Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
^dlhk ie Mi`tk`ts
Airk J`eiradtji`

MI@^K@^]

Hkdr`j`c ilokmtjvks Crdaadr Uimdluhdry Rri`u`mjdtji`

   `   ▢  Njsmuss tfk pitk`tjdh usks ie rilits
rilits j` ▢  Miaak`tj`c dnvkrls ▢  [sj`c dnvkrls ti dnn ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir mi`trdstjv
mi`trdstjvkk
   i
    j kvkryndy hjek wjtf euturk eiras nktdjh strkss
    t
   u
    h ▢  ^dhg dliut nkvkhipak`t
nkvkhipak`tss j` drtje
drtjejmjdh
jmjdh ▢  Euturk pkrekmt d`n ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut ▢  ]dyj`c kxprkssji`s
    4    i
    t
    j    v j`tkhhjck`mk euturk mi`tj`uius nkvkhipak`ts j` ti sfiw d
   `    k ▢  Dmg`iwhknck drcuak`ts d`n pripisk tkmf`ihicy miu`tkrdrcuak`t
    [    \
    t miu`tkrdrcuak`ts
   i
    l ▢  Srjtk d` kssdy dliut DJ j` iur fiaks
   i
    \ ▢  Rrksk`t d pripisdh eir d rilit fkhpkr

▢  Njsmuss dssuaptji`s dliut lkfdvjir ▢  [sks ie wjhh   ▢  Nksmrjlj`c pkrsi`dhjty ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir tfk
▢  ^dhg dliut dssuaptji`s rkhdtkn ti dck ▢  [sks ie wiuhn  ▢  [sj`c tfrkk-wirn pfrdsdh j`ti`dtji` i`
   s    y
    h     L ▢  Miapdrk d`n njsmuss sjajhdr vkrls j`tkrdmtji`dhh pfrdsks
j`tkrdmtji`d
   k
    <    l
    t    k kxpkrjk`mks ▢  ]dyj`c strksskn
    j    d    j
   v ▢  Srjtk d rkpirt ldskn i` crdpfs
   `    H    H syhhdlhks lkcj``j`c
    [    k    k ▢  Mi`numt d survky dliut mi`suakrj
mi`suakrjsasa wjtf /p/, /g/, /t/
    f
    ^    S d`n hdlkhs

▢  Njsmuss pdst dmtji`s d`n tfkjr prksk`t ▢  Udrjdtji`s i` pdst u`rkdh ▢  ^fiucft primkssks ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir wkdg
rksuhts mi`njtji`dhs ▢  Nksmrjlj`c kaitji`dh eiras j` miaphkx vkrl
    t
    f ▢  \kdmt ti pdst sjtudtji`
sjtudtji`ss ▢  Miaak`tj`c i` tfk pdst rkdmtji`s pfrdsks
   c
    =    j ▢  Nksmrjlk d `kcdtjvk kxpkrjk`mk7 ieekr ▢  [sj`c j`ti`dtji` ti
   s
    t     n
    j syapdtfy d`n rkdssurd`mk sfiw kapfdsjs
   `    j
   `
    [    F ▢  Srjtk d sfirt
sfirt stiry ldskn i` d skt
skt
   `
    J
ie edmts
▢  Njsmuss d`n prksk`t d` dhtkr`dtk

fjstiry

\kvjkw 4 (\kvjkw ie [`jts 4”=)

▢  Njsmuss tfk vdhuk ie mfd`cj`c ▢  Tud`tjejkrs d`n ▢  Nksmrjlj`c tfj`cs ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir /t/ 
pkrspkmtjvk prkpisjtji`s j` rkhdtjvk ▢  Kyk jnjias d`n aktdpfirs lktwkk` viwkhs
▢  ^dhg dliut fiw kyks eu`mtji` j` mhdusks ▢  ]dyj`c tfk strksskn
   p fuad`s d`n d`jadhs ▢  @iu` mhdusks wjtf syhhdlhk j` rkhdtkn wirns
    >    [
    t
    j    k ▢  Njsmuss prilhkas mduskn ly stdrj`c dt qukstji` wirns
   `    s
   i smrkk`s
    [    h
    M ▢  Srjtk d pkrsi`dh priejhk stdtkak`t eir

d rêsuaê
▢  Mrkdtk d`n prksk`t d` dmtji` phd` eir

d priokmt
▢  Njsmuss trdvkhj`c ti rkaitk phdmks ▢  Rdrtjmjphk pfrdsks j` ▢  Nksmrjlj`c rkaitk phdmks ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir hj`gj`c
▢  Miaak`t i` hi`khj`ks
hi`khj`ksss d`n wirgj`c j`jtjdh pisjtji` ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut j`ehuk`mks lktwkk` wirns
   k
    ;    t
j` rkaitk phdmks ▢  \knumkn rkhdtjvk mhdusks ▢  ]dyj`c tk`sk d`n hdx

    j    i
    t ▢  Njsmuss mdusk d`n keekmt viwkhs
   `    a ▢  Srjtk d miapd`y priejhk
   k
    [    \ ▢  Rrkpdrk d`n prksk`t d mdsk eir

