Nature, Definition, • Is an Art

and Importance of
Importance of
Literature
Studying
What is Literature
Literature?
• To develop a
• Literally, critical appreciation
Literature means and discrimination
"an acquaintance of what life is.
with letters". In Latin
• To acquire mental
term, literature is
maturity.
littera (Letter).
• To get out from
• Literature is
daily routine in life
an art of self-
and entertained.
expression.
• To develop a taste
• Literature is a
for the true, the
“Performance of
good and the
words.” – Robert
beautiful
Frost
• Literature moulds
• Literature is
man as a total
life which presents
human being,
human experience –
sympathetic, aware
Arsenia Tan
and sensitive. It
educates and Two General Types
entertains. When we of Literature
read literature, we
1. Fiction
are informed of
events that beset – It is literature that
our environment is made-up. It comes
and the fictitious from a writer’s
characters and imagination.
colorful events
- Is simply defined
amuse us.
as a product of one's
• Literature shapes imaginative mind. It
man not only as can be a drama,
nurses, engineers, short story, novel,
accountants, myth, folktale and
teachers, doctors, poetry.
computer
- Unreal Situation
specialists,
information 2. Non-Fiction
technologists, etc.
– It is opposite to
but as man, his
fiction as it comes
personality, his
out of one's
views and ideas
personal
count.
experiences, a true
Literary Types and factual
 account of varying As the name
information. It implies, it is
comprises the presented in prose
interesting facts form and it is an
with analysis and imaginative art. This
illustrations. It means that it is a
includes product of the
autobiography, writer’s imagination.
biography, essay, In prose fiction, the
literary criticism, writer tells a
journal, fictitious story to his
newspaper, diary, readers to educate
magazine, etc. or entertain or to do
both.
- Real Situation
1. Myth – often a
LITERARY TYPES &
story of origins, how
FORMS
the world and
A. PROSE FICTION everything in it
came to be.
B. POETRY
2. Legend – It refers
C. DRAMA
to unverified story
D. NONFICTION handed down from
PROSE earlier times.
PROSE FICTION
3. Parable – Is a denouement at the
simple story end.
illustrating a moral
7. Novel – It has
or a religious lesson.
considerable length,
4. Fable – typically having a
Employing as plot that is unfolded
characters animals by the actions,
that speak and act speech, and thought
like human. of numerous
characters.
5. Fairy Tale - it is a
kind of folktale. In 8. Novella – it is a
this story, we meet fictional prose
witches and queens, narrative that is
giants longer that a short
and elves, story. But
princes, dragons shorter than a novel.
and etc. It is a form in its own
right.
6. Short Story -
Piece of prose fiction POETRY
marked by relative
The art of
shortness and
rhythmical
density, organized
composition, written
into a plot and with
or spoken, for
some kind of
exciting pleasure by having ten syllables
beautiful, per line.
imaginative, or
c. Elegy – a poem of
elevated thoughts.
serious reflection,
1. Lyric Poetry - is typically a lament
a comparatively for the dead.
short, non-narrative
d. Ode - which
poem in which a
poets praise people,
single speaker
natural scenes, and
presents a state of
abstract ideas.
mind or an
emotional state. 2. Narrative
Poetry - Using a
a. Song – a short
range of poetic
poem or other set of
techniques such as
words set to music
rhyme and meter,
or meant to be
the narrative poet
sung.
presents a series of
b. Sonnet – a poem events, often
of fourteen lines including action and
using any of a dialogue.
number of formal
a. Ballad - a
rhyme schemes, in
poem or a (slow
English typically
popular) song
narrating a story narrating the
(typically about deeds and
love) in short adventures of heroic
stanzas. It is or legendary figures
typically of unknown or the history of a
authorship, having nation.
been passed on
3. Dramatic
orally from one
Poetry - this is an
generation to the
emotional piece of
next as part of the
literature which
folk culture.
includes a story
b. Metrical which is recited or
Romance - is a kind sung. It refers to the
of poetry dealing dramatic genre of
with the emotions or poetry.
phase of life and the
a. Dramatic
story is told in a
Monologue - A
simple,
literary, usually
straightforward and
verse composition in
realistic manner.
