Morrone 2015 Biogeographical Regionalisation of The Andean Region

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Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean

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Article in Zootaxa · March 2015

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.2.3
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Zootaxa 3936 (2): 207–236 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
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Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3936.2.3
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8BDC5503-185B-436E-9F75-D6D68C2029D8
Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region
JUAN J. MORRONE
Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autóno-
ma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-399, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico. E-mail: juanmorrone2001@yahoo.com.mx
Abstract
A biogeographic regionalisation of the Andean region is proposed as a hierarchical classification of sub-regions, provinc-
es, sub-provinces and districts. It is based on biogeographic analyses of terrestrial plant and animal taxa, and seeks to pro-
vide universality, objectivity and stability. The Andean region is currently comprised of the Central Chilean, Subantarctic
and Patagonian sub-regions and the South American transition zone, 15 provinces, five sub-provinces and 81 districts.
Complete synonymies and brief descriptions of the areas are provided, as well as the endemic taxa that diagnose the prov-
inces.
Key words: Andean, biogeographical classification, Central Chile, Patagonia, South America, Subantarctic
Introduction
The Andean region was recognized originally as a sub-region of the Neotropical region of the Sclater-Wallace
system. Several phytogeographers and zoogeographers working with invertebrates, however, adopted a more
restrictive definition of the Neotropical region, excluding the Andean area because of its closest links with other
Austral areas, mainly Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Zealand and South Africa (Blyth 1871; Engler 1882;
Diels 1908; Good 1947; Monrós 1958; Kuschel 1964; Cabrera & Willink 1973; Amorim & Tozoni 1994; Morrone
2002, 2006, 2014a; Moreira-Muñoz 2007). The Andean region, also known as Andean-Patagonian, Patagonian,
Argentinean, Chilean or Austral, is assigned to the Austral kingdom (Fig. 1).
Several authors have recognized dominions, provinces and districts within the Andean region (Cabrera &
Willink 1973; Müller 1973; Udvardy 1975; Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994; Dinerstein et al. 1995). In addition to
these general schemes there are regionalisations referred in particular to Argentina (Cabrera 1951, 1953, 1957,
1971; Ringuelet 1961) and Chile (Peña 1966; O’Brien 1971; Artigas 1975). Previously, I have synthesized some of
these previous schemes and, mostly based on track analyses of plant and animal taxa, regionalised Latin America
and the Caribbean (Morrone 2001e).
My objective is to provide a regionalisation of the Andean region, with explicit area definitions and a
standardised nomenclature, so that different area definitions for the same name or the same areas with different
names can be avoided, as have been recently done for the Australian (Ebach et al. 2013) and Neotropical (Morrone
2014a) regions. This regionalisation of the Andean region is based on terrestrial taxa, and includes previously
defined areas and their names.
General structure
A biogeographical regionalisation is a hierarchical system that categorize geographic areas in terms of their biotas,
involving the basic levels of realm, region, dominion, province and district (Ebach et al. 2008; Escalante 2009).
The regionalisation of the Andean region presented herein comprises five hierarchical levels: sub-regions,
dominions, provinces, sub-provinces and districts. In general I followed the nomenclatural conventions set out in
ICAN (Ebach et al. 2008), following the notion of priority for using existing names instead of new names. Sclater
Accepted by M. Ebach: 19 Feb. 2015; published: 19 Mar. 2015 207

(1858) is adopted as the date of the starting point of biogeographical nomenclature, as it constitutes the first widely
adopted world biogeographical regionalisation (Morrone 2014a). In one case I kept a widely used name instead of
two older synonyms, applying a criterion analogous to the nomen oblitum convention of taxonomical
nomenclature. For each biogeographical unit recognized the valid name is provided, followed by a list of its
citations and synonyms and a brief diagnosis. For each province, a list of endemic taxa is provided.
During the compilation of the published information, I found that several authors have recognized smaller
units within the provinces. As they may be useful to authors describing particular geographical distributions, I
present them herein, categorized as districts. In one case, where there were clearly identifiable groups of districts, I
classified them in sub-provinces. Sub-provinces and districts recognized herein should be considered as
preliminary and future analyses will corroborate their naturalness.
FIGURE 1. The Austral kingdom (modified from Kuschel 1964).
Area taxonomy
Andean region Engler 1882
Peruvian sub-region Blyth 1871: 428.

Chilean sub-region Wallace 1876: 78.
Andean region Engler 1882: 346; Shannon 1927: 3; Good 1947: 236; O’Brien 1971: 198; Morain 1984: 178; Takhtajan 1986:
251; Morrone 1999: 11, 2001a: 70, 2001b: 103, 2002: 150; Donato et al. 2003: 340; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72;
208 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Abrahamovich et al. 2004: 100; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2004b: 43, 2006: 483; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Carpintero &
Montemayor 2008: 115; Löwenberg-Neto et al. 2008: 375; Casagranda et al. 2009: 18; Escalante et al. 2009: 379;
Löwenberg-Neto & Carvalho 2009: 1751; Chani-Posse 2010: 5; Lopes-Andrade 2010: 830; Martin 2010: 1029; Morrone
2010: 38; Urtubey et al. 2010: 505; Martin 2011: 122; Melo & Faúndez 2011: 12; Morrone 2011: 2085; Posadas 2012: 2;
Procheş & Ramdhani 2012: 263; Campos-Soldini et al. 2013: 16; Chani-Posse 2014: 63; Ferretti et al. 2014: 1; Morrone
2014a: 5, 2014b: 203.
Argentinean sub-area Clarke 1892: 381.
Patagonian sub-region Sclater & Sclater 1899: 65; Kuschel 1964: 447; Cabrera & Yepes 1940: 12; Hershkovitz 1969: 8;
Kuschel 1969: 712.
Andean dominion Hauman 1931: 62; Cabrera 1951: 48, 1957: 335.
Temperate South America dominion Hauman 1931: 62.
Andean-Patagonian sub-region Mello-Leitão 1937: 232, 1943: 129; Ringuelet 1961: 156; Rapoport 1968: 75; Fittkau 1969:
639; Sánchez Osés & Pérez-Hernández 1998: 201, 2005: 168.
Andean-Patagonian dominion Cabrera 1971: 29, 1976: 50; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 83; Zuloaga et al. 1999: 18; Willink 1988:
206.
Austral sub-region Ringuelet 1975: 107; Almirón et al. 1997: 23.
Andean sub-realm Rivas-Martínez & Tovar 1983: 516.
Argentine sub-region Smith 1983: 462.
Austroamerican sub-realm Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Neotemperate region Amorim & Pires 1996: 187.
Andean sub-region Morrone 1996a: 105; Posadas et al. 1997: 2, 2001: 1328.
Patagonian-Andean region Daniels & Veblen 2000: 225.
Temperate South America region Kreft & Jetz 2010: 2044.
Diagnosis. Southern South America below 26 south latitude, extending through the Andean highlands north of this
latitude (Morrone 1996a, 2001b, 2002).
Sub-regions and transition zone. The Andean region (Fig. 2) comprises the Central Chilean, Subantarctic
and Patagonian sub-regions (Table I). Additionally, it overlaps with the Neotropical region in the South American
transition zone (Morrone 2004a, 2006, 2010), which is assigned simultaneously to both regions. A detailed
treatment of the provinces of the South American transition zone is provided by Morrone (2014a).
Central Chilean sub-region Hauman 1931
Central Chilean province Hauman 1931: 62; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 92; Willink 1988: 206; Morrone 1994a: 190, 1996a: 107;
Posadas et al. 1997: 2.
Chilean district Cabrera & Yepes 1940: 16.
Chilean province Mello-Leitão 1943: 130; Ringuelet 1975: 107.
Chile province (in part) Fittkau 1969: 642.
Southern Andes area (in part) Sick 1969: 465.
Chilean sub-centre (in part) Müller 1973: 101.
Central Andean zone (in part) Artigas 1975: map.
Chilean Sclerophyll Forest province Udvardy 1975: 41.
Chilean sub-region Paulson 1979: 170; Flint 1989: 1; Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Central Chilean region Rivas-Martínez & Tovar 1983: 516.
Central Chile area Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias 1995: 726; Morrone et al. 1997: 25; Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408.
Chilean Matorral ecoregion Dinerstein et al. 1995: 103.
Central Chilean sub-region Morrone 1999: 13; Ocampo & Morrone 1999: 21; Morrone 2000a: 98, 2001b: 114; Donato et al.
2003: 340; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2006: 484; Pérez & Posadas 2006: 1785; Spinelli et al.
2006: 302; Smith & Skelley 2007: 4; Casagranda et al. 2009: 19; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38; Urtubey et
al. 2010: 506; Vivallo 2013: 529.
Diagnosis. Central Chile between 26 and 37 south latitude (Morrone 1996a, 2000a, 2001b, 2006).
Provinces. It comprises two provinces: Coquimban and Santiagan (Fig. 2).
ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 209

