_____________.
Picard and Worf
Sapir and Whorf
Skinner and Watson
Tolman and Thorndike
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: Sapir and Whorf
152. The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because
__________.
bees are not animals
bee communication seems to be instinctual
bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system
none of these
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 225
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: bee communication seems to be instinctual
153. In order to conclusively show that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that
_____________.
the language had an auditory, or sound, component
the language had a genetic or instinctual base
the language used abstract symbols
the animals have the same vocal abilities as people
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: the language used abstract symbols

154. Let's say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences "The
parrot kissed the dolphin" and "The dolphin kissed the parrot." If this were demonstrated, it might
mean that the dolphin had an understanding of _____________.
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
none of these
Difficulty: 3
Page-Reference: 226
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: syntax
155. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use
humanlike language?
It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language.
All animal communication is instinctual and thus is not language.
Only primates, such as monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behaviour.
It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 226
Topic: Language
Skill: C
Objective: 6.9
Answer: It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.
156. Canadian researchers have found that one of the main cognitive advantages resulting from
bilingualism is improved
mathematical abilities.
coping and adaptability skills.
processing speed.
problem solving.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 227
Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life—Mental and Physical Exercises for Better Cognitive
Health
Skill: F
Objective: 6.10
Answer: problem solving.

157. The research of Dr. Ellen Bialystok of York University in Toronto provides evidence to support the
benefits gained from Canada's
universal health-care policies.
two official languages policy.
lenient marijuana laws.
same-sex marriage policies.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 227
Health
Skill: C
Objective: 6.10
Answer: two official languages policy.
158. According to the research cited in your text, which statement is true regarding the cognitive
benefits derived from bilingualism?
Bilingualism in children leads to higher GPAs and better academic performance.
Bilingual older adults have been found to maintain higher levels of cognitive control beyond 60
years of age.
Bilingualism in children leads to a greater capacity for mathematical thinking and skills.
Bilingual older adults have higher recovery rates from strokes where language capacity has been
affected.
Difficulty: 2
Page-Reference: 227
Health
Skill: C
Objective: 6.10
Answer: Bilingual older adults have been found to maintain higher levels of cognitive control beyond 60
years of age.
Chapter 06 True or False Questions
1. Almost everyone goes through the same stages of sleep.
a True
b False
Objective: 6.2
Answer: a. True
2. Most sleepwalking occurs during REM sleep.
a True
b False

Page-Reference: 208
Objective: 6.4
Answer: b. False
3. There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defence.
a True
b False
Objective: 6.4
Answer: a. True
4. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should avoid sleeping pills, you should set your
alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep.
You have insomnia.
a True
b False
Objective: 6.4
Answer: a. True
5. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night
is called sleep apnea.
a True
b False
Page-Reference: 209
Objective: 6.4
Answer: b. False
6. When people are asked to relate how many windows they have in the place where they live, the
amount of time to answer does not depend on the number of windows.
a True
b False
Page-Reference: 212
Objective: 6.5
Answer: b. False
7. It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly
identify an apple as a fruit.
a True
b False

Page-Reference: 215
Objective: 6.5
Answer: b. False
8. In school, you may have learned the rule of how to determine the area of a circle. The formula was
Πr2. This formula always guarantees a solution and that you will be able to determine the area. Thus,
the formula is an example of an algorithm.
a True
b False
Difficulty:
Page-Reference: 216
Topic:
Skill:
Objective: 6.6
Answer: a. True
9. Randall believes that aliens crashed in western Canada in the 1950s. When looking for information
about this on the internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and
talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of functional
fixedness.
a True
b False
Page-Reference: 219
Objective: 6.7
Answer: b. False
10. When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that
answer, this is known as divergent thinking.
a True
b False
Page-Reference: 220
Objective: 6.7
Answer: b. False
11. Language is based on sound units called morphemes.
a True
b False
Page-Reference: 223
Objective: 6.8
Answer: b. False