which a speaker
c. Epic - a long reveals his or her
poem, typically one character, often in
derived from ancient relation to a critical
oral tradition, situation or event, in
a monologue terrible events in a
addressed to the dignified manner.
reader or to a
a. Tragicomedy - a
presumed listener.
play or novel
b. Soliloquy containing elements
- the act of talking of both comedy and
to oneself/ spoken tragedy.
reflection.
b. Melodrama -a
DRAMA play interspersed
with songs and
Comes from the
orchestral music
Greek
accompanying the
word “dran” which
action.
means “to
do” or “to act” it is 2. COMEDY -
story acted out. professional
entertainment
1. TRAGEDY-
consisting of jokes
Tragedy is a type of
and satirical
drama that presents
sketches, intended
a serious subject
to make an
matter about human
audience laugh.
suffering and
corresponding a. Satirical
Comedy – generally
ridicules human folly dramatic work
and associated using buffoonery
political, social or foolish or playful
moral problems. behavior or practice)
and horseplay
b. The Comedy
(clownery) and
of Manners - a
typically including
comedy that
crude
satirizes behavior in
characterization and
a particular social
ludicrously
group especially the
improbable
upper classes.
situations.
c. Romantic
NONFICTION
Comedy - a movie
PROSE
or play that deals
with love in a light, Nonfictional
humorous way: prose forming an
independent part of
d. Black
a publication.
Comedy - a film,
play, or other work 1.
that deals with the Autobiography -an
tragic or distressing account of a
subject matter in a person's life written
humorous way: e. by that person:
Farce - a comic
2. Biography -an 6. Essay - a short
account of piece of writing on a
someone's life particular subject.
written by someone
SEVEN LITERARY
else.
STANDARDS OF
3. Character LITERATURE
Sketch -a brief
Artistry
written description
of a person's Literature has an
qualities. aesthetic appeal
and thus possesses
4. Diary or
Journal -a daily a sense of beauty.
record of news and 1. ARTISTRY
events of a personal It is a quality that
nature
appeals to the
5. Editorial - a readers' standard of
newspaper article beauty. In terms of
written by or on painting or
behalf of an editor literature, its
that gives elements work
an opinion on together to express
a topical issue.
its intended
meaning;
Intellectual Value It unravels man's
It stimulate emotional power to
critical thinking that define symbolism,
enriches mental nuances, implied
processes of meanings, images
abstract and and messages,
reasoning, making giving and evoking
man realize the visions above and
fundamental Of beyond the plane of
truths of life and its ordinary life and
nature experience.
2. INTELLECTUAL 3.
VALUE SUGGESTIVENESS
It appeals to our It appeals to our
intellect. An artwork emotion. It makes us
inflames critical sympathize or
thinking. It helps empathize with the
you uncover people involved in
indispensable truths an artwork;
about life and Spiritual Value
human nature; Literature
Suggestiveness elevates the spirit
and the soul and Timeliness -
thus has the power occurring at a
to motivate and to particular time.
inspire. Timelessness -
4. SPIRITUAL remaining invariable
VALUE throughout time.
It appeals to our 5. PERMANENCE
sense of morality by An excellent
making us undergo artwork lasts. It
self-realization that stands the test of
makes us better time. It can be read
persons. It on several occasions
subsumes the with the feeling that
capacity to inspire; you are reading it
ordinary people who for the first time for
do things each reading
extraordinarily well. provides new
Permanence insights about the
world we live in;
Literature
endures across time LITERARY
and draws out the STANDARDS
time factor: Universality
 Literature and universal
appeals to conditions.
everyone, Style
regardless of
Literature
culture, race, sex,
presents peculiar
and time which are
ways on how man
all considered
sees life as evidence
significant.
by the formation of
6. UNIVERSALITY his ideas, form,
A superb artwork is structures, and
timeless and timely; expressions which
it is forever relevant; are marked bY their
it appeals to all memorable
regardless of one's substance
race, educational 7. STYLE
attainment, gender,
An artwork
religious affiliation,
manifests the
and social status
artists' ingenuity
because it deals
and originality. He
with elemental
deviates from the
feelings,
usual convention,
fundamental truths,
but he is able to
showcase his talent the whim of the poet
beyond mediocrity. or the conventions
ELEMENTS OF of a particular poetic
POETRY form. There is a
STRUCTURE OF variety of technical
POETRY vocabulary often
(STRUCTURE OF used to refer to
POETRY) stanzas of specific
lengths. Here are
THE STANZA
the most common of
Basically the poetic these,
equivalent of a
Stanzas of:
prose paragraph.