TABLE 1. Biogeographic regionalisation of the Andean region.
Transition zones/ sub-regions Provinces Sub-provinces Districts
South American transition zone Paramo 43 districts (see Morrone 2014a)
Desert Cardonales
Coastal Desert
Puna Bolivian
Central
Cuyan
Jujuyan
Atacama Interior Desert
Northern Andean
Northern Coast
Northern Precordillera
Tamarugal
Prepuna -
Monte Eremean
Northern
Southern
Central Chilean subregion Coquimban Central Andean Cordillera
Coquimban Desert
Intermediate Desert
Santiagan Central Coastal Cordillera
Central Valley
Southern Andean Cordillera
Subantarctic subregion Maule Angol
Chillán Cordillera
Pehuén
Temuco
Valdivian Forest Aysén Cordillera
Llanquihue
South Chiloé
Valdivian
Valdivian Cordillera
Magellanic Forest -
Magellanic Moorland -
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands
South Georgia Island
Juan Fernández -
Patagonian subregion Patagonian Central Patagonian Chubut
San Jorge Gulf
Santa Cruz
Fuegian -
Payunia Northern Payunia
Southern Payunia
Subandean Meridional Subandean
Septentrional Subandean
Western Patagonian -

FIGURE 2. Biogeographic regionalisation of the Andean region proposed herein.

Coquimban province Cabrera & Willink 1973
Coquimban district Cabrera & Willink 1973: 91.

Coquimbo zone Artigas 1975: map.
Desertic Mesochilean province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Coquimbo Desert area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 180; Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 257.
Coquimbo province Morrone 1999: 13, 2001b: 115, 2004a: 158, 2006: 484, 2010: 38.
Coquimban province Morrone 2000a: 99.
Coquimbo area Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408.
Diagnosis. North Central Chile, between 26 and 33 south latitude (Morrone 2000a, 2001b).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Chuquiraga ulicina subsp. acicularis, Triptilion
cordifolium and T. gibbosum (Katinas et al. 1992; Ezcurra et al. 1997; Morrone et al. 1997). ARTHROPODA.
Ammotrechidae: Chileotrecha atacamensis (Roig-Juñent 1994b); Bradynobaenidae: Bradynobaenus gayi (Genise
1986); Buprestidae: Conognatha obenvergeri and Dactilozodes rouleti roitmani (Roig-Juñent 1994b; Moore 1997);
Carabidae: Cicindelidia trifasciata australis, Cnemalobus convexus, C. coquimbanus, C. cyaneus, C. cylindricus,
C. hirsutus, C. nuria, C. pegnai, C. reichardti and Notoperyphus cekalovici (Roig-Juñent 1994a, b, 2002; Lagos &
Roig-Juñent 1997); Cleridae: Epiclines puncticollis, Eurymetopum maculipes, E. pallens and E. penai (Solervicens
1986; Roig-Juñent 1994b); Curculionidae: Listroderes angusticeps, L. howdenae and L. robustus (Morrone 1993a);
Dipluridae: Chilehexops (Coyle 1986); Gnaphosidae: Echemoides chilensis, E. illapel, E. rossi, E. schlingeri and
E. tofo (Platnick 1983); Migidae: Migas vellardi and Chilelopsis serena (Goloboff 1995); Miridae: Araucanocoris
chilensis, Phytochoris coquimbensis, P. vicuniensis and Saileria chilena (Carvalho & Carpintero 1989, 1991);
Simuliidae: Araucnephioides schlingeri (Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias 1995); Tenebrionidae: Auladera crenicosta,
Myrmecoderma michelbacheri and Nycterinus rugiceps rugiceps (Roig-Juñent 1994b; Flores 1999); Tristiridae:
Elasmoderus lutescens and E. wageneckti (Cigliano 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994b). VERTEBRATA. Chinchillidae:
Chinchilla lanigera (Redford & Eisenberg 1992).
Districts. Three areas identified by Peña (1966) are treated herein as districts (Fig. 4).
Central Andean Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Central Andean Cordillera region Peña 1966: 10.
Central Andean Mountain range Flores & Vidal 2000b: 193.
Coquimban Desert district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Coquimban Desert region Peña 1966: 9.
Coquimban Desert sub-region O'Brien 1971: 199.
Coquimbo Desert area Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 257.
Intermediate Desert district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Intermediate Desert region Peña 1966: 8.
Intermediate Desert area Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 257.
Santiagan province O'Brien 1971
Santiagan region O'Brien 1971: 202.

Santiagan area Artigas 1975: map.
Central Chilean province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Chilean Winter-Rain Forests ecoregion Dinerstein et al. 1995: 96.
Santiagan province Morrone 1999: 13, 2000a: 100.
Santiago province Morrone 2001b: 116, 2004a: 158, 2006: 484; Pérez & Posadas 2006: 1784; Casagranda et al. 2009: 21;
Chani-Posse 2010: 45; Morrone 2010: 38.
Diagnosis. South Central Chile, between 33 and 37 south latitude (Morrone 2000a, 2001b).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Triptilion berteroi (Morrone et al. 1997); Elaeocarpaceae:
Crinodendron patagua (Coode 1987); Onagraceae: Fuchsia sect. Kierschlegeria (Berry 1982). ARTHROPODA.
Austropetaliidae: Eurypetalia altarensis, Ophiopetalia auregaster and Rheopetalia apicalis apicalis (Carle 1996);