wirgj`c rkaitkhy

   k
   s   ▢  Njsmuss sfimgs d`n surprjsks ▢  Mhkets ▢  [sj`c dnvkrls ti dnn ▢   Hjstk`j`c eir tfk
    j
   r ▢  ^dh
^dhgg dliut
dliut crkdt
crkdt upskts j` spirts d`n ▢  Tukstji` wirns wjtf dttjtunk pri`u`mjdtji`
pri`u`mjdtj i` ie
   p
   r itfkr mi`tkxts -kvkr  ▢  [sj`c tfk prkejxks u`nkr - eirkjc` wirns d`n
    5    u
    t
    j   Njsmuss tfk njeekrk`mks lktwkk` himdh d`n ivkr- pfrdsks
   `    ]
 , ▢
   k d`n childh lrd`ns   ]dyj`c mhkets
   s
    [    j
▢

   r ▢  Srjtk d pdrdcrdpf nrdwj`c eria

   p
   r auhtjphk siurmks
   u
    ] ▢  Rrkpdrk d surprjsk eir siakliny

\kvjkw < (\kvjkw ie [`jts >”5)

 xjj

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
^dlhk ie Mi`tk`ts
Airk J`eiradtji`

Hjstk`j`c ]pkdgj`c sgjhhs \kdnj`c Srjtj`c ]pkdgj`c

J ckt wfdt yiu‚rk ▢  Dmg`iwhknck \ilitjms ti tfk D` kssdy ▢  ^dhg
^dhg dliut tfk tdsgs lkst
lkst sujtkn
sujtkn ti rilits
rilits
sdyj`c … drcuak`ts rksmuk ▢  J`trinumk ▢  Njsmuss wfdt tfj`cs yiu wiuhn hjgk DJ ti ni j`
▢  D mi`vkrsdtj
mi`vkrsdtji`
i` d`n pripisk ▢  D` drtjmhk dliut kxdaphks tfk euturk
dliut tfk miu`tkrdrcuak`ts rilits d`n ▢  Ircd`jzk jnkds ▢  Ieekr d`n suppirt yiur ipj`ji`

j``ivdtji`ss eiu`n
j``ivdtji` fuad`s wirgj`c ▢  Njsmuss j`tkrkstj`c kxdaphks ie DJ

j` d `kw dpp ticktfkr ^jak ti spkdg 

▢  Rrksk`t d pripisdh
pripisdh eir d rilit fkhpkr ti dnnrkss
dnnrkss
tfk `kkns ie d pdrtjmuhdr oil
]dak fkrk! ▢  Njsmuss sjajhdr \kdn tfk hdlkh D rkpirt ldskn i` ▢  ^dhg dliut miaai` typtypks
ks ie simjdh aknjd uskrs
▢  D mi`vkrsdtj
mi`vkrsdtji`
i` kxpkrjk`mks ▢  D` drtjmhk dliut stdtjstjms ▢  ^dhg dliut tfk rjcft dck ti ni njeekr
njeekrk`t
k`t dmtjvjt
dmtjvjtjks
jks
dliut fiw prinumt hdlkhj`c d`n crdpfs ▢  Njsmuss yiur kxpkrjk`
kxpkrjk`mk
mk wjtf hd`cudck hkdr`j`c
spkdgj`c d`itfkr i` fkdhtfy eiin ▢  \kekr ti ndtd j` ▢  Nrdw mi`mhusji`s dliut mi`suakr trk`ns ldskn
hd`cudck mfd`cks prinumts crdpfs i` stdtjstjms
tfk wdy yiu ▢  [sk hd`cudck
^jak ti spkdg 
j`tkrdmt wjtf tfk eir prksk`tj`c ▢  Ni d survky dliut tfk japirtd`mk ie hdlkhs
hdlkhs i`
wirhn stdtjstjmdh sfippj`c lkfdvjir7 prksk`t yiur rksuhts
j`eiradtji`
D miaphktk ▢  Nksmrjlk ldn ^ii ciin ti lk truk D` d`kmnitk dliut ▢  ^dhg dliut njeekrk
njeekrk`t
`t pissjljhjtj
pissjljhjtjks
ks eir kvk`ts j`
njsdstkr! kxpkrjk`mks ▢  @kws stirjks d strd`ck tfk pdst
▢  ^wi mi`vkrsdtji`s ▢  Ieekr syapdtfy dliut u`hjgkhy mij`mjnk`mk ▢  Njsmuss fiw yiu ajcft fd`nhk njeekrnjeekrk`t
k`t prilhkas
dliut tfk sdak d`n rkdssurd`mk kvk`ts ▢  Mrkdtk mifksji` ▢  Mrkdtk d`n sfdrk tfk ld
ldmgstiry
mgstiry hkdnj
hkdnj`c
`c up ti d
up
stiry wjtf litf, kdmf, ldn kxpkrjk`mk
`kjtfkr , ktm. ▢  Njsmuss d`n qukstji` wfktfkr d stiry js lkhjkvdlhk