They are a series of 2 lines are called a
lines that are couplet
grouped together 3 lines are called a
and separated from tercet
other groups of lines 4 lines are called a
or stanzas by a quatrain
skipped line.
5 lines are called a
Stanzas come in cinquain
a variety of lengths,
6 lines are called a
dependent either on
sestet, or
occasionally a narrative, and
sexain descriptive.
7 lines are called a Lyric Poetry
septet Concerns itself
8 lines are called an largely with the
octave emotional life of the
POEM poet, that is, it's
STRUCTURES written in their voice
and expresses
TYPES OF POETRY
strong thoughts and
AND THEIR
emotions. There is
CHARACTERISTICS
only one voice in a
There are many lyric poem and we
different types of see the world from
poetry. But, that single
regardless of the perspective. Most
specific type of modern poetry is
poetry in question, lyric poetry in that it
most likely a poem is personal and
will fit into one of introspective.
these three
Narrative Poetry
overarching types
of poetry: lyric,
As its name implies, describe the world
narrative poetry is around the poet.
concerned with While it most often
storytelling. Just as has a single poetic
in a prose story, a voice and a strong
narrative poem will emotional content,
most likely follow descriptive poetry
the conventions of differs from lyric
plot including poetry in that its
elements such as focus is more on the
conflict, rising externalities of the
action, climax, world, rather than
resolution etc. the interior life of
Again, as in prose the poet. SUBTYPES
stories, narrative OF POETRY
poems will most Sonnet
likely be peopled
Predominantly
with characters to
concerned with
perform the actions
matters of the heart.
of the tale.
If you see a sonnet'
Descriptive Poetry recognizably blocky
Employs lots of form on a page,
rich imagery to there's a good
chance the theme • Rhyme scheme is:
will be love. There ABBA, ABBA,
are two common CDECDE
forms of sonnet: Shakespearean
Shakespearean and
• Comprises 3
Petrarchan. They
quatrains of 4 lines
differ slightly in their
each
internal structure,
but both have 14 • Ends with a
lines. Let's take look rhyming couplet
at some more of the which forms a
internal conclusion
characteristics of • Rhyme scheme is:
both forms: ABAB, CDCD, EFEF,
Petrarchan GG
• Comprises 2 Haiku
stanzas A disciplined form of
• First 8 lines pose a poetry that has its
question origin s in 17th
century Japanese
• 2nd stanza
poetry. Usually it is
answers the
concerned with
question posed
nature and natural
phenomenon such with specific
as the seasons, structural
weather, etc. they requirements, but
are often quite still constitute a
meditative in tone. recognizable form of
However there are poetry. What makes
no real rules an elegy an elegy is
regarding themes, its subject, that is,
the only real death. Elegies are
demand s here poems of
relate to structure: lamentation - the
word elegy itself
• They are written in
comes from the
three line stanzas
Greek word eleqeia
• 1st line contains 5 which means to
syllables 'lament'.
• 2nd line contains 7 • A poem of
syllables reflection on death,
• 3rd line contains 5 or on someone who
syllables has died
Elegy • Usually comes in
A type of poem that three parts
don't really come expressing loss:
 o grief • 5 lines in total
o praise for the • Distinct verbal
deceased rhythm
o and, finally,
• 2 longer lines of
consolation. usually between 7 to
Limerick 10 syllables
Favorites of school • 2 shorter lines of
children usually between 5 to
everywhere, the 7 syllables
most defining • 1 closing line
characteristic of containing the
limericks are their 'punchline'
renowned humor.
Given their well- • Rhyme scheme is
deserved reputation AABBA
for being funny and , Ballad
or occasion, crude, A type of narrative
it's easy to overlook poetry that has
the fact that close ties to musical
beneath the laughs forms. Ballads
lie quite a tightly written as poetry
structured verse can often easily be
form. adapted as song
lyrics. While ballads Rhyme scheme is
don't have tight usually ABAB or
formal constrictions ABCB
like some other Ode
forms of poetry,
Another poetry form
there are enough in
that traces its
the way of
origins to Ancient
distinguishable
Greece, odes were
features to identify
originally intended
it as a form.
to be sung.
