What is the acronym LASER stand for?

Light amplification by stimulated emission of

radiation.

What are some applications of laser therapy? Laser light shows, compact disc players, surgical
incisions, ophthalmology, gynecology.

What is the property of laser light called Laser light has a single color due to being of a
monochromaticity? single wavelength, while ordinary light has many
wavelengths.

What is coherence in relation to laser radiations? Laser radiations have the same wavelength and
phase, meaning they exhibit similar or synchronous
behavior.

What are the two aspects of coherence in laser Temporal coherence, which refers to the photons
beams? being in the same phase in time, and spatial
coherence, which refers to the photons being
unidirectional and staying in the same phase over
long distances with little spread of the beam.

How does ordinary light differ from laser light in Ordinary light does not exhibit the same wavelength
terms of coherence? or phase coherence as laser light.

What is the meaning of coherent light? The photons are unidirectional and stay in the same
phase over long distances with little spread of the
beam.

What is the opposite of ordinary light in terms of Ordinary light has variable wavelengths.
wavelength?

What does it mean for a laser beam to be Laser beams remain collimated, meaning they
collimated? remain in parallel and do not diverge much.

What happens to the electrons of an individual atom The electrons can only occupy certain energy levels
according to the quantum theory? or shells around the nucleus.

In the resting or ground state, where do the The electrons remain at the lowest energy level.
electrons of the vast majority of atoms remain?

What happens to an atom when enough energy is An outer electron may gain sufficient energy to free
added to it? itself from the nucleus, turning the atom into a
positively charged ion.
What tends to happen to outer electrons in higher They tend to return to a lower energy state,
energy states? sometimes to the most stable or ground state.

What is the relationship between quantum energy Quantum energy, expressed in electron volts, is
and wavelength? inversely proportional to the wavelength.

What is the quantum energy expressed in? Electron volts.

What is the relationship between quantum energy Inversely proportional.

and wavelength?

How can a large number of atoms in the excited One photon releases a second, and these two can
state lead to amplification? release more and so on.

What are the three components required for laser Lasing medium, resonating chamber, energy
production? source.

What is a lasing medium? The material capable of producing laser.

What are the lasing media used in low intensity Helium-neon (He-Ne) or gallium-arsenide (Ga-As).
lasers or cold lasers?

What is the purpose of the resonating chamber in a To contain the lasing medium and the mirrors.
laser device?

What is the reflectance of one of the mirrors in the 100 percent.

resonating chamber?

What is the reflectance of the other mirror in the Slightly less than 100 percent.
resonating chamber?

What is the lasing medium used in a ruby laser? Synthetic ruby.

What is the purpose of the mirror with slightly less It serves as an output device, allowing some
reflectance in a ruby laser? photons to escape.

What is the energy source used to excite the A flashgun.

electrons in the lasing medium of a ruby laser?

What are the three commonly used types of lasers? Ruby laser, helium-neon laser, diode laser.
What material is used as the lasing medium in a Aluminium oxide with trace of chromium oxide.
ruby laser?

What is the length and width of the synthetic ruby 10 cm long and 1 cm wide.
rod used in a ruby laser?

What is the purpose of the xenon tube wound It is a helical electric discharge tube that helps
around the ruby rod in a ruby laser? excite the electrons in the lasing medium.

How are the ends of the ruby rod in a ruby laser They are silvered, with one end being 100 percent
made reflective? reflective and the other slightly less.

What is the mechanism of action of a ruby laser? Excitation of ruby molecules by intense white light,
followed by spontaneous emission and stimulated
emissions.

How is a population inversion achieved in a ruby The rate of energy supply exceeds the rate of
laser? electron return to the ground state, leading to a
large number of atoms at higher energy levels.

What is the wavelength of the photon emitted by a 694.3 nm.

ruby laser?

What gases are primarily used in a helium-neon Helium and neon.

laser?

How are atoms in a helium-neon laser excited to a By a flashgun surrounding the low pressure tube.
higher energy level?

What is the wavelength of the photons released by 632.8 nm.

spontaneous emission in a helium-neon laser?

What is the wavelength of the photons released by 632.8 nm.

spontaneous emission?