^jak ti spkdg 
▢  ^dhg dliut fiw mfd`cj`c i`k pdst kvk`t miuhn

deekmt tfk wirhn tindy

Hiig dwdy! ▢  Mhdrjey d prilhka Dttk`tji` ti nktdjh D pkrsi`dh priejhk ▢  ^dh

^dhgg dliut tfk kstfktjms ie mhisk-up
mhisk-up jadckry
▢  D prksk`tdtji` ▢  D qujz tfdt rkvkdhs ▢  [sk j`jtjdh ▢  \kdmt ti jadcks ie d`jadhs‚ kyks
dliut tfk keekmts je yiu‚rk d ljc- nksmrjptjvk ▢  Njsmuss wfdt prilhkas md` immur lkmdusk ie

ie smrkk` tjak i` pjmturk tfj`gkr ir prkpisjtji`dh kxmkssjvk smrkk` tjak

iur kyks tk`n ti eimus i` pfrdsks eir ▢  Njsmuss d pkrsi`dh priejhk stdtkak`t7 ieekr
nktdjhs mi`mjsk wrjtj`c succkstji`s eir itfkrs
^jak ti spkdg 
▢  Mrkdtk d`n prksk`t d` dmtji` phd` tfdt j`vihvks

litf ljc-pjmturk d`n nktdjh-irjk`tkn tdsgs

Sirgj`c eria ▢  ]jc`dh mdusks d`n \kaitk summkss D priejhk ▢  Njsmuss wfkrk d`n fiw yiu skkg sihjtunk
fiak keekmts stiry ▢  [sk pdrtjmjphk ▢  Njsmuss tfk nkcrkk ie sihjtunk
sihjtunk ie njeekrk`t
njeekrk`t oils
▢  D prksk`tdtji` ▢  D `kws ekdturk pfrdsks ti ▢  Rrksk`t d`n njsmuss jnkds dliut tfk pris d`n mi`s

dliut murrk`t stiry dliut d mi``kmt jnkds ie murrk`t tipjms

trk`ns j` wirgj`c lusj`kss wfisk ▢  Njsmuss tfk mfd`mks ie summkss eir njeekr
njeekrk`t
k`t
eria fiak kaphiykks wirg miapd`jks ti ipkrdtk vjrtudhhy
vjrtudhhy ^jak ti spkdg 
▢  Adgk d mdsk eir wirgj`c rkaitkhy

D surprjsj`c ▢  Dnn kapfdsjs Ouap smdrk ]uaadry ie d tkxt ▢  ^dhg dliut rkdmtji`s ti surprjsks
miakldmg  ▢  Njeekrk`t ▢  Rdrdpfrdsk ▢  Nksmrjlk edaius upskts
▢  D `kws ekdturk pkrspkmtjvks i` wjtfiut rkpktjtji` ▢  Miapdrk himdh d`n childh j`nustrjks wfkrk yiu hjvk
d`n j`tkrvjkw lkj`c smdrkn ▢  Srjtk sfirt suaadrjks
suaadrjks i` drtjmhks dliut ekdr
dliut lusj`kss ^jak ti spkdg 
rkvjvdhs ▢  Rhd` d surprjsk
surprjsk eir pkiphk ldskn i` j`tkrvjkws
 dliut tfkjr j`tkrksts

xjjj

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
^dlhk ie Mi`tk`ts
Airk J`eiradtji`

Hkdr`j`c ilokmtjvks Crdaadr Uimdluhdry Rri`u`mjdtji`

▢  Njsmuss tfk criwj`c j`tkrkst j` N@D ▢  @kcdtjvk d`n hjajtj`c ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut d`mkstr
d`mkstryy ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir ajssj`c /t/ 
tkstj`c d`n ck`kdhicy dnvkrljdhs ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut mustias d`n d`n /n/ siu`ns
▢  ^dhg dliut mkhklrdtji`s j` yiur edajhy ▢  Eri`tj`c dnvkrljdhs trdnjtji`s ▢  ]dyj`c njpftfi`cs
   s
    3    t d`n miaau`jty
    t
    j    i ▢  ]fdrk d stiry dliut vjsjtj`c d phdmk
   `    i
    [    \ wjtf spkmjdh sjc`jejmd`mk
▢  ]uaadrjzk j`eiradtji` dliut d tipjm

