Controller–pilot data link communications - Wikipedia 8/18/23, 12:31 AM

Controller–pilot data link

communications
Controller–pilot data link communications (CPDLC), also referred to as controller pilot
data link (CPDL), is a method by which air traffic controllers can communicate with pilots over a
datalink system.

Necessity
The standard method of communication between an air traffic controller and a pilot is voice radio,
using either VHF bands for line-of-sight communication or HF bands for long-distance
communication (such as that provided by Shanwick Oceanic Control).

One of the major problems with voice radio communications used in this manner is that all pilots
being handled by a particular controller are tuned to the same frequency. As the number of flights
air traffic controllers must handle is steadily increasing (for instance, Shanwick handled 414,570
flights in 2007, an increase of 5% - or 22,000 flights - from 2006[1]), the number of pilots tuned to
a particular station also increases. This increases the chances that one pilot will accidentally
override another, thus requiring the transmission to be repeated. In addition, each exchange
between a controller and pilot requires a certain amount of time to complete; eventually, as the
number of flights being controlled reaches a saturation point, the controller will not be able to
handle any further aircraft.

Traditionally, this problem has been countered by dividing a saturated air traffic control sector into
two smaller sectors, each with its own controller and each using a different voice communications
channel. However, this strategy suffers from two problems:

Each sector division increases the amount of "handover traffic". That is the overhead involved
in transferring a flight between sectors, which requires a voice exchange between the pilot and
both controllers, plus co-ordination between the controllers.
The number of available voice channels is finite, and, in high density airspace, such as central
Europe or the Eastern US Seaboard, there may not be a new channel available.

In some cases it may not be possible or feasible to further divide down a section.

A new strategy is needed to cope with increased demands on air traffic control, and data link based
communications offers a possible strategy by increasing the effective capacity of the
communications channel.

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Use of CPDLC
Controller–pilot data link communication (CPDLC) is a
means of communication between controller and pilot,
using data link for ATC communication. At the highest
level, the concept is simple, with the emphasis on the
continued involvement of the human at either end and the
flexibility of use.

The CPDLC application provides air-ground data

communication for the ATC service. This includes a set of
clearance/information/request message elements which
correspond to voice phraseology employed by air traffic The datalink control and display unit
control procedures. The controller is provided with the (DCDU) on an Airbus A330, the pilot
capability to issue level assignments, crossing constraints, interface for sending and receiving
lateral deviations, route changes and clearances, speed CPDLC messages.
assignments, radio frequency assignments, and various
requests for information. The pilot is provided with the
capability to respond to messages, to request clearances and information, to report information,
and to declare/rescind an emergency. The pilot is, in addition, provided with the capability to
request conditional clearances (downstream) and information from a downstream air traffic
service unit (ATSU). A “free text” capability is also provided to exchange information not
conforming to defined formats. An auxiliary capability is provided to allow a ground system to use
data link to forward a CPDLC message to another ground system.

The sequence of messages between the controller and a pilot relating to a particular transaction
(for example request and receipt of a clearance) is termed a ‘dialogue’. There can be several
sequences of messages in the dialogue, each of which is closed by means of appropriate messages,
usually of acknowledgement or acceptance. Closure of the dialogue does not necessarily terminate
the link, since there can be several dialogues between controller and pilot while an aircraft transits
the ATSU airspace.

All exchanges of CPDLC messages between pilot and controller can be viewed as dialogues.

The CPDLC application has three primary functions:

the exchange of controller/pilot messages with the current data authority,

the transfer of data authority involving current and next data authority, and
downstream clearance delivery with a downstream data authority.

Simulations carried out at the Federal Aviation Administration's William J. Hughes Technical
Center have shown that the use of CPDLC meant that "the voice channel occupancy was decreased
by 75 percent during realistic operations in busy en route airspace. The net result of this decrease

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in voice channel occupancy is increased flight safety and efficiency through more effective
communications."[2]

Implementation
Today, there are two main implementations of CPDLC:

The FANS-1 system originally developed by Boeing and by Airbus as FANS-A, is now
commonly referred to as FANS-1/A, and is primarily used in oceanic routes by widebodied long
haul aircraft. It was originally deployed in the South Pacific in the late 1990s and was later
extended to the North Atlantic. FANS-1/A is an ACARS based service and, given its oceanic
use, mainly uses satellite communications provided by the Inmarsat Data-2 (Classic Aero)
service.
The ICAO Doc 9705 compliant ATN/CPDLC system, which is operational at Eurocontrol's
Maastricht Upper Airspace Control Centre and has now been extended by Eurocontrol's Link
2000+ Programme to many other European Flight Information Regions (FIRs). The VDL Mode
2 networks operated by ARINC and SITA are used to support the European ATN/CPDLC
service.

The following UACs offer CPDLC services:

Karlsruhe UAC (EDUU), controlling Rhein UIR (above FL245)[3]

London ACC (EGTT), controlling London UIR (above FL195 or FL285)
Maastricht UAC (EDYY), controlling Amsterdam FIR, Hannover UIR and Brussels UIR (above
FL245)[3]
Scottish ACC (EGPX), controlling Scottish UIR (above FL195, FL245 or FL255)
Warszawa ACC (EPWW), controlling FIR Warszawa
Budapest ACC, controlling Hungarian and Kosovo UIR
Stockholm ATCC (ESOS) and Malmö ATCC (ESMM), controlling Sweden FIR
Canarias ACC (GCCC), controlling Canarias FIR
Prague IATCC (LKAA), controlling Praha FIR i.e. Czech airspace
Ljubljana ACC (LJLA), controlling Slovenia FIR
Vienna ACC, controlling Austrian FIR
Atlântico ACC (SBAO), controlling Brazil airspace.
Johannesburg Oceanic ACC (FAJO), controlling the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans
bordering Brazilian and Australian airspace.

Following the PETAL I and II (Preliminary Eurocontrol Trial Air Ground Data link) trials in 1995
including NEAN (VDL Mode 4), today both ATN (VDL Mode 2) and FANS 1/A services are
supported.

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More than 40 major airlines participate in the CPDLC programme with Maastricht UAC. Average
end to end response times (ATC-cockpit-ATC) are well below 30 seconds. More than 30,000 LOG-
ONs were reported in 2007, leading to over 82,000 CPDLC uplinks, each saving precious
frequency time.

ATC clearance (ACL), aircraft communication messages (ACM), and check mike (AMC) services
are supported, including the automatic uplink of the SSR transponder code into the cockpit.

CPDLC will probably be a major enabler for following on projects as monitor message, route
clearance uplink, 2-4 D trajectories, continuous descent approaches, and constraint coordination
also.

Safety
All CPDLC deployments must be supported by an approved safety case demonstrating that all
safety objectives for the applicable airspace have been met. EUROCAE ED-120 (RTCA DO-290) is
the safety and performance requirements (SPR) for continental airspace and should be consulted
for the safety objectives relevant to the use of CPDLC in continental airspace.

ED-120 provides a hazard analysis and identifies the hazards applicable to systems implementing
the ATC services that CPDLC deployments are currently providing. It then derives the safety
objectives for such systems and the safety requirements with which they must comply.

Implementers of both ground and airborne systems must comply with these safety requirements if
their products are to be approved and/or certified for operational use. Companies such as
AirSatOne offer FANS 1/A testing (https://web.archive.org/web/20190425185941/https://www.ai
rsatone.com/fans-1a-testing-pilot-training-stc-inmarsat-iridium-datalink) for business aviation
and government operators. This FANS 1/A testing by AirSatOne is in accordance with RTCA DO-
258A/ED-100A, meet the requirements of RTCA DO-258A/ED-100A, RTCA DO-306/ED-122 and
FAA Advisory Circular AC 20-140C to support operational approval of the equipment.

Safety objectives identified by ED-120/DO-290 include the need to ensure that messages are
neither corrupted nor mis-delivered. Equally important is the need for accurate timestamping and
the rejection of out-of-date messages. A consequence of these requirements is that CPDLC
implementations, both on aircraft and at ATC centres, must have access to an accurate clock (to
within 1 second of UTC). For aircraft, this is typically provided by GPS.

See also
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Eurocat (Air Traffic Management System)

References

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1. "Irish Aviation Authority North Atlantic Communications - History" (https://archive.today/201307

02090928/https://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?a=195&n=211&p=193). Archived from the original (https
://www.iaa.ie/index.jsp?a=195&n=211&p=193) on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
2. "MITRE CAASD || Projects - Controller Pilot Data Link Communications" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20070424234910/http://www.mitrecaasd.org/work/project_details.cfm?item_id=110).
Archived from the original (https://www.mitrecaasd.org/work/project_details.cfm?item_id=110)
on 2007-04-24. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
3. "Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication" (http://www.dfs.de/dfs_homepage/en/Services/New
sletter/Customer%20newsletter%20archive/2013/Customer%20newsletter%20edition%2002%
7C2013/ed_gen_3_4_seite_41_bis_48.pdf) (PDF). Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH. Retrieved
2014-05-30.

External links
Controller-Pilot Data-Link Communications at Eurocontrol (http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/co
ntroller-pilot-data-link-communications)
ATN Conference website (http://www.atnconference.com) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20081119102820/http://www.atnconference.com/) 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine has
an archive of technical and information papers on CPDLC presented at the annual ATN
Conference.

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