Tells a story, often Nowadays, though
using simple no longer sung, the
language term ode still refers
Often romantic, to a type of lyrical
adventurous, or poem that
humorous addresses and often
Arranged in groups praises a certain
of 4 lines or person, thing, or
quatrains event.
Often uses • The author
alternating 4 and 3 addresses a person,
beat lines thing, or event
• Usually has a These are long
solemn, serious tone narrative poems
• Explores universal that recount heroic
elements of the tales, usually
theme focused on a
legendary or
• Powerful
mythical figure.
emotional element,
Think of works of
often involving
literature on a grand
catharsis
scale such as The
Ode written in the Odyssey, The Cattle
classical vein can Raid of Cooley, or
follow very strict Beowulf.
metrical patterns
• Employs an
and rhyme schemes,
objective and
however many
omniscient narrator
modern odes are
written in free verse • Written in an
involving irregular elevated style
rhythm and without • Recounts heroic
adherence to a events Grand in
rhyme scheme. scale
Epic POETIC DEVICES
Two Sections sound of a series of
The first section words, often
titled Sound consecutively.
Devices deals with Alliteration is most
the following easily explained to
devices: alliteration, students through
assonance, looking at a few
consonance, simple tongue
onomatopoeia, twisters, such as
rhyme, and rhythm. Peter Piper or She
Sells Seashells.
The second
section Figurative Example:
Language deals Betty Botter bought
with metaphor, a bit of butter
personification, and But, the bit of butter
simile. Betty Botter bought
SOUND DEVICES was bitter
Alliteration So Betty Botter
Meaning: This bought a better bit
device involves the of butter
repetition of the Assonance
initial consonant
Meaning: Similarly mellow wedding
to alliteration, bells
assonance involves Consonance
the repetition of
Meaning:
sounds in a series of
Consonance is the
words, often
consonant-focused
consecutive words.
counterpart to
However, rather
assonance. It
than repeating the
involves the
initial sounds,
repetition of
assonance focuses
consonant sounds in
on the internal
the middle or at the
vowel sounds that
end of words, as
are repeated.
distinguished from
Example: alliteration where
We can find many the initial sound is
examples of repeated.
assonance in poetry Example:
and song. Here's an
The crow struck
example from the
through the thick
poetry of Edgar
cloud like a rocket
Allen Poe: Hear the
Onomatopoeia
Meaning: onomatopoeic, for
Onomatopoeia example:
refers to the process Banq! Thud! Crash!
of creating words
Rhyme
that sound like the
very thing they refer Meaning: Rhyme
to. For many refers to the
students, the first repetition of sounds
introduction to in a poem. Various
onomatopoeia goes types of rhyme are
back to learning possible, however in
animal sounds as an English we usually
infant. Words such use the term rhyme
as Oink! Chirp! to refer to the
Woof! and Meow! repetition of the
can all be thought of final sounds in a
as onomatopoeic. line, or end rhyme.
Letters are often
Example:
used to denote a
Aside from animal rhyme scheme. A
noises, the names of new letter is
sounds themselves ascribed to each of
are often the different sounds.
For example, in the
following example systematic
the rhyme scheme is regularity of rhythm
described as ABAB. which is referred to
Example: as the poem's
meter. This involves
The people along
the combining of
the sand
stressed and
All turn and look one unstressed syllables
way. to create a constant
They turn their back beat pattern that
on the land. runs throughout the
They look at the sea poem. Each pattern
all day. of beats is called a
foot. There are
[From Neither Out
various possible
Far Nor In Deep by
combinations of
Robert Frost]
stressed and
Rhythm unstressed syllables,
Meaning: Rhythm or feet, and these
in poetry involves patterns have their
sound patterning. A own names to
lot of classical describe them.
poetry conforms to a While it is
impossible to between things by
explore all of these stating that one
in this article, we thing literally is
take a look at one of something else.
the more common Metaphors are used
ones below. to bring clarity to
Example: ideas by forming
connections. Often,
Shall I compare
metaphors reveal
thee to a summer's
implicit similarities
day
between two things
[lambic pentameter or concepts.