What is stimulated emission? It is the release of similar photons when photons

collide with atoms of higher energy levels.

What is the wavelength of the intense beam of light 632.8 nm.

that emerges from the narrow partially transmissive
tube?
What materials are used to produce a diode or Gallium and arsenide.
semiconductor laser?

What is the wavelength of an infrared invisible laser 904 nm.

produced by a diode laser?

How are photons released in a diode laser? Positively charged 'holes' are thrown from the p
type gallium-aluminium-arsenide layer into the
active layer of gallium-arsenide, causing the release
of photons.

What advantage does a semiconductor laser diode It can emit either a continuous or a pulsed output.
have?

What are the advantages of semiconductor laser They can either emit a continuous or a pulsed
diodes? output.

How is laser therapy applied? The laser energy is emitted by a handheld

applicator for therapeutic purposes.

What components does the gallium-arsenide laser The semiconductor or diode element at the tip of the
contain? applicator.

How does the helium-neon laser deliver the laser Via a fiber optic tube, causing divergence of the
light to the target area? beam.

What are the two methods generally used to The grid method and the scanning method.
administer laser therapy?

Describe the grid method of administering laser The treatment area is divided into a grid of 1 square
therapy. cm, and each square cm is stimulated for a specific
period of time.

Describe the scanning method of administering No contact is made between the tip of the laser and
laser therapy. the patient's skin, and the tip of the applicator is
held at a distance of 5 to 10 mm.

What are the dosage parameters for laser therapy? Wavelength.

What is the wavelength used for superficial Visible red laser.

conditions like wounds and ulcers?
What is the power output measured in? Watts.

How is energy delivered to the treatment tissue In Joules.

expressed?

What is the equation to calculate energy? Energy (in Joules) = Power (in watts) . Time (in
seconds).

What is power density expressed as? Incident power divided by the area between the tip
of the applicator and the part to be treated.

What is the formula for calculating power density in Power density = Incident power/area in cm2.
laser therapy?

How is total power used therapeutically calculated It is calculated by the inverse square law.
in laser therapy?

How is energy density calculated in laser therapy? Energy density = Power (W) . Time (sec) / Area (in
cm2).

What is the unit of measurement for energy density Joules/cm2.

in laser therapy?

What are chromophores? Chromophores are molecular structures in the body

that get excited by the visible spectrum due to their
configuration.

Which substances in the human body contain Haemoglobin and melanin.

chromophores?

What are low intensity lasers used for They are used for their non-thermal effects.
therapeutically?

What is the main component of the human body? Water.

What is the absorption property of visible radiations Visible radiations are remarkably absorbed in the
in the body? haemoglobin.

What is the absorption property of infra-red light in Infra-red light is strongly absorbed by water.
the body?

What is laser therapy used for? The treatment of wounds.

How does laser therapy accelerate wound healing? It involves chemotactic activity, vascular changes,
and the release of chemical mediators.

Which spectrum of light is found effective in the The red spectrum of light.
treatment of chronic ulcers?

What types of ulcers can be effectively treated by Both untreated chronic ulcers and trophic ulcers.
laser therapy?

How does laser therapy enhance wound healing? It increases tissue proliferation.

What are the methods used for healing wounds with Both direct contact or grid method and scanning
laser therapy? method.

How is the treatment of wound margins usually By using the direct contact technique.
done with laser therapy?

What is the recommended dosage for treating 4 to 10 Joules/cm2.

wound margins with laser therapy?

How is the treatment of the wound bed preferably By using the non-contact method.
done with laser therapy?

What is the recommended dosage for treating the 1 to 5 Joules/

wound bed with laser therapy?

What is the usual dosage for laser therapy? 4 to 10 Joules/cm2.

How is the treatment of the wound bed preferably By non-contact method.

done?

Why are low dosages usually sufficient for the Because the protective layer of dermis is absent in
treatment of the wound bed? this area.

What is the relationship between laser therapy and The tissues treated with laser therapy have higher
the tensile strength of tissues? tensile strength compared to normally healed ones.