▢  Rrksk`t d phd` ti priaitk d muhturdh

mkhklrdtji`
▢  Njsmuss njstrdmtji`s d`n dttk`tji` ▢  Rfrdsks wjtf ckt  ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut dttk`tji
dttk`tji`` ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir hi`c wirn
spd`s ▢  Rfrdsks wjtf ds d`n njstrdmtji` criups
▢  ^dhg dliut j`stj`mt
j`stj`mtss d`n cut rkdmtji`s ▢  Kxprkssji`s wjtf ckt  ▢  ]dyj`c prjadry d`n
    6    t
   r
    t
    j    i ▢  Nksmrjlk tfk lkst ekdturks d`n skhhj`c skmi`ndry wirn strkss
   `    f pij`ts ie dpps
    [    ]
▢  Srjtk prksk`tdtji` shjnks
▢  Rjtmf d miapd`y, d` jnkd, ir d prinum
prinumtt
ti j`vkstirs
▢  Njsmuss tfk keekmts ie d sknk`tdry ▢  \kekrk`mj`c ▢  Njsmussj`c fkdhtf jssuks ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir strksskn
   `
   r
   k hjekstyhk ▢  Mi`tj`uius j`ej`jtjvks ▢  Njsmussj`c (hdmg ie) shkkp d`n u`strksskn
    n ▢  ]ucckst wdys ti kstdlhjsf ciin shkkp crdaadr wirns
   i
    :    A fdljts ▢  ]dyj`c mi`si`d`t
   k
    t  .     e
    j
   `    s     j ▢  Dsg d`n nkehkmt prilj`c qukstji`s mhustkrs
   v    H
    [    f ▢  Srjtk dliut d mhkd`-wdtkr j`jtjdtjvk
    t
    h d`n fiw jt wirgs
   d
   k ▢  Rrksk`t d`n kxphdj` mfijmks tfdt yiu
    F fdvk adnk eir itfkr pkiphk

\kvjkw = (\kvjkw ie [`jts 3”:)

▢  ^dhg dliut euturk eiin iptji`s d`n ▢  ]japhk pdst eir u`rkdh ▢  Njsmussj`c childh eiin ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir siu`n
fiw hjgkhy tfky drk sjtudtji`s jssuks mfd`cks j` mi``kmtkn
   ` ▢  Njsmuss `kw wdys ti usk `dturdh ▢  Jt mi`strumtji`s ▢  Njsmussj`c childh k`krcy spkkmf
   i
    j
    2    t k`krcy siurmks jssuks ▢  ]dyj`c tfk / Ň/ siu`n
 /Ň/
    4    ` ▢  Njsmuss tfk dnvd`tdcks ie rktfj`gj`c
    t
    j    k
   `    v
   `
ndjhy fdljts
    [    j ▢
    \
   k   Srjtk d suaadry
tfk `kw suaadry
kmi`iayie d njsmussji` dliut
▢  Rrksk`t d`n kvdhudtk d` jnkd eir

rkj`vk`tj`c
rkj`vk` tj`c pkt iw`krsfjp
▢  Njsmuss tfk japirtd`mk ie mihir eir ▢  ]ulokmt”vkrl dcrkkak`t ▢  Nksmrjlj`c mihir ▢  Hjstk`j`c eir
lusj`kssks ▢  Drtjmhks dssimjdtji`s u`mkrtdj`ty
▢  ^dhg dliut mihir kxprkssji`
kxprkssji`ss d`n tfkjr ▢  Mihir kxprkssji`s ▢  ]dyj`c viwkhs lkeirk
   s
   r
   i
    4    h akd`j`c mi`si`d`ts
    4    i ▢  \kspi`n ti qukstji`s j` njeekrk`t
    t
    j     M
   `    k wdys
    [    u ▢  Srjtk d sfirt ipj`ji` kssdy
   r
    ^ ▢  Mrkdtk d ehdc eir d spkmjejm criup

  ▢  D`swkr oil j`tkrvjkw qukstji`s dliut ▢  ^fk prksk`t sulou`mtjvk ▢  ^dhgj`c dliut mfd`ck ▢   Hjstk`j`c eir siu`n
   k
   c mfd`ck ▢  Rkrekmt j`ej`jtjvk ▢  Nksmrjlj`c mfd`ck mfd`cks j` mihhiqujdh
   `
    <    d ▢  ^dhg dliut phdmks tfdt fdvk mfd`ckn spkkmf
    4    f
nrdstjmdhhy ▢   \kdnj`c dhiun
     t
    j
   `    M
   s ▢  ^khh d stiry tfdt yiu fkdrn eria
    [    c
   ` siaki`k khsk
    j
    f ▢  Srjtk d rkvjkw
rkvjkw ie d aivjk ir liig 
    ^
▢  Mrkdtk d strumturkn stiry eria pjmturks

\kvjkw > (\kvjkw ie [`jts 42”4<)

42”4<)
Crdaadr mfdrts d`n prdmtjmk pdcks 4<:”
4<:”4>2
4>2 Uimdluhdry kxkrmjsks pdcks 4>4”
4>4”4;<
4;<

xjv

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
^dlhk ie Mi`tk`ts
Airk J`eiradtji`

Hjstk`j`c ]pkdgj`c sgjhhs \kdnj`c Srjtj`c ]pkdgj`c

^fk stiry ie d ▢  Miaak`t i` yiur Sfk` d hd`cudck ]uaadry ie d stiry ▢  Njsmuss tfk pris d`n
d`n mi`s ie N@D tksts
rktur`kk iw` stiry njks ▢  Rdrdhhkh strumturks ▢  ^dhg dliut tfk immdsji`s tfdt lrj`c yiur edajhy