i.e. five metrical feet
Example:
of alternating
unstressed and We can find lots of
stressed syllables] examples of
metaphors in our
Figurative /
everyday speech,
Connotative
for example:
Language
She's an old flame
Metaphor
Time is money
Meaning:
Metaphors make Life is a rollercoaster
comparisons Simile
Meaning: Unlike Meaning:
metaphors that Personification is a
make comparisons particular type of
by saying one thing metaphor where a
is something else, non-human thing or
similes work by idea is ascribed
saying something is human qualities or
similar to something abilities. This can be
else. They in the form of a
commonly come in single phrase or line,
two forms. Those or extended in the
that make a form of a stanza or
comparison using the whole poem.
'as' and those that Example: The moon
make a comparison was shining sulkily,
using 'like.
Because she
Example: She is as thought the sun
strong as an ox
Had got no business
She sings like a to be there
nightingale
After the day was
Personification done –
"It's very rude of Social Conditions-
him," she said, What is the daily life
"To come and spoil of the characters
the fun." like? Does the story
contain local colour?
From the Walrus and
the Carpenter by Mood or
Lewis Carroll) Atmosphere- What
feeling is created at
the beginning of the
Elements of a story?
Short Story
PLOT
Setting
The plot is how the
The time and author arranges
location in which a events to develop
story takes place. his basic idea; it is
Place- Where is the the sequence of
story taking? events.
Time- When is the The plot is a
story taking place? planned, logical
Weather series of events
Conditions- is it having a beginning,
rainy,sunny…? middle and end.
The short story Falling Action –
usually has one plot The events and
so it can be read in complications begin
one sitting. to resolve
Five essential themselves. The
parts of plot reader knows what
has happened next
Introduction – the
and if the conflict
beginning of the
was resolved or not
story where the
characters and the Denouement – This
setting is revealed is the final outcome
or untangling of
Rising Action –
events in the story
This is where the
events in the story CONFLICT
become complicated It is the opposition
and the conflict in of forces which ties
the story is revealed one incident to
Climax – This is the another and makes
highest point of the plot move.
interest and the It is any form of
turning point of the opposition that
story.
faces the main There are four
character. kinds of conflict:
Within a short story 1. man vs man
there may be only (physical)
one central struggle, 2. man vs
or one dominant circumstances
struggle with many (classical)
minor ones.
3. man vs society
There are two (social)
types of conflict:
4. man vs
1. External – a him/herself
struggle with a force (psychological)
outside one’s self
2. Internal – a
CHARACTER
struggle within one’s
self; a person must This includes the
make some person in a work of
decision, overcome fiction and the
pain, quiet their characteristics of a
temper, resist un person.
urge, etc. In a work of fiction,
one finds the
protagonist and the His/her physical
antagonist. The appearance
protagonist is the What he/she says,
central character thinks, feels and
with all major events dreams
having some
What he/she does or
importance to
does not do
him/her.
What others say
The opposer of the
about him/her and
main character is
how others react to
the antagonist.
him/her
The
Character
Characteristics of
a Person Characters are
convincing if they
Characterization is
are:
the information the
author gives the Consistent
reader about the Motivated
characters Life-like Characters
themselves. are:
These include:
Individual (round, a. Omniscient
many sided and Limited b.
complex) Omniscient
Developing Objective
(dynamic, changing) THEME
Static (stereotype, The theme is the
characteristics that controlling idea or
never change and its central insight.
are emphasized)
POINT OF VIEW It is the author’s
This is defined as underlying meaning
the angle from or main idea that he
which the story is is trying to convey.
told. It may be the
Types of Point of author’s thoughts
View about a top or view
1. Innocent Eye of human nature
2. Stream of Theme
Consciousness 3. The title of the short
First Person story usually points
4. Omniscient to what the writer is
saying and he may
use various figures — Literary Elements
of speech to —
emphasize his • Plot
theme, such as: • Theme
symbol, allusion,
• Characters
simile, metaphor,
hyperbole or irony • Dialogue
ELEMENTS OF • Music/Rhythm
DRAMA • Spectacle
Dramatic work Plot- Refers to the
can be analyzed and action: the basic
evaluated, can be storyline of the play.