Buprestidae: Atacamita biimpresa, Chrysobothris bothrideres bothrideres, Mendizabalia germaini cyranoviridis
and M. penai (Bellamy & Moore 1990; Roig-Juñent 1994b); Carabidae: Apterodromites saizi, Axinopalpus
humeralis, Baripus bonvouloiri, Bembidion derbesi, B. paralongulum, B. sexfoveolatum, Cnemalobus montanus,
C. obscurus, C. pulchellus, C. sulciferus, Merizodus catapileanus, Nothanillus germaini, Nothocys longulus,
Notholopha spp., Pseudocnides monolcu, P. rugosifrons, Pseudotrepanes derbesi, Trechisibus alexius, T.
chloroticus, T. germaini, T. nitidus and T. saizi (Roig-Juñent & Cicchino 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994a, b); Cleridae:
Eurymetopum bispinosum, E. breve, E. brevevittatum and E. inerme (Solervicens 1986; Roig-Juñent 1994b);
Curculionidae: Hybreoleptops santiagensis, H. xanthomelas, Listroderes erinaceus, L. nodifer, L. montanus and
Neotorneuma (Howden 1992; Morrone 1993b; Pérez & Posadas 2006); Formicidae: Pogonomyrmex bispinosum
(Roig-Juñent 1994b); Gnaphosidae: Echemoides cekalovici (Platnick 1983); Hydropsychidae: Smicridea
manzanara (Flint 1989); Miridae: Nanniresthenia penai (Carvalho & Carpintero 1987); Nemesiidae:
Acanthogonatus huaquen and A. quilocura (Goloboff 1995); Pompilidae: Chirodamus luteifrons (Roig-Juñent
1994b); Scarabaeidae: Tesserodoniella elguetai (Vaz-de-Mello & Halffter 2006); Simuliidae: Gigantodax luispenai
(Wygodzinky & Coscarón 1989); Tenebrionidae: Auladera andicola, A. atronitens, A. rugicollis, Callyntra
cantillana, Myrmecodema nycteroides, Nycterinus laevigatus, N. rugiceps australis and Platesthes vidali (Roig-
Juñent 1994b; Flores 1999, 2004; Flores & Vidal 2000b); Tristiridae: Molucachris cinerascens, M. nigripes and
Peplacris (Cigliano 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994b). VERTEBRATA. Cricetidae: Euneomys noei (Redford & Eisenberg
1992); Rhinocryptidae: Pteroptochos castaneus (Chesser 1999).
Districts. Three areas identified by Peña (1966) are treated herein as districts (Fig. 4).
Central Coastal Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Central Coastal Cordillera region Peña 1966: 11.
Litoral Cauquenes zone Artigas 1975: map.
Central Coastal mountain range Flores & Vidal 2000b: 193.
Central Coastal Cordillera area Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 258.
Central Valley district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Central Valley region Peña 1966: 11.
Central Valley zone Artigas 1975: map.
Central Valley area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 180.
Andean Cordillera and Central Valley area (in part) Díaz Gómez et al. 2009: 4.
Southern Andean Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Southern Andean Cordillera region Peña 1966: 11.
Interior Cauquenes zone Artigas 1975: map.
Southern Andean mountain range Flores & Vidal 2000b: 193.
Andean Cordillera and Central Valley area (in part) Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 258; Díaz Gómez et al. 2009: 4.
Subantarctic sub-region Skottsberg 1905
Subantarctic dominion Skottsberg 1905: 415; Cabrera 1951: 57, 1971: 36; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 96; Cabrera 1976: 71;
Willink 1988: 206.
Subantarctic Forests area Hauman 1920: 52; Parodi 1934: 171.
Moist Andean zone Shannon 1927: 3.
Subantarctic Andes province Hauman 1931: 62.
Subantarctic Forests province Hauman 1931: 62.
Subantarctic province Cabrera 1951: 58, 1953: 107, 1971: 37, 1976: 72; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 97; Willink 1988: 206;
Morrone 1994a: 191, 1996a: 106; Posadas et al. 1997: 2; Carpintero 1998: 148; Roig 1998: 140; Posadas et al. 2001: 1328.
Austral-cordilleran dominion Ringuelet 1955a: 84, 1961: 160.
Subantarctic forests region Hueck 1957: 40.
Araucanan sub-region Monrós 1958: 145; Ringuelet 1961: 156; Rapoport 1968: 75.
Chile province (in part) Fittkau 1969: 642.
Southern Andes area (in part) Sick 1969: 465.
Nothofagus centre Müller 1973: 155; Cracraft 1985: 36.
Andean Subantarctic region Rivas-Martínez & Tovar 1983: 521.

Chilean sub-region (in part) Flint 1989: 1.
Valdivian-Magellanic region Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Subantarctic area Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias 1995: 726.
Subantarctic sub-region Morrone 1999: 13; Ocampo & Morrone 1999: 21; Morrone 2000b: 1, 2001b: 118; Donato et al. 2003:
340; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2006: 484; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Smith & Skelley 2007: 4;
Casagranda et al. 2009: 19; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Chani-Posse 2010: 37; Martin 2010: 1029; Morrone 2010: 38;
Urtubey et al. 2010: 506; Martin 2011: 122; Morrone 2011: 2085; Posadas 2012: 2; Fergnani et al. 2013: 296; Vivallo
2013: 529.
Diagnosis. Austral Chile from 37 south latitude to Cabo de Hornos, including the archipelago of southern Chile
and Argentina, and the Falklands (Malvinas), South Georgia and Juan Fernández islands (Morrone 1996a, 2000b,
2001b, 2006).
Provinces. It comprises six provinces: Maule, Valdivian Forest, Magellanic Forest, Magellanic Moorland,
Falkland Islands and Juan Fernández.
Maule province Cabrera & Willink 1973
South Chilean-Fuegian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

Northern Valdivian Forest region (in part) Peña 1966: 11.
Valdivian region (in part) O'Brien 1971: 203.
Maule district Cabrera & Willink 1973: 98; Posadas et al. 2001: 1328.
Valdivian area Artigas 1975: map.
Maule area Morrone et al. 1994: 107; Roig-Juñent 1994b: 181.
Valdivian province (in part) Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Preandean Xeric Forest district Roig 1998: 141.
Maule province Morrone 1999: 14; Ocampo & Morrone 1999: 24; Morrone 2000b: 3, 2001b: 122; Posadas & Morrone 2003:
72; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2006: 485; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Casagranda et al. 2009: 22; Escalante et al. 2009: 379;
Chani-Posse 2010: 45; Morrone 2010: 38.
Diagnosis. Southern Chile and Argentina, between 37 and 39 south latitude (Morrone 2000b, 2001b, 2006).
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Araucariaceae: Araucaria araucana (Cabrera 1976; Covas 1995a).
MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Chaetanthera linearis var. taltalensis, C. serrata and Triptilion achilleae
(Morrone et al. 1997). ARTHROPODA. Andrenidae: Calliopsis rigormortis (Dumesh & Packer 2011);
Anthribidae: Dinocentrus signatipes (Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Anyphaenidae: Acanthoceto ladormida
(Ramírez 1997); Austropetaliidae: Ophiopetalia araucana and O. pudu (Carle 1996); Belidae: Atractuchus argus,
Callirhynchinus exquisitus, Dicordylus balteatus and Oxycraspedus (Elgueta 1986; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995;
Morrone & Posadas 1998); Bradynobaenidae: Bradynobaenus australis (Genise 1986); Buprestidae:
Chrysobothris bothrideres pehuenche, Conognatha viridiventris sagittaria, Mastogenius sulcicollis, Mendizabalia
germaini germaini, Pterobothris corrosus corrosus and Trigonogenium angulosum ruginosum (Bellamy & Moore
1990; Roig-Juñent 1994b); Carabidae: Baripus paralellus, Catascopellus crassiceps, Ceroglossus chilensis
chilensis, C. chilensis temucensis, C. darwini magellanicus, C. valdiviae subnitens, Cnemalobus germaini, C.
striatipennis and Cylindera chilensis (Roig-Juñent & Cicchino 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994a, b); Caridae:
Caenominurus (Kuschel 1992; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995; Morrone & Posadas 1998); Choreutidae: Nyx
(Heppner 1982); Cleridae: Eurymetopum frigidus, E. gayi and E. vittula (Solervicens 1986); Cossidae: Andesiana,
Austrocossus, Schausisca, Surcossus and Philanglaus (Gentili 1989; Schoorl 1989); Curculionidae: Aegorhinus
albolineatus, A. boviei, A. inermis, A. nitens, A. silvicola, A. suturalis, Anthonomus araucanus, A. chilicola,
Araucarietus, Araucarius chilensis, A. major, A. medius, A. minor, Berberidicola carinatus, Calvertius tuberosus,
Cylydrorhinus inaequatus, Dasydema annucella, Eisingius, Eucalus tesselatus, Geniocremnus chiliensis,
Lamiarhinus horridus, Listroderes brevirostris, Megalometides spp., Megalometis andigena, Neomagdalis
unicolor, Nothofaginoides, Nothofagius fimbriatus, Omoides validus, Planus, Polydrusus roseus, Tartarisus
australis and T. perforatipennis (Rühm 1987; Clark & Burke 1988; Morrone 1992a, 1996b; Solervicens & Elgueta
1994; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995; Ocampo & Morrone 1999); Endomychidae: Chileobius cekalovici and C.
notatus (Pakaluk & Slipinski 1990); Gnaphosidae: Apodrassodes mercedes, A. pucon and Echemoides malleco
(Platnick 1983; Platnick & Shadab 1983); Hydropsychidae: Smicridea complicatissima, S. redunca, S. tregala and