▢  D` j`tkrvjkw wjtf ▢  Kxprkss d` ipj`ji` ▢  D crdpf d`n tkxt ticktfkr

siaki`k wfi ▢  \kspi`n ti dliut hd`cudcks ▢  ^khh stirjks dliut vjsjtj`c `kw phdmks

fds oust rktur`kn siaki`k khsk‚s j` nd`ckr ie ▢  ]y`tfksjzk tfk adj` pij`ts j` d stir
stiryy
eria fkr d`mkstrdh stiry kxtj`mtji` ^jak ti spkdg 
fiak ▢  Njsmuss d himdh
himdh ekstjvjty
ekstjvjty d`n nkmjnk tfk lkst
lkst wdy
ti priaitk jt

Jt‚s tfk dpp yiu ▢  ]pkdg pkrsudsjvkhy ^fk pkrekmt pjtmf Rrksk`tdtji` shjnks ▢  ^dhg dliut tfk njstrdm
njstrdmtji`s
tji`s j` yiur hjek
`kkn dliut d prinumt ▢  D` drtjmhk dliut ▢  Rrksk`tdtji` ▢  ^dhg dliut fiw japir
japirtd`t
td`t j`stj`mt js j` ndjhy hjek
▢  D mi`vkrsdtj
mi`vkrsdtji`
i` nkvkhipj`c d eiradts ▢  Njsmuss tfk dpps tfdt adgk yiur hjek kdsjkr
lktwkk` d` dpp pjtmf eir j`vkstirs ▢  Miapdrk prksk`tdtji
prksk`tdtji`` shjnks
nksjc`kr d`n d ^jak ti spkdg 
erjk`n ▢  Rrksk`t d pjtmf ti j`vkstirs eir d` jnkd ir prinumt

Mhkdrj`c tfk djr ▢  Dsg prilj`c D tfjrsty wirhn D sfirt drtjmhk ▢  ^dhg dliut wdys ti njsmiurdck d sknk`tdr
sknk`tdryy
▢  D` j`tkrvjkw wjtf qukstji`s ▢  ^frkk sfirt ▢  Rfrdsks ti hjekstyhk
d pihjtjmjd` dliut ▢  Luy tjak ti tfj`g / drtjmhks dliut fjcfhjcft ▢  Njsmuss d shkkp phd` eir njeekrk`t pkiphk

mhkd` djr jssuks nkehkmt qukstji`s wdtkr mrjsks vjkwpij`t ▢  Njsmuss japirtd`t himdh jssuks j` d rihk-phdy
rihk-phdy
driu`n tfk dmtjvjty
wirhn d`n wdtkr ▢  Mi`sjnkr strk`ct
strk`ctfs
fs d`n wkdg`kssks ie d` j`jtjdtjvk
mfdrjtjks tfdt ^jak ti spkdg 
dnnrkss tfka ▢  Rrksk`t mfijmks eir itfkr pkiphk ldskn i` tfkjr

prjirjtjks

D hjek wjtfiut ▢  Nkek`n d` ipj`ji` Sfdt‚s yiurs js D suaadry ie d ▢  Njsmuss dhtkr`dtj

dhtkr`dtjvk
vk eiin iptji`s
phdstjm ▢  Mi`mhunk d tur` aj`k njsmussji` ▢  Njsmuss rk`kwdlhk k`krcy
▢  D mi`vkrsdtj
mi`vkrsdtji`
i` ▢  ]firt tkxts eria d ▢  Dvijnj`c ipj`ji` ▢  Nkldtk dhtkr`dtjvk hjekstyhk
hjeksty hk mfijmks tfdt lk`kejt
dliut tfk eirua dliut `kw j` d suaadry tfk k`vjri`ak`t
mfdhhk`cks d`n kmi`iajm ainkhs ▢  Adrgj`c ipj`ji` ▢  Mi`sjnkr tfk mi`mhusji`s eria d njsmussji`

vdhuk ie cij`c j` d suaadry ^jak ti spkdg 

phdstjm-erkk ▢  Nkldtk tfk pris d`n mi`s ie d himdh j`jtjdtjvk

Jt tdstks hjgk crkk`! ▢  \kspi`n ti D sk`sk ie jnk`tjty D` ipj`ji` kssdy ▢  Njsmuss tfk lkst mihir
mihir smfkak eir njeekrk`t
▢  D T&D skssji` qukstji`s eir ▢  D` drtjmhk i` tfk ▢  Kxprkss d`n prinumts d`n miapd`jks
wjtf twi kxpkrts njeekrk`t purpisks sjc`jejmd`mk ie suppirt ipj`ji`s ▢  Njsmuss mihir kxprkssji
kxprkssji`s
`s
i` tfk psymfihicy mihirs j` spirts wjtf kxdaphks ▢  Mi`sjnkr wfdt keekmt mihir
mihir fds i` tdstk
ie mihir adrgktj`c kxpkmtdtji`s
▢  Njsmuss tfk drcuak`ts prksk`tkn ly itfkrs d`n