What is the mechanism behind the increased Increased levels of collagen synthesis, which is
tensile strength in tissues treated with laser mediated by fibroblasts.
therapy?
What are the benefits of laser therapy on wound More epithelialization, less exudate formation, and
healing? less scar tissue formation with a better cosmetic
appearance.

In which conditions is laser therapy found to be Overuse tendinitis or bursitis conditions like tennis
effective? elbow, golfers elbow, supraspinatus tendinitis, acute
conditions like ankle sprain, and various arthritic
conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

What is laser therapy used for? Laser therapy is used for various arthritic
conditions, pain relief, and inflammation treatment.

How does laser therapy relieve inflammation? Laser therapy relieves inflammation by affecting
prostaglandin synthesis.

What are the bactericidal effects of laser therapy? Laser therapy has bactericidal effects due to
increased phagocytosis by leucocytes.

How does laser therapy relieve pain? Laser therapy relieves pain by reducing swelling
and enhancing the healing process.

In what conditions is laser therapy found effective Laser therapy is found effective for acute pain,
for pain relief? musculoskeletal pains, and post-operative
conditions.

What is the main danger of low power laser The main danger is a risk of eye damage if the
therapy? beam is applied directly into the eye.

What should be worn by the patient and the Protective goggles should be worn.
physiotherapist to avoid eye exposure to the laser
beam?

Should the laser be applied over the area of No, it should not be applied over the area of
cancerous growth? cancerous growth.

What are the effects of laser therapy on cancerous The laser should not be applied over the area of
growth? cancerous growth as it can lead to acceleration of
its growth and metastasis.

What are the effects of laser therapy on the Laser should not be applied directly over the
pregnant uterus? pregnant uterus as it may cause abnormal growth.
What precautions should be taken when treating
infected tissue with laser therapy?
What precautions should be taken when exposing a
haemorrhagic area to laser therapy?
Why should laser therapy be avoided around the
cardiac region in patients with certain cardiac
conditions?
What are some common conditions that can be
treated with laser therapy?
What should a physiotherapist do when receiving a
patient for laser therapy?
What are the general contraindications for
electrotherapy treatment?
What are the local contraindications for
electrotherapy treatment?
What are the components required for the
preparation of trays for electrotherapy treatment?
What is the purpose of going through the patient's
case sheet during electrotherapy treatment?
What is the role of a physiotherapist during
electrotherapy treatment?
The laser head needs to be cleaned thoroughly or
sterilized when treated in contact with infected
tissue. It should be used preferably in conjunction
with ultraviolet therapy for the treatment of infected
wounds.
Laser can cause vasodilatation, so care should be
taken when exposing any haemorrhagic area.
Laser therapy can cause vasodilatation, which can
be problematic for patients with certain cardiac
conditions.
Tennis elbow, supraspinatus tendinitis, golfer's
elbow, and plantar fasciitis.
The physiotherapist should introduce themselves,
inform the patient that they will be treated, ask for
cooperation during the treatment, and review the
patient's case.
1. Hyperpyrexia 2. Hypertension 3. Deep X-ray and
cobalt therapy 4. Epileptic patients 5. Non
co-operative patients 6. Mentally retarded patients
7. Very poor general condition of the patient 8.
Menstruation 9. Pregnant uterus 10. Hemorrhage
and infected tissue.
1. Skin conditions 2. Tumour 3. Any metal in the
treatment area 4. Neoplastic tissue.
Two test tubes, One with hot water, One with cold
water, Cotton, Goggles, Towels, Pillows, Sand
bags.
To gather information such as name, age,
occupation, chief complaints, history of present
illness, history of past illness, family history, social
and occupational history, treatment history,
prognosis of the treatment, and investigations.
To treat the patient, go through the case sheet,
gather necessary information, and ensure
cooperation from the patient during the treatment.
What are the steps involved in the preparation of
the laser therapy apparatus?
How should the patient be positioned during laser
therapy treatment?
What instructions should be given to the patient
during laser therapy treatment?
How should the laser applicator be maintained
during application?
What should be done before removing the laser
applicator from the skin contact?
What other points should be considered during
laser therapy treatment?
What is tennis elbow?
What is the age of occurrence for tennis elbow?
What are some causes of tennis elbow?
Where does tear occur in tennis elbow?
The laser apparatus is conveniently positioned.
Protective goggles designed for the particular
wavelength being used are worn to avoid any risk of
accidental application of laser beam into the eye.
The selection of treatment head is made, followed
by switching on the apparatus. The power is
regulated, and the insulation, plugs, socket, and
main wire are checked to ensure proper fitting in the
main machine.
The patient should be positioned comfortably with
good support.
The patient should be warned not to remove
goggles, not to move, not to touch the machine, and
not to sleep.
The laser applicator should be maintained so that
the beam is at right angles to achieve maximal
penetration. Contact may be made, but the
applicator should not be switched on before
application to the skin.
The applicator should be switched off before
removing it from the skin contact. Any immediate
increase or decrease in pain needs to be recorded.
The therapist should have knowledge of the
patient's condition and record any changes in pain
levels.
A condition characterized by pain and tenderness
on the lateral side of the elbow usually related to the
common extensor tendons of the forearm.
Between 30 and 45 years.
Excessive use of wrist extensors, repetitive overuse
activity, wrong technique at sport, unaccustomed
gardening or carpentry.
At teno-muscular junction, in the tendon, or at
teno-periosteal junction.
What happens if excessive fibrin is formed in tennis Fibrous tissue will result in adhesions between the
elbow? tendon and neighboring tissue.