categorized into Six Stages in a
three major areas: Plot Structures
• Literary Elements Initial Incident
• Technical Elements Preliminary Event
• Performance Rising Action
Elements
Aristotle’s Six Denouement
Elements of Falling Action
Drama Climax
Theme- Refers to portrayed by the
the meaning of the actors in the play. It
play. The main idea is the characters
or lesson to be who move the
learned from the action or plot.
play. In some cases, Characterization is
the theme of a play the way an author
is obvious; other presents a
times it is quite character.
subtle. Types of
Some General Characters
Themes Protagonist
• Conflict between Antagonist
two individuals Flat Round
• Conflict between Foil
man and a Stock Chracter
supernatural power
Stereotype
• Conflict between Arhetype
the man and himself
1.Dynamic or Developing
Characters- The Character
people (sometimes
Someone who changes
animals or ideas) throughout the story. This
may be a good change or a
bad one, but their
motivations, desires, or
even their personality
changes due to something
in the story. This is usually a
permanent change and
shows how the character
has learned and developed
over time in the story.
2. Flat or Static Character
The opposite of a dynamic
character. A flat character
doesn’t change much or at
all throughout the story.
Their personality and/or
background isn’t revealed
well and we only know a
handful of traits about
them.
3. Foil Character
Someone who is the
opposite of another
character. They reflect the
opposite traits, hence a foil
character. Your main
character can be sweet and
caring and the foil character
will bring out that side by
being nasty. It contrasts two
characters.
4. Round Character
A round character is similar
to a dynamic character.
They change throughout
the story gaining new traits,
some traits opposite to who
they used to be.
5. Stock Character
Is a stock photos you can
get off the internet. They
are not a big deal to the
story, they don’t change at
all, they’re pretty much
cliche characters such as
the “dumb jock” or
“popular cheerleader.”
6. Protagonist or Main
Character
Main characters are the
root of the story. They will
develop over time and will
ultimately be part of the
driving force of the plot.
This is the character your
readers will care most
about.
7. Antagonist
The opposite of your
protagonist. They will
oppose your main
character. They will, along
with the main character, be
the driving force behind the
plot.
8.Stereotype
Familiar type of character
whose label identifies a
particular group or segment
of society
9. Archetype- Mentor,
daddy
Dialogue-This refers to the
words written by the
playwright and spoken by
the characters in the play.
The dialogue helps move
the action of the play along.
Various Forms of Dialogue
- An exchange between
two or more characters.
Soliloquy
• A character that is
typically alone on stage
delivers a long speech
which is called a soliloquy.
Emotions and innermost
thoughts of the character
are revealed in a soliloquy.
Aside
• This is spoken by a
character to another
character or to the
audience but is not heard
by the other characters on
stage. Asides reveal what a
character is thinking or
feeling.
Music/Rhythm- While
music is often featured in
drama. in this case Aristotle
was referring to the rhythm
of the actors' voices as they
speak.
Spectacle
This refers to the visual
elements of a play: sets,
costumes, special effects,
etc. Spectacle is everything
that the ¡ audience sees as
they watch the play.
Elements of Drama in The
Modern Theater
-- Literary Elements—
Characters Plot
Theme
Dialogue Convention
Genre
Audience
Convention- These are the
techniques and methods
used by the playwright and
director to create the
desired stylistic effect.
Genre- Refers to the type of
play. Some examples of
different genres include
comedy. Tragedy, mystery
and historical play.
Audience- This is the group
of people who watch the
play. Many playwrights and
actors consider the
audience to be the most
important element of Properties- Properties are
drama, as all of the effort any article, except costume
put in to writing and or scenery, used as part of a
producing a; play is for the dramatic production; any
enjoyment of the audience. moveable object that
appears on stage during a
performance, from a
--Technical Elements—
telephone to a train.
Scenery (set)
Lights- Light elements
Costumes
means that every
Properties Lights placement, intensity, and
Sound color ¡ lights have to be set
Makeup as needed to help
communicate environment,
Scenery (set)- The
mood, or feeling.
theatrical equipment, such
as curtains, flats, backdrops, Sound- The effects an
or platforms, used in a audience hears during
dramatic production to performance to
communicate environment. communicate character,
context, or environment.
Costumes- Clothing and
accessories are worn by Makeup- Includes
actors to portray character costumes, wigs, and body
and period. paint used to transform an
actor into a character.