12. Animals such as dolphins or chimps have shown some language-like behaviour but have not been
seen to demonstrate the language skills equal to that of a 3-year-old human child.
a True
b False
Objective: 6.9
Answer: a. True
Chapter 06 Short Answer Questions
1. What does it mean to be conscious?
Page-Reference: 202
Objective: 6.1
Answer:
2. What happens in Stage 4 sleep?
Objective: 6.3
Answer:
3. What is REM behaviour disorder?
Page-Reference: 207
Objective: 6.3
Answer:
4. Describe the symptoms of insomnia.
Objective: 6.4
Answer:

5. Give a brief definition of the term concept.
Page-Reference: 214
Objective: 6.5
Answer:
6. Give an example of an algorithm.
Page-Reference: 216
Objective: 6.6
Answer:
7. Give an example of a heuristic.
Objective: 6.6
Answer:
8. Give a definition and example of mental set.
Page-Reference: 219
Objective: 6.7
Answer:
9. What is a morpheme? Give an example of a morpheme.
Page-Reference: 223
Objective: 6.8
Answer:
10. What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Page-Reference: 224
Objective: 6.9
Answer:
Chapter 06 Essay Questions
1. List and describe the different stages of sleep. What position do you hold regarding the purpose of
sleep and its stages?
Objective: 6.2-6.3
Answer:
2. Anthony is very much against the Occupy Wall Street protest movement. He thinks that the
protesters are pretentious, bleeding-heart liberals. He decides to do a paper on the movement for his
sociology class and, in the process, chooses only scathingly negative articles as the literature
review base for the paper. What thinking style and problem-solving errors is Anthony
demonstrating? Be specific. Identify alternative ways for Anthony to think about and examine the
topic to avoid the mistakes he is currently making.
Objective: 6.6-6.7
Answer:
3. Explain the techniques used when someone tries to solve a problem. How might a person be
blocked in trying to find a solution?
Objective: 6.6-6.7
Answer:
4. What is the definition of language? What is the evidence, pro and con, as to whether nonhuman
animals have a capacity for language?
Objective: 6.8-6.9
Answer:
5. Using Dr. Ellen Bialystok's research, describe the relationship between cognitive ability and
speaking more than one language. Why do you believe this relationship exists?

Page-Reference: 227
Objective: 6.10
Answer:

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Chapter 06 Multiple Choice Questions

2. Consciousness is the _____________.

state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: awareness of ourselves and the environment

altered state of consciousness

Answer: waking consciousness

Answer: altered state of consciousness

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: altered states of consciousness

Answer: altered states of consciousness

7. What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"?

8. A circadian cycle is about _____________ hours long.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

10. Our sleep–wake cycle follows a(n) _____________ rhythm.

11. The hypothalamus controls the _____________.

hypnotic suggestibility ratio

Answer: sleep–wake cycle

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.

15. Melatonin is to _____________ as an aspirin is to _____________.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: insomnia; headache

16. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

Answer: the hypothalamus

17. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the _____________.

Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Most people need at least 10 hours.

Answer: As we age, we tend to need less sleep.

Answer: electroencephalograph (EEG)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

22. REM sleep refers to _____________.

Answer: sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly

Answer: seasonal affective disorder

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: really not sleeping and is actually awake

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: alpha waves eventually replaced by theta waves

29. What term do sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1 to 4 of sleep?

Answer: non-REM sleep

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: hypnogogic image

33. Sleep spindles appear during _____________ sleep.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

Answer: sleep spindles

37. The deepest stage of sleep is _____________ sleep.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

38. Stage 4 sleep is marked by _____________ waves.

39. Children, in Stage 4 sleep, _____________.

dream all the time

Answer: are harder to wake up during this stage than adults

Answer: evidence of deep sleep (Stage 4)

41. REM behaviour disorder results from _____________.

too much sleep

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.

42. REM behaviour disorder most commonly occurs _____________.

in men over age 60

Answer: in men over age 60

43. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

15. Melatonin is to _ as an aspirin is to _.