ieekr ekknldmg eir japrivkak`

japrivkak`tt
^jak ti spkdg 
▢  Njsmuss d`n prksk`t tfk mfdrdmtkrjstjms tfdt nkej`k
 d criup s jnk`tjty
‘D`n tfdt‚s wfk` jt ▢  \ktkhh d stiry ‘^fk `kxt tfj`c yiu Aivjk rkvjkw ▢  Rrdmtjmk cjvj`c oil j`tkrvjkw d`swkrs
dhh mfd`ckn!‑ ▢  \kekr ti tfk g`iw, …‑ ▢  Srjtk mi`mjsk ▢  ^dhg dliut fiw tfj`cs fdvk mfd`ckn nrdadtjmdhhy
▢   D stiry dliut irjcj`dh stiry ▢  D` drtjmhk dliut nksmrjptji`s ▢  \ktkhh d stiry
d mkhklrjty ▢  ]gjp nktdjhs tfk strumturk ie d (auhtj-mhdusk ▢  Nksmrjlk phits d`n tur`j`c pij`ts
japkrsi`dtir summksseuh aivjk sk`tk`mks) ^jak ti spkdg 
smrjpt ▢  Nkvkhip d mrkdtjvk
mrkdtjvk stiry ldskn i` pjmturks

xv

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

[@J^ ILOKM^JUK]
▢ 
▢ 

▢ 
njsmuss tfk
tfk pitk`tjdh
pitk`tjdh usks ie rilits j` kvkryndy
kvkryndy hjek
tdhg dliut nkvkhipak`ts j` drtjejmjdh j`tkhhjck`mk
j`tkhhjck`mk
dmg`iwhknck drcuak`ts d`n pripisk miu`tkrdrcuak`ts
\ILI^
▢ 

▢ 
wrjtk d` kssdy dliut DJ j` iur fiaks
fiaks
prksk`t d pripisdh eir d rilit fkhpkr \KUIH[^JI@

4
   ]^D\^ ]RKDGJ@C
  D Hiig dt tfk pjmturk. Sfdt niks jt succkst dliut tfk euturk9 Ni yiu tfj`g jt‚s
jt ‚s d rkdhjstjm vjsji` ie tfk euturk9
Sfy ir wfy `it9

  L J` wfdt wdys ni yiu tfj`g tkmf`ihicy wjhh mfd`ck iur hjvks j` tfk euturk9 Sfdt gj`ns ie tfj`cs (wkdrdlhk
tkmf`ihicy, pkrsi`dh rilits, DJ, ktm.) ni yiu jadcj`k wk‚hh fdvk j` tfk `kxt <2 ykdrs9 ^fk `kxt
`kx t >2 ykdrs9
J` 422 ykdrs9

M Sfdt gj`ns ie rilits ni wk dhrkdny usk9  K V R K \ ^ 

Ni yiu tfj`g rilits drk d pisjtjvk
p isjtjvk  ] R KD G K \
j`vk`tji` j` ck`krdh9 Sfy ir wfy `it9
Sfdt kxdaphks md` yiu tfj`g
Eir jnkds, wdtmf Krjm‚s vjnki.
ie ti suppirt Krjm‚s drcuak`t
d`n ti miu`tkr jt9 

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

4.4
HK]]I@ ILOKM^JUK
  njsmuss tfk pitk`tjdh usks ie
^FK \ILI^ ^I[MF
▢

rilits j` kvkryndy hjek

4   HD@C[DCK
HD@C[DCK J@ MI@^KV^ 
  D 4.2< RDJ\ SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH
M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Sfdt niks tfk rilit j` J@^\IN[MJ@C
tfk dn hiig hjgk9 Sfdt, d`n wfi, ni yiu tfj`g jt‚s eir9 Sfdt md`

Aj\i!
jt ni9 Sfdt md` jt prildlhy `it ni9 Hjstk` ti tfk j`eiakrmjdh d`n
mfkmg yiur d`swkrs.

  4.2< Dunji smrjpt

 ^fk Aj\i rilit ady hiig hjgk d tiy, lut jt js edr eria jt. Aj\i js
 ^fk
d sipfjstjmdtkn pjkmk ie rilitjm k`cj`kkrj`c, d`n jt js dliut ti
rdnjmdhhy mfd`ck tfk ejkhn ie fiak
fia k fkdhtf mdrk.
 ^fiucf stjhh u`nkr
u`nkr nkvkhipak`t, Aj\i wjhh wjhh uhtjadtkhy
uhtjadtkhy lk
 lk pdrt ie d
miaphkx systka ie sk`sirs d`n miaau`jmdtji` `ktwirgs tfdt wjhh
nkai`strdlhy japrivk
nkai`strdlhy  japrivk tfk qudhjty ie hjek eir khnkrhy pkiphk. Aj\i
rilits wjhh hjvk wjtf tfkjr iw`krs <>/3,
<>/3, hkdr` tfkjr riutj`ks, d`n
ai`jtir tfkjr aivkak`ts, wfjmf sfiuhn nrdstjmdhhy
nrdstjmdhhy rknumk
 rknumk dmmjnk`ts
j` tfk fiak. ^fky wjhh lk dlhk ti tdhg ti tfkjr iw`krs, ds wkhh ”
rkaj`nj`c tfka ti tdgk tfkjr aknjmj`k d`n fkhpj`c tfka ad`dck
dppij`tak`ts d`n rkakalkr vjsjtirs‚ `daks. D`n je tfkrk‚s d aknjmdh
kakrck`my, Aj\i wjhh lk dlhk ti mdhh eir fkhp jaaknjdtkhy.
Fiak fkdhtf mdrk dhtkr`dtjvks drk j`kvjtdlhy
j`kvjtdlhy cij`c
 cij`c ti lkmiak d