S. turgida (Flint 1989); Megalopodidae: Palophagoides (Kuschel & May 1996); Migidae: Mallecomigas (Goloboff
& Platnick 1987); Nemesiidae: Acanthogonatus brunneus, A. hualpen, A. mulchen, A. nahuelbuta, A. recinto and
A. tolhuaca (Goloboff 1995); Nemonychidae: Mecomacer, Nannomacer germaini, Rhynchitomacer and
Rhynchitomacerinus (Kuschel 1983; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Palaephatidae: Metaphatus cirrhus, M.
sinuatus, Palaephatus latus and P. leucacrotus (Davis 1986); Psyllidae: Notophorina stigmaticalis (Solervicens &
Elgueta 1994); Scarabaeidae: Tesserodoniella meridionalis (Vaz-de-Mello & Halffter 2006); Tenebrionidae:
Callyntra rossi and Mitragenius tristis (Flores 1999; Flores & Vidal 2000a); Tristiridae: Elysiacris angusticollis
(Cigliano 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994b). VERTEBRATA. Ctenomyidae: Ctenomys maulinus (Redford & Eisenberg
1992); Octodontidae: Aconaemys sagei and Octodon bridgesi (Redford & Eisenberg 1992).
Districts. Four areas recognized by Cabrera (1951, 1971, 1976), Peña (1966), Artigas (1975) and Roig (1998)
are treated herein as districts (Figs. 4–5).
Angol district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Angol zone Artigas 1975: map.
Chillán Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Chillán Cordillera zone Artigas 1975: map.
Pehuén district Cabrera 1951

Pehuén district Cabrera 1951: 61, 1971: 37; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 99; Cabrera 1976: 73.
Araucaria forests sub-region Hueck 1957: 40.
Pehuenar region Peña 1966: 12.
Nahuelbuta zone Artigas 1975: map.
Chilean Araucaria Forest province Udvardy 1975: 41.
Araucaria araucana Forest sub-district Roig 1998: 141.
West Pehuenar range Flores & Vidal 2000b: 193.
Temuco district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Temuco zone Artigas 1975: map.
Valdivian Forest province Hauman 1920

Valdivian Forest area Hauman 1920: 53; Soriano 1950: 33; Kuschel 1960: 541; Morrone et al. 1994: 108; Roig-Juñent 1994b:
181.
Valdivian district Cabrera 1951: 60, 1971: 38; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 98; Cabrera 1976: 75.
Subantarctic Forests sub-region Hueck 1957: 40.
Mountain zone (in part) Kuschel 1960: 545.
Valdivian Forest region (in part) Peña 1966: 14.
Valdivian Cordillera region (in part) Peña 1966: 15.
Deciduous Forest district Cabrera 1971: 37, 1976: 73; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 100.
Valdivian region (in part) O'Brien 1971: 203.
Aysenian area Artigas 1975: map.
Valdivian Forest province Udvardy 1975: 41; Morrone 2001b: 123; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2006:
485; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Casagranda et al. 2009: 22; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38; Posadas 2012: 5.
Valdivian province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map; Morrone 1999: 14; Ocampo & Morrone 1999: 24; Morrone 2000b:
4; Chani-Posse 2010: 45.
Valdivian Temperate Forests ecoregion Dinerstein et al. 1995: 101; Martin 2010: 1025, 2011: 122.
Valdivian Forest district Roig 1998: 140; Posadas et al. 2001: 1328.
Austrocedrus chilensis Forest sub-district Roig 1998: 141.
Diagnosis. Southern Chile and Argentina (Fig. 3), south of the Maule province, from 39 to 47 south latitude
(Morrone 2000b, 2001b, 2006).
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Cupressaceae: Austrocedrus and Fitzroya (Cabrera 1976; Covas 1995b);
Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus nubigenus and Saxegothaea (Covas 1995c). MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae:
Chaetanthera brachylepis and C. elegans var. elegans (Morrone et al. 1997); Elaeocarpaceae: Crinodendron

hookerianum (Coode 1987); Misodendraceae: Misodendrum angulatum, M. brachystachyum and M. gayanum
(Zavaro et al. 1997); Onagraceae: Epilobium obscurum (Solomon 1982). ARTHROPODA. Acrididae: Nahuelia
anthracina (Ronderos & Turk 1989); Anthribidae: Dinocentrus asperatus, D. tuberculosus and Sistellorhynchus
posticallis (Solervicens & Elgueta 1994; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Austropetaliidae: Ophiopetalia diana
(Carle 1996); Belidae: Trichophthalmus miltomerus (Solervicens & Elgueta 1994); Brentidae: Apion pachymerum
(Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Carabidae: Aemalodera limbata, A. testacea, Allendia chilensis,
Bembidiomorphum, Ceroglossus valdiviae chiloensis, C. darwini darwini, C. speciosus, Chaetauchenium
convexipenne, C. loki, Creobius eudouxy, Crossonychus viridis viridis, Cylindera gormazi, Dromius giachinoi,
Eutogenius fuscus, Monolobus testaceus, Monolobus ovalipennis, Nothanillus luisae, Nothobroscus chilensis,
Parhypates bonelli, P. chalybicolor, Thalassobius testaceus, Trachysarus antarcticus, Trechichomimus aphaenops,
Trechinotus striatulus, Trechisibus obtusiusculus, T. oerobates, Trirammatus torqueotrochantus, Tropopsis
biguttata and T. marginicollis (Noonan 1974; Mateu 1991; Roig-Juñent 1994b, 1995, 2000; Roig-Juñent & Ball
1995; Will 2004a,b); Cleridae: Eurymetopum proteus (Solervicens 1986; Roig-Juñent 1994b); Crotoniidae:
Crotonia valdivia (Colloff 2009); Curculionidae: Aegorhinus fascicularis, A. kuscheli, A. maestus, A. nodipennis,
A. opaculus, A. superciliosus, Anthonomus berberidis, Berberidicola ater, B. crenulatus, Cnemocoelus valdivianus,
Epaetius, Erirhinoides uncicolor, Eucalus fasciolatus, E. unicolor, Falklandius chilensis, F. peckorum, Gayus
elegans, Germainiellus attenuatus, G. punctiventris, Heteromagdalis heteronyx, Listroderes obrieni, Myelobius
bioculatus, M. fasciolatus, Neopsilorhinus, Nothofagius australis, Nothofagobius, Nototactus, Pachytrogus
crassirostris, Philippius, Puranius fasciculiger, Tartarisus griseus and Wittmerius (Clark & Burke 1988; Morrone
1990, 1992c, 1993a, c, 1996b; Solervicens & Elgueta 1994; Morrone & Anderson 1995; Morrone & Roig-Juñent
1995; Ocampo & Morrone 1999); Cylindrotomidae: Stibadocerina (Ribeiro 2009); Formicidae: Anthichyhonidris
bidentatus (Roig-Juñent 1994b); Gonyleptidae: Osornogyndes tumifrons (Maury 1993); Hemerobiidae:
Megalomus democraticus and M. stangei (Monserrat 1997); Hydrobiosidae: Australobius (Schmid 1989);
Ichneumonidae: Notophrudus (Porter 1993); Malkaridae: Chilenodes (Platnick & Forster 1987); Nemesiidae:
Acanthogonatus confusus, A. franki and A. subcalpeianus (Goloboff 1995); Nemonychidae: Nannomacer wittmeri
(Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Palaephatidae: Apophatus parvus, Metaphatus ichnius, Palaephatus albiterminus,
P. amplisaccus, P. fusciterminus, P. luteolus, P. nielseni, P. spinosus, P. striatus, Sesommata albimaculata, S.
leuroptera and S. paraplatysaris (Davis 1986; Roig-Juñent 1994b); Scarabaeidae: Frickius variolosus (Howden
1982); Simuliidae: Gigantodax igniculus (Wygodzinky & Coscarón 1989); Staphylinidae: Pseudopsis adustipennis
(Herman 1975); Tipulidae: Valdiviana edwarsina and V. shannonina (Jong 1989); Triaenonychidae: Diasia (Maury
1987); Zodariidae: Platnickia bolson (Grismado & Platnick 2008). VERTEBRATA. Caenolestidae: Rhyncholestes
raphanurus (Redford & Eisenberg 1992; Contreras & Yáñez 1995; Martin 2011); Canidae: Pseudalopex fulvipes
(Vila et al. 2004); Cricetidae: Abrothrix sanborni and Pearsonomys annectens (Redford & Eisenberg 1992;
Figueroa et al. 2012); Microbiotheriidae: Dromiciops gliroides (Martin 2010).
Districts. Five areas recognized by Artigas (1975) are treated herein as districts (Fig. 5).
Aysén Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Aysén Cordillera zone Artigas 1975: map.
Llanquihue district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Llanquihue zone Artigas 1975: map.
South Chiloé district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