What are some clinical features of tennis elbow? Pain on exertion, pain over the elbow to the wrist,
resisted wrist extension is painful, tenderness over
the tendon.

What is the treatment for acute tennis elbow? Ice application.

What is the treatment for acute tendonitis? Ice towel for 20 minutes, rest, splint for wrist
extension for 2 to 8 weeks, strapping.

What are the modalities used for tendonitis Laser, pulsed electromagnetic energy, friction
treatment? massage for 5-10 minutes for 4 days.

What is the recommended energy density for 0.5-1 J/cm2.

tendonitis treatment?

What are the possible causes of supraspinatus Accident (e.g. a fall on the shoulder), over exercise
tendinitis? (e.g. aerobics), or a series of minor stresses (e.g.
long periods of writing).

What is the characteristic pain pattern in Toothache type pain radiating from the acromion
supraspinatus tendinitis? process to the deltoid insertion.

At what degree of abduction is supraspinatus Abduction to 60 degrees.

tendinitis pain-free?

At what degree of abduction is supraspinatus 60 degrees to 120 degrees.

tendinitis painful?

At what degree of abduction is supraspinatus 120 degrees to 180 degrees.

tendinitis pain-free again?

What movement in supraspinatus tendinitis is often Resisted abduction in outer range.

painful?

What movement in supraspinatus tendinitis is very Lowering the arm from elevation.
painful when lowering the arm from elevation?

What is the condition characterized by pain and Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis).
acute tenderness on the medial side of the elbow?
What is the common cause of pain in the heel? Plantar fasciitis.

What is the position of the patient during treatment Sitting or supine lying with shoulder of the affected
of golfer's elbow? arm abducted.

What is the position of the therapist during Standing or sitting by the side of the patient.
treatment of golfer's elbow?

What is the position of the therapist during Standing by the side of the patient.
treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome?

What is the energy density recommended for 1 J/cm^2.

treatment of golfer's elbow?

What is the energy density recommended for 4 J/cm^2.

treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome?

What is the function severely limited in a patient Glenohumeral rhythm.

who has to carry weights?

What is the treatment for plantar fasciitis? Not provided in the given text.

What is the energy density recommended for Not provided in the given text.
treatment of plantar fasciitis?

What is the condition characterized by inflammation Plantar fasciitis.

of the plantar aponeurosis at its attachment on the
tuberosity of the calcaneum?

When is the pain typically worse in plantar fasciitis? In the morning.

What is a common finding on X-ray in plantar A sharp bone spur projecting forwards from the
fasciitis? tuberosity of the calcaneum.

What are some treatment options for plantar Rest, analgesics, soft heel pad made up of MCR
fasciitis? (Micro Cellular Rubber), local corticosteroids, laser
therapy.

What is the recommended energy density for laser 4 J/cm^2.

therapy in plantar fasciitis?