`kmkssjty eir miu`trjks hjgk Odpd` d`n tfk [`jtkn ]tdtks, wfjmf drk
edmj`c tfk mfdhhk`ck ie mdrj`c eir d pricrkssjvkhy dcj`c pipuhdtji`.
]imjdh skrvjmks wjhh mkrtdj`hy `it lk dlhk ti ieekr fuad` mdrk d`n
miapd`ji`sfjp eir kvkryi`k. Dhtfiucf rilit miapd`ji`s drk liu`n
ti lk akt wjtf rksjstd`mk j`jtjdhhy, rilits hjgk Aj\i wjhh u`niultknhy
kdsk tfk lurnk` i` ivkrstrktmfkn simjdh skrvjmks. ^fk crkdtkr lk`kejt, MHJMG FK\K
 fiwkvkr, wjhh lk ti tfk khnkrhy pkiphk tfky skrvk,
fiwkvkr, skr vk, wfi ietk` sueekr ^I I\NK\ ZI[\] ^INDZ!
eria hi`khj`kss d`n jsihdtji`.
Aj\i miuhn ekdsjlhy
ekdsjlhy rkvihutji`jzk
 rkvihutji`jzk khnkr mdrk, adgj`c tfk hjvks ie iur
sk`jir mjtjzk`s kdsjkr, sdekr, d`n edr airk k`oiydlhk. Miurtksy ie Mi`skquk`tjdh \ilitjms

<   UIMDL[HD\Z? [sj`c dnvkrls ti dnn nktdjh

  D 4.2= Hiig dt tfk lihn dnvkrls j` tfk smrjpt. Sfjmf rkekr ti tfk wdy siaktfj`c js ni`k (ad``kr)
(ad``kr)99 Sfjmf i`ks
drk d miaak`t i` tfk dmtji`
dm tji` ly tfk spkdgkr (miaak`tj`c)9 Adgk d mfdrt hjgk tfk i`k lkhiw d`n put tfka j`
tfk mirrkmt mdtkciry. Dnn tfk itfkr dnvkrls eria tfk lix lkhiw. ^fk` hjstk` d`n mfkmg.

miaprkfk`sjvkhy nrdadtjmdhhy crdnudhhy j`mrkdsj`chy

adrgknhy pitk`tjdhhy u`qukstji`dlhy

 Dnvkrls ie ad``kr Miaak`tj`c dnvkrls

rdnjmdhhy u ht j a d t k hy

  L @iw ci ti pdck 4>4. Ni tfk vimdluhdry kxkrmjsks eir 4.4.

  M RDJ\ SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH

M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Dpdrt eria tfk khnkrhy,
kh nkrhy, wfi ajcft lk`kejt eria fdvj`c d rilit miapd`ji`9
Sfy9 Sfdt prilhkas miuhn jt sihvk9 Sfdt prilhkas ajcft jt mrkdtk9
mr kdtk9
<

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

=   C\DAAD\? Miaak`tj`c dnvkrls wjtf euturk eiras

  D \kdn tfk sk`tk`mks j` tfk crdaadr
crdaadr lix. Mjrmhk tfk mirrkmt iptji`s ti miaphktk tfk ruhks.

Miaak`tj`c dnvkrls wjtf euturk eiras

Aj\i wjhh u`niultknhy kdsk tfk
kdsk tfk lurnk` i` ivkrstrktmfkn simjdh skrvjmks.
Fiak fkdhtf mdrk dhtkr`dtjvks drk j`kvjtdlhy cij`c ti lkmiak
ti lkmiak d `kmkssjty.
]imjdh skrvjmks wjhh mkrtdj`hy `it lk dlhk ti ieekr
ti  ieekr fuad` miapd`ji`sfjp eir kvkryi`k.

4 Dnvkrls ie ad``kr md` lk phdmkn j` njeekrk`t pisjtji`s nkpk`nj`c i` wfdt tfky ainjey.
ainje y. Miaak`tj`c dnvkrls,
wfk` uskn wjtf euturk eiras, drk usudhhy phdmkn …
  ▢  4lkeirk /
lkeirk / detkr tfk aindh vkrl wjhh.
 detkr tfk
<
  ▢  lkeirk /
lkeirk  / detkr  `kcdtjvk wirns sumf ds `it  d`n
 detkr `kcdtjvk  d`n `kvkr , ir `kcdtjvk mi`trdmtji`s sumf ds wi`‚t  d`n
 d`n drk`‚t .
=
  ▢  lkeirk /
lkeirk  / detkr  tfk vkrl lk
detkr tfk lk j`
 j` tfk pfrdsks lk cij`c ti,
ti, lk dliut ti,
ti, d`n lk liu`n ti.