South Chiloé zone Artigas 1975: map.
Valdivian district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Valdivian zone Artigas 1975: map.
Valdivian Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Valdivian Cordillera zone Artigas 1975: map.

FIGURE 3. Regionalisation of southern Chile (modified from Kuschel 1960).

FIGURE 4. Regionalisation of Chile (modified from Peña 1966).

FIGURE 5. Regionalisation of Chile (modified from Artigas 1975).

Magellanic Forest province Hueck 1957

Magellanic Forest sub-region Hueck 1957: 40.
Magellanic district Cabrera 1951: 61, 1971: 39; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 98; Cabrera 1976: 77; León et al. 1998: 133.
Magellanic Forest area Holdgate 1960: 560; Morrone et al. 1994: 108.
Magellanic Forest zone Kuschel 1960: 543.
Magallanes Interoceanic region Peña 1966: 15.
Magellanic region (in part) O'Brien 1971: 204.
Austral Forest zone Cekalovic 1974: 305; Artigas 1975: map.
Shrub zone Cekalovic 1974: 306.
Magellanic area (in part) Artigas 1975: map.
Magellanic Shrub zone Artigas 1975: map.
Chilean Nothofagus province Udvardy 1975: 41.
Austroandean province (in part) Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Pacific region Roig-Juñent 1994b: 182.
Subpolar Nothofagus Forests ecoregion (in part) Dinerstein et al. 1995: 96.
Evergreen Magellanic Forest and Bogs district Roig 1998: 140.
Atlantic Forest district Roig 1998: 140.
Magellanic Forest province Morrone 1999: 14, 2000b: 6, 2001b: 124; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158,
2006: 485; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38; Posadas 2012: 2; Ferretti et al. 2014: 2.
Magellanic Forest district Posadas et al. 2001: 1328.
Magallanic Paramo province Chani-Posse 2010: 50.
Diagnosis. Southern Chile from 47 south latitude to Cabo de Hornos, and southern Argentina in small portions of
western Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (Fig. 2) (Morrone 2000b, 2001b, 2006).
Endemic taxa. CONIFEROPHYTA. Podocarpaceae: Lepidothamnus fonkii (Covas 1995c).
MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Onagraceae: Epilobium conjugens (Solomon 1982). ARTHROPODA. Carabidae:
Antarctonomus complanatus, A. peroni, Bembidion atrum, B. cekalovici, B. kuscheli, B. rufoplagiatus, Cascellius
aeneoniger, C. gravesii, Pseudomigadops ovalis, Trechisibus antarcticus and T. hornesis (Roig-Juñent 1994b,
1995, 2004); Curculionidae: Antarctobius germaini, A. hyadesii, A. lacunosus, Cylydrorhinus ursinus, C. vittatus,
Falklandiopsis magellanica, Germainiellus laevirostris and G. lugens (Morrone 1992b, 1993c; Morrone &
Anderson 1995; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Noctuidae: Paraeuxoa perdita (Angulo 1990); Hemerobiidae:
Megalomus australis (Monserrat 1997); Perimylopidae: Parahelops quadricollis (Roig-Juñent 1994b);
Megachilidae: Megachile australis (Durante & Abrahamovich 2002). VERTEBRATA. Cricetidae: Abrothrix
lanosus (Redford & Eisenberg 1992).
Magellanic Moorland province Godley 1960
Magellanian-Falklandian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

Magellanic Moorland area Godley 1960: 467; Morrone et al. 1994: 110.
Magellanic Moorland zone Kuschel 1960: 544.
Southern Pacific region Peña 1966: 16.
Magellanic region (in part) O'Brien 1971: 204.
Austral Pacific zone Cekalovic 1974: 301; Artigas 1975: map.
Patagonian Ice zone Cekalovic 1974: 303.
Magellanic area (in part) Artigas 1975: map.
Austroandean province (in part) Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Fuegian province (in part) Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Eastern forest area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 182.
Subpolar Nothofagus Forests ecoregion (in part) Dinerstein et al. 1995: 96.
Magellanic Moorland province Morrone 1999: 14, 2000b: 7, 2001b: 126; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158,
2006: 485; Spinelli et al. 2006: 302; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38; Posadas 2012: 2.
Magellanic Moorland district Posadas et al. 2001: 1328.
Diagnosis. Southern Chile and Argentina, limited by the Magellanic forest province to the east (Fig. 2) (Morrone
2000b, 2001b, 2006).

Endemic taxa. ARTHROPODA. Brentidae: Apion fuegianum (Cekalovic 1974); Carabidae: Cascellius
hyadessi, Ceroglossus suturalis suturalis, Feroniomorpha lucida, Metius malachitichus, Mimodromius
nigrotestaceus and Nothocascellius hyadesii (Roig-Juñent 1994b, 1995); Caridae: Chilecar (Kuschel 1992;
Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Chironomidae: Parochlus pilosus (Roig-Juñent 1994b); Curculionidae: Aegorhinus
vitulus, Antarctobius rugirostris, A. yefacel, Berberidicola exaratus and Telurus (Cekalovic 1974; Morrone 1992b,
1996b; Morrone & Anderson 1995; Morrone & Roig-Juñent 1995); Scatopsidae: Diamphidicus chilensis (Amorim
1990); Simuliidae: Gigantodax antarcticus, G. brophyi and G. rufidulus (Roig-Juñent 1994b). VERTEBRATA.
Cricetidae: Abrothrix hershkovitzi and A. markhami (Redford & Eisenberg 1992).
Falkland Islands province Engler 1882
Falkland Islands province Engler 1882: 346; Morrone 1999: 14, 2000b: 7, 2001b: 127; Posadas & Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone
2004a: 158, 2006: 485; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38, 2011: 2085; Posadas 2012: 5.
Magellanian-Falklandian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.
Insular province Cabrera 1951: 62, 1953: 107, 1971: 40; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 102; Cabrera 1976: 78.
Falkland Islands area Morrone et al. 1994: 110.
Patagonian Grasslands ecoregion (in part) Dinerstein et al. 1995: 102.
Cortaderal Malvinian district Roig 1998: 142.
Fuegian-Malvinian district (in part) Roig 1998: 138.
Falkland Islands district Posadas et al. 2001: 1328
Diagnosis. Argentinean archipelago of the Falklands (Malvinas) and South Georgia island, situated in the south
Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 2) (Ringuelet 1955b; Morrone 2000b, 2001b, 2006, 2011).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Chevreulia lycopodioides, Erigeron incertus, Gamochaeta
antarctica, Leucheria suaveolens, Nassauvia gaudichaudii, N. serpens, Senecio littoralis and S. vaginatus (Katinas
1995; Broughton & McAdam 2005); Brassicaceae: Phlebolobium maclovianum (Broughton & McAdam 2005);
Calceolariaceae: Calceolaria fothergillii (Broughton & McAdam 2005); Calyceraceae: Nastanthus falklandicus
(Broughton & McAdam 2005); Plantaginaceae: Plantago moorei (Broughton & McAdam 2005); Ranunculaceae:
Hamadryas argentea (Broughton & McAdam 2005). ARTHROPODA. Byrrhidae: Chalcosphaerium enderleini
and C. solox (Voisin 1987); Crotoniidae: Crotonia macfadyeni (Colloff 2009); Carabidae: Pseudomigadops
falklandicus, P. handkei and P. fuscus (Baher 1997); Curculionidae: Antarctobius abditus, A. bidentatus, A.
falklandicus, A. malvinensis, A. vulsus, Caneorhinus biangulatus, Cylydrorhinus lemniscatus, Falklandius goliath,
F. kuscheli, F. turbificatus, Germainiellus salebrosus, Lanteriella microphtalma, Malvinius compressiventris, M.
nordenskioeldi, Morronia brevirostris, Puranius championi, P. exsculpticollis and P. scaber (Morrone 1992b, c,
1993c, 2011; Morrone & Anderson 1995; Posadas & Morrone 2004; Posadas 2008; Papadopoulos et al. 2009);
Ephydridae: Scatella neglecta and S. sturdeana (Lizarralde de Grosso 1998); Leiodidae: Falkocholeva falklandica
and Falkonemadus sphenisci (Voisin 1987); Linyphiidae: Beauchenia striata and Falklandogenes spinosa (Usher
1983; Pugh 2004); Perimylopidae: Darwinella amarodies, Parahelops falklandicus, P. haversi and P. quadricollis
(Voisin 1987; Flores 1998); Raphidophoridae: Parudenus falklandicus (Robinson 1984); Salpingidae: Poophylax
villosa (Anderson & Fuller 2005); Schendylidae: Schendyloides alacer (Pereira & Minelli 1992). VERTEBRATA.
Anatidae: Anas georgica georgica, Chloephaga picta leucoptera and Tachyeres brachypterus (Olrog 1984;
Bulgarella et al. 2010); Canidae: Dusicyon australis (Nowak 1991); Troglodytidae: Troglodytes aedon cobbi
(Vuillemier 1985); Turdidae: Turdus falcklandii falcklandii (Vuillemier 1985).
Districts. The South Georgia Island has been recognized as a district within this province; thus the Falkland
Islands were implicitly recognized as another district.
Falkland Islands district Morrone 2011

Falkland Islands district Morrone 2011: 2086.
South Georgia Island district Roig 1998, emend.

Georgias district Roig 1998: 142.
South Georgia Island district Morrone 2011: 2086.

Juan Fernández province Engler 1882
Juan Fernández region Engler 1882: 346.

Juan Fernández province Cabrera & Willink 1973: 103.
Fernandezian region Takhtajan 1986: 252.
Juan Fernández Islands province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map; Morrone 1999: 14, 2000b: 8, 2001b: 121; Posadas &
Morrone 2003: 72; Morrone 2004a: 158, 2006: 485; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38.
Diagnosis. Chilean islands of Masatierra or Robinson Crusoe, Masafuera or Alejandro Selkirk, and Santa Clara,
which are situated in the Pacific Ocean, 600 km west of Valparaiso, at 33 south latitude (Morrone 2000b, 2001b,
2006).
Endemic taxa. BRYOPHYTA. Bartramiaceae: Breutelia masafuerae and Philonis glabrata (Mah 1995);
Bryaceae: Bryum fernandezianum (Mah 1995); Cryphaeaceae: Cyptodon crassinervis (Mah 1995); Dicranaceae:
Campylopus aberrans, C. blindioides, Dicranella costata and Dicranoloma capillifolioides (Mah 1995);
Ditrichaceae: Astomiopsis pacifica (Mah 1995); Fissidentaceae: Fissidens crassicuspes and F. fernandezianum
(Mah 1995); Hookeriaceae: Acrophyllum tenuinerve (Mah 1995), Distichophyllum subelimbatum (Mah 1995);
Neckeraceae: Neckera rotundata, Pinnatella microsticta and Thamnobryum caroli (Mah 1995); Orthotricaceae:
Ulota fernandeziana (Mah 1995); Ptychomitriaceae: Ptychomitrium fernandezianum (Mah 1995); Racopilaceae:
Racopilum fernandezianum (Mah 1995); Thuidaceae: Thuidium masafuerae (Mah 1995). FILICOPHYTA.
Dicksoniaceae: Dicksonia berteriana (Murillo 1988). MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Arecaceae: Juania australis (Cabrera
& Willink 1973); Asteraceae: Centaurodendron, Dendroseris, Phaenicoseris spp., Rea, Rhetinodendron,
Robinsonia and Yunquea (Stuessy et al. 1984, 1990; Sanders et al. 1987; Crawford et al. 1992); Campanulaceae:
Wahlenbergia fernandeziana complex (Lammers 1996); Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium sanctaeclarae (Stuessy et
al. 1990); Euphorbiaceae: Dysopsis hirsuta (Stuessy et al. 1984); Flacourtiaceae: Azara serrata (Stuessy et al.
1984); Lactoridaceae (Stuessy et al. 1984); Myrtaceae: Ugni selkirkii (Stuessy et al. 1984); Poaceae: Agrostis
masafuerana, Chusquea fernandeziana, Megalachne berteroana, M. masafuerana and Podophorus bromoides
(Baeza et al. 2002); Verbenaceae: Rhaphitamnus venustus (Rodríguez et al. 1983); Winteraceae: Drimys
confertifolia (Marquínez et al. 2009). ARTHROPODA. Carabidae: Metius eurypterus ovalipennis, M. guillermoi,
M. kuscheli, M. ovalipennis, Plagioplatys selkirki, Trachysarus basalis, T. emdeni, T. kuscheli, T. neopallipes, T.
ovalipennis, T. punctiger, T. sericeus, Trechisibus backstroemi, T. femoralis, T. jeanneli, T. kuscheli, Trirammatus
ignobilis and T. skottsbergi (Straneo & Jeannel 1955; Bonniard de Saludo 1970; Will 2005); Curculionidae:
Anolethrus, Juanorhinini, Pachystylus and Strongylopterus ovatus (Wibmer & O'Brien 1986); Geometridae:
Eupithecia robinsoni (Parra & Ibarra-Vidal 2002); Hemerobiidae: Conchopterella kuscheli and C. maculata
(Oswald 1993); Elipsocidae: Nothopsocus cinqueportsae, N. cooki, N. defoei, N. selkirki and N. skottsbergi
(Thornton & New 1981); Lepismatidae: Isolepisma annectens (Camousseight 1995); Simuliidae: Gigantodax
kuscheli (Wygodzinky & Coscarón 1989); Thripidae: Physothrips skottsbergi (Prado & Muñoz 1995).
VERTEBRATA. Accipitridae: Buteo polyosoma exsul (Vuillemier 1985); Furnariidae: Aphrastura masafuerae
(Vuillemier 1985; Hahn et al. 2004); Trochilidae: Sephanoides fernandensis fernandensis (Vuillemier 1985; Hahn
& Römer 2002); Tyrannidae: Anairetes fernandezianus (Vuillemier 1985; Hahn 2006).
Patagonian sub-region Lorentz 1876
Patagonian formation Lorentz 1876: 92.

Argentinean Patagonian province Engler 1882: 346.
Patagonian region Delachaux 1920: 127; Rivas-Martínez & Tovar 1983: 516.
Patagonian Steppes area Hauman 1920: 47; Holdgate 1960: 560; Hueck 1966: 3.
Patagonian Steppes province Hauman 1931: 62.
Patagonian Desert area Parodi 1934: 171.
Patagonian district Cabrera & Yepes 1940: 15.
Patagonian Savannas and Deserts Hueck 1957: 40.
Patagonian Steppes zone Kuschel 1960: 546.
Patagonian dominion Ringuelet 1961: 160; Maury 1979: 711.
Patagonian Steppe region Peña 1966: 15.
Patagonia province Fittkau 1969: 642.

East Patagonia area Sick 1969: 452.
Patagonian centre Müller 1973: 151; Cracraft 1985: 36.
Patagonia area Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias 1995: 726.
Patagonian Steppe ecoregion Dinerstein et al. 1995: 102.
Patagonian area Acosta & Maury 1998a: 554, 1998b: 573.
Patagonian sub-region Morrone 1999: 15; Ocampo & Morrone 1999: 21; Morrone 2001b: 129, 2001c: 2, 2004a: 158, 2006:
486; Smith & Skelley 2007: 4; Casagranda et al. 2009: 19; Escalante et al. 2009: 379; Morrone 2010: 38; Urtubey et al.
2010: 506; Posadas 2012: 2; Campos-Soldini et al. 2013: 21; Fergnani et al. 2013: 296; Vivallo 2013: 529.
Patagonian Steppe sub-region Spinelli et al. 2006: 302.
Diagnosis. Southern Argentina, from central Mendoza, widening through Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, and Santa
Cruz, to northern Tierra del Fuego; and reaching Chile in Malleco, Aisén and Magallanes provinces (Morrone
2001b, c, 2006).
Provinces. Based on the analysis by Domínguez et al. (2006), a single province is recognized.
Patagonian province Mello-Leitão 1939
Patagonian province Mello-Leitão 1939: 605, 1943: 130; Soriano 1949: 198, 1950: 33; Cabrera 1951: 54, 1953: 107, 1971: 33;
Cabrera & Willink 1973: 93; Ringuelet 1975: 107; Udvardy 1975: 41; Cabrera 1976: 64; Willink 1988: 206; Morrone
1994a: 190, 1996a: 108; Posadas et al. 1997: 2; Carpintero 1998: 148; León et al. 1998: 127; Roig 1998: 137; Carrara &
Flores 2013: 100.
Central Patagonia province Morrone 2001b: 130, 2004a: 158, 2006: 486, 2010: 38; Morrone et al. 2002: 4; Posadas 2012: 2;
Campos-Soldini et al. 2013: 21; Ferretti et al. 2014: 2.
Central Patagonian province Morrone 2001c: 4; Flores 2004: 595.
Central Patagonia area Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408; Díaz Gómez et al. 2009: 4.
Diagnosis. Southern Argentina, from central Mendoza to southern Santa Cruz, and southern Chile (Fig. 2)
(Morrone 2001b, c, 2006).
Endemic taxa. MAGNOLIOPHYTA. Asteraceae: Chuquiraga aurea, Leucheria floribunda, L. gilliesii, L.
rosea, L. runcinata, L. scrobiculata, Nassauvia uniflora and N. ruizii (Katinas 1995; Ezcurra et al. 1997);
Fabaceae: Anarthrophyllum desideratum (Cosacov et al. 2012). ARTHROPODA. Ammotrechidae: Pseudocleobis
levii (Maury 1980); Bothriuridae: Urophonius granulatus (Roig-Juñent 1994b); Carabidae: Baripus chubutensis, B.
clivinoides, B. curtisii, C. gentilii, B. longitarsis, B. minus, B. neuquensis, B. dentipennis, B. schajovskoii, B. minus,
Bembidion cekalovici, B. delamarei, B. olivieri, B. topali, Cnemalobus curtisii, C. gentilii, C. litoralis, C.
mendozensis, C. neuquensis, C. somuncura, C. troll, Metius flavipleuris, M. pogonoides, Mimodromius martinezi,
M. nigroeburneus, Pycnochylla fallaciosa, Trechisibus collaris and T. cristinensis (Nègre 1973; Roig-Juñent &
Cicchino 1989; Roig-Juñent 1994b; Domínguez et al. 2006; Roig-Juñent et al. 2007); Ceratopogonidae:
Atrichopogus aridus, A. endemicus and A. inacayali (Spinelli et al. 2006); Curculionidae: Cylydrorhinus
echinosoma, C. oblongus, C. squamulatus and Hyperoides balfourbrownei (Morrone 1993d; Morrone & Roig-
Juñent 1995; Roig-Juñent et al. 2007); Pompilidae: Pompilocalus catriel and P. paine (Roig-Juñent 1994b);
Scarabaeidae: Athlia giaii, A. parvicollis, Scybalophagus patagonicus and Taurocerastes patagonicus (Roig-Juñent
1994b; Domínguez et al. 2006); Sicariidae: Sicarius patagonicus (Roig-Juñent 1994b); Simuliidae: Simulium
caprii (Coscarón 1991); Tenebrionidae: Asidelia contracta, Calymmophorus peninsularis, Emmallodera
atronitens, E. coriacea, E. crenaticostata crenaticostata, E. inflatithorax, E. marginipennis, E. multipunctata
multipunctata, E. multipunctata curvidens, E. nitens, E. obesa costata, E. obesa obesa, E. obesa punctipennis, E.
ovata, Epipedonota tricostata, E. elegantula, E. willinki, E. lata, E. subplana, E. nitida, Leptynoderes tuberculata,
Mitragenius tristis, Neopraocis reflexicollis, Nyctelia blairi, N. bremi, N. caudata, N. cicatricula, N. confusa, N.
consularis, N. corrugata, N. crassecostata, N. darwini, N. difficilis, N. discoidalis, N. fitzroyi, N. freyi, N. garciae,
N. gebieni, N. geometrica, N. grandis, N. granulata, N. guerini, N. hayekae, N. kulzeri, N. laevis laevis, N. laevis
rufipes, N. laticauda, N. latiplicata, N. multicristata, N. neglecta, N. nevadoensis, N. newporti, N. penai, N.
planata, N. plicata, N. porcata, N. quadricarinata, N. quadriplicata, N. rotundipennis, N. sallaei, N. solieri, N.
stephensi, N. suturacava, N. torresi, N. undatipennis, N. unicostata, N. westwoodi, N. wittmeri, Patagonogenius
acutangulus, P. breviangulus, P. elegans, P. gentilii, P. kulzeri, P. quadricollis, Patagonopraocis. magellanicum, P.
minor, P. puncticollis, Peltolobus ardoini, P. desertorum, P. patagonicus, Platesthes burmeisteri, P. depressa, P.

granulipennis, P. hirtipes, P. humeralis, P. kuscheli, P. neuquensis, P. nigra, P. pilosa, P. silphoides, P. similis, P.
unicosta, Praocis argentina, P. bicarinata, P. molinari, P. sellata bergi, P. sellata bruchi, P. sellata granulipennis,
P. sellata peninsularis, P. sellata sellata, P. striolicollis, P. uretai, Psectrascelis atra, P. hirta, P. maximus, P.
punctipennis, P. punctulata, Scotobius akidioides akidioides, S. akidioides bicostatus, S. alaticollis, S. caraboides,
S. obscurus and S. punctithorax (Roig-Juñent 1994b; Flores 1999, 2004; Flores & Vidal 2001; Flores & Chani-
Posse 2005; Domínguez et al. 2006; Zúñiga-Reinoso & Jerez 2012; Carrara & Flores 2013); Tristiridae: Bufonacris
bruchi, B. terrestris, Circacris auris, Eremopachys bergi and Tristira magellanica (Cigliano 1989; Roig-Juñent
1994b; Domínguez et al. 2006). VERTEBRATA. Ctenomyidae: Ctenomys colburni, C. emilianus and C. haigi
(Redford & Eisenberg 1992); Didelphidae: Lestodelphis halli (Birney et al. 1996); Liolaemidae: Liolaemus
boulengeri group (Avila et al. 2006); Podicipedidae: Podiceps gallardoi (Olrog 1984); Psittacidae: Enicognathus
ferrugineus ferrugineus (Darrieu 1982).
Sub-provinces and districts. Some areas previously recognized (Soriano 1950, 1956; Cabrera 1971; Roig
1998; Morrone 1999; Morrone et al. 2002; Domínguez et al. 2006) are treated herein as five sub-provinces and
seven districts (Fig. 6).
Central Patagonian sub-province Soriano 1950, stat. nov.

Central Patagonian district Soriano 1950: 33, 1956: 324; Cabrera 1951: 56, 1971: 34; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 94; Cabrera
1976: 68; Soriano 1983: 448; ; León et al. 1998: 129; Roig 1998: 138; Flores 2004: 600; Morrone et al. 2002: 3.
Septentrional Patagonian province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Central Patagonia area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 183; Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 258; Flores & Roig-Juñent 2001: 315; Domínguez
et al. 2006: 1534.
Central Patagonian province Morrone 1999: 15.
Chubut district Soriano 1956, stat. nov.

Chubut sub-district Soriano 1956: 324; León et al. 1998: 129.
Chubutian sub-district Cabrera 1976: 68; Soriano 1983: 448; Roig 1998: 138.
Chubutian area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
San Jorge Gulf district Soriano 1950

San Jorge Gulf district Soriano 1950: 33; Cabrera 1951: 57; Soriano 1956: 324; Cabrera 1971: 35; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 95;
Cabrera 1976: 69; Soriano 1983: 451; León et al. 1998: 131; Roig 1998: 139.
San Jorge Gulf province Morrone 1999: 15.
Coastal Patagonia area Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408.
Santa Cruz district Soriano 1956, stat. nov.

Santa Cruz sub-district Soriano 1956: 324; León et al. 1998: 129.
Santacruzian sub-district Cabrera 1976: 69; Soriano 1983: 450; Roig 1998: 138.
Meridional Patagonian province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Santacrucian area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
Fuegian sub-province Cabrera 1971, stat. nov.

Fuegian district Cabrera 1971: 36; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 95; Cabrera 1976: 70; Flores 2004: 595; Morrone et al. 2002: 4.
Steppe zone (in part) Cekalovic 1974: 308.
Fuegian province (in part) Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Austral Patagonia area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 182; Flores & Roig-Juñent 2001: 315; Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 259; Domínguez
et al. 2006: 1534; Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408.
Patagonian Grasslands ecoregion (in part) Dinerstein et al. 1995: 102.
Fuegian-Malvinian district (in part) Roig 1998: 138.
Humid Magellanic Steppe of Festuca gracillima and Murtillares district Roig 1998: 141.
Fuegian Patagonian province Morrone 1999: 16.
Payunia sub-province Cabrera 1971, stat. nov.

Payunia district Cabrera 1971: 34; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 94; Cabrera 1976: 66; Soriano 1983: 440; Flores 2004: 603;
Morrone et al. 2002: 2.
Andean Mediterranean province Rivas-Martínez & Navarro 1994: map.
Payenia district Roig 1998: 138.
Payunia province Morrone 1999: 15.

Payunia area Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 258; Flores & Roig-Juñent 2001: 315; Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534; Roig-Juñent et
al. 2006: 408; Díaz Gómez et al. 2009: 4.
FIGURE 6. Regionalisation of Argentinean Patagonia (modified from Roig 1998).

Northern Payunia district Domínguez et al. 2006, stat. nov.
Northern Payunia area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
Southern Payunia district Domínguez et al. 2006, stat. nov.

Southern Payunia area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
Subandean sub-province Soriano 1950, stat. nov.

Subandean district Soriano 1950: 33, 1956: 324; Cabrera 1951: 55, 1971: 35; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 95; Cabrera 1976: 69; ;
León et al. 1998: 132.
Aysén cordillera region Peña 1966: 15.
Austral Altoandean district Cabrera 1971: 32, 1976: 57; Roig 1998: 139.
Steppe zone (in part) Cekalovic 1974: 308.
Subandean Patagonian province Morrone 1999: 15, 2001c: 4.
Subandean Patagonia province Morrone 2001b: 132, 2004a: 158, 2006: 486, 2010: 38; Morrone et al. 2002: 4; Ferretti et al.
2014: 2.
Meridional Subandean Patagonia district Domínguez et al. 2006, stat. nov.

Meridional Subandean Patagonia area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
Septentrional Subandean Patagonia district Domínguez et al. 2006, stat. nov.

Septentrional Subandean Patagonia area Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534.
Western Patagonian sub-province Cabrera 1951

Western district Soriano 1950: 33, 1956: 324; Cabrera 1976: 66; Soriano 1983: 441; León et al. 1998: 128.
Western Patagonian district Cabrera 1951: 56, 1971: 34; Cabrera & Willink 1973: 94.
Western Patagonia area Roig-Juñent 1994b: 183; Flores & Roig-Juñent 2001: 315; Roig-Juñent & Flores 2001: 258;
Domínguez et al. 2006: 1534; Roig-Juñent et al. 2006: 408; Díaz Gómez et al. 2009: 4.
Western Patagonian province Morrone 1999: 15.
Acknowledgments
To Gustavo E. Flores and Sergio Roig-Juñent for useful critical comments to the manuscript. To Lucía Claps,
Gustavo Flores, Marta Loiácono, Cecilia Margaría, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz, Sonia Pirosky, Sergio Roig-Juñent and
Estrella Urtubey for invaluable help with bibliography.
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Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean

Article in Zootaxa · March 2015

Biogeografía evolutiva de la Zona de Transición Mexicana View project

Biogeography View project

Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region

Accepted by M. Ebach: 19 Feb. 2015; published: 19 Mar. 2015 207

FIGURE 1. The Austral kingdom (modified from Kuschel 1964).

Andean region Engler 1882

Peruvian sub-region Blyth 1871: 428.

208 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Central Chilean sub-region Hauman 1931

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 209

210 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 211

Coquimban district Cabrera & Willink 1973: 91.

Central Andean Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Coquimban Desert district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Intermediate Desert district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Santiagan province O'Brien 1971

Santiagan region O'Brien 1971: 202.

212 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Central Coastal Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Central Valley district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Southern Andean Cordillera district Peña 1966, stat. nov.

Subantarctic sub-region Skottsberg 1905

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 213

Maule province Cabrera & Willink 1973

South Chilean-Fuegian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

214 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Angol district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Chillán Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Pehuén district Cabrera 1951

Temuco district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Valdivian Forest province Hauman 1920

South Chilean-Fuegian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 215

Aysén Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Llanquihue district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

South Chiloé district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Valdivian district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

Valdivian Cordillera district Artigas 1975, stat. nov.

216 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 217

218 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 219

South Chilean-Fuegian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

Magellanic Moorland province Godley 1960

Magellanian-Falklandian province (in part) Skottsberg 1905: 416.

220 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Falkland Islands province Engler 1882

Falkland Islands district Morrone 2011

South Georgia Island district Roig 1998, emend.

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 221

Juan Fernández region Engler 1882: 346.

Patagonian sub-region Lorentz 1876

Patagonian formation Lorentz 1876: 92.

222 · Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press MORRONE

Patagonian province Mello-Leitão 1939

ANDEAN REGION Zootaxa 3936 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 223

Central Patagonian sub-province Soriano 1950, stat. nov.

Chubut district Soriano 1956, stat. nov.

San Jorge Gulf district Soriano 1950