ORAL POLIO VACCINE 16/07/2023

· ORAL polio vaccine causes type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) and vaccine-associated
paralytic-poliomyelitis(VAPP)

· more than 90% of VDPV outbreaks are due to type virus present in oral polio vaccines

· 40% of all VAPP cases are caused by type 2 oral polio vaccines used in developing countries

· the incidence rate of VAPP in India

181 - 1999

129 - 2000

109 - 2001

· switching from trivalent to bivalent OPV vaccine - intoducing one dose of IPV has not stopped
type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus cases

· in 1988 - the world health assembly declared WHO's commitment to global eradication of polio
by 2000

· in 1993 - goal post was shifted - eradicating only wild poliovirus globally by 2000 not the VDPV
and VAPP

· reason - developing countries using oral polio vaccine - reported many vaccine derived or
vaccine-associated polio cases annually

· developed countries - switched to inactivated polio vaccine thus eradicating polio decades ago

DIARRHORA

· AMOEBA pathogen that previously didnot cause any amoebasis (a form of diarrhoea) in humans
has now become pathogenic - 1 3 year surveillance study (mar 2017- feb 2020)in kolkata

· amoeba pathogen - entamoeba moshkovskii - turned pathogenic - leading cause of amoebic

infections in humans - more than half of the amoebic infections were caused by this - increasing
the case
· E. histolytica - predominant amoeba pathogen that caused amoebiasis, - decreasing the case

· Diarrhoea can be caused by bacteria, viruses and amoeba pathogens

· while infections caused by E. histolytica peaked during the wet season and decreased with the
arrival of the dry season