  L @iw ci ti pdck 4<:. Hiig dt tfk crdaadr mfdrt d`n ni tfk crdaadr kxkrmjsk eir 4.4.
4.4.

  M RDJ\ SI\G    Hiig dt tfk miaak`tj`c

miaak`tj`c dnvkrls j` tfk lix lkhiw. [sk d njmtji`dry ir yiur pfi`k ti hiig up
EJ@N J^
i`ks yiu ni`‚t g`iw. ^fk` dnn miaak`tj`c dnvkrls ti tfk sk`tk`mks si tfdt tfky rkehkmt yiur ipj`ji`.
Miapdrk wjtf yiur pdrt`kr.

mkrtdj`hy mhkdrhy kvk`tudhhy

kvk`tudhhy kvjnk`thy
j`kvjtdlhy surkhy
surkhy u`niultknhy u`eirtu`dtkhy

4  ^fjs mk`tury wjhh lkmiak tfk dck

dck ie tfk rilit.
< \ilits drk cij`c ti mfd`ck tfk wdy wk hjvk ivkr tfk `kxt
`kx t ekw nkmdnks.

= \ilits wjhh `kvkr lk dlhk ti rkphdmk tfk fuad` tiumf.

> \ilits drk liu`n ti tdgk ivkr eir fuad`s j` d hit ie nje ekrk`t drkds.
 ;  ^fk rilitjms j`nustry js dliut ti adgk
adgk hjek d hit kdsjkr
kdsjkr eir dhh ie us.

>   ]RKDGJ@C
  D C\I[R SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH
M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Jadcj`k d rilit dssjstd`t
eir tfk eihhiwj`c oils. Sfdt tdsgs ni yiu tfj`g jt miuhn
ekdsjlhy tdgk i`9
i`9 Siuhn jt ni tfisk tdsgs lkttkr,
lkt tkr, wirsk, ir ds
wkhh ds d fuad`9 Sfdt tdsgs wiuhn tfk fuad` stjhh fdvk ti ni9
[sk miaak`tj`c dnvkrls ti adgk yiur dttjtunks mhkdrkr.
▢  d mhkrg j` d fitkh
▢  d `ursk j` d fispjtdh
▢  d tkdmfkr j` d gj`nkrcdrtk`

Ds d fitkh mhkrg, d rilit wjhh u`niultknhy

lk airk
lk airk dmmurdtk tfd` d fuad`. Jt ajcft
kvk` lk erjk`nhjkr!

  L Ds d mhdss, sfdrk tfk aist j`tkrkstj`c usks eir

d rilit dssjstd`t tfdt yiur criup mdak up wjtf.
^fk` njsmuss wfktfkr rilit dssjstd`ts drk
j`kvjtdlhk. Cjvk rkdsi`s ti suppirt yiur ipj`ji`.

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

4.<
HK]]I@ ILOKM^JUK
^FK SI@NK\E[H ▢  tdhg dliut nkvkhipak`ts j`
drtjejmjdh j`tkhhjck`mk
SI\HN IE DJ

4   HD@C[DCK
HD@C[DCK J@ MI@^KV^ 
  D Fiw wiuhn yiu nkej`k drtjejmjdh j`tkhhjck`mk9 Niks tfk jnkd smdrk yiu,
wirry yiu, ir kxmjtk yiu9 Sfy ir wfy `it9

L 4.2> Hjstk` ti pdrt ie d pinmdst j`tkrvjkw j` wfjmf d tkmf j`nustry

rkpirtkr tdhgs dliut nkvkhipak`ts j` DJ. Fiw wjhh DJ lk uskn j` tfk
`kdr euturk9 Fiw niks tfk fist ekkh dliut tfksk usks9

  4.2> Dunji smrjpt

\kpirtkr J`nustry kxpkrts prknjmt tfdt, ly tfk k`n ie tfk `kxt nkmdnk, mfdtlits
mfdtlits wjhh
 wjhh
fdvk rkphdmkn fuad`s j` dhh mustiakr skrvjmk mdhh mk`tkrs, lut yiu wi`‚t kvk`
g`iw yiu‚rk tdhgj`c ti i`k. Miaputkr-ck`krdtkn spkkmf wjhh
spkkmf wjhh fdvk japrivkn
si aumf tfdt mfdtlits wjhh siu`n oust hjgk fuad`s.
Fist Sk‚hh lk fdvj`c mi`vkrsdtji`s wjtf miaputkrs d`n `it kvk` g`iw jt9 Japrkssjvk.
\kpirtkr Rhus, rkskdrmfkrs drk nkvkhipj`c d` dpp ti fkhp lhj`n pkiphk
pk iphk ‘skk.‑ Jt wjhh usk tfk mdakrd i`
i ` tfkjr
sadrtpfi`k ti mdpturk tfk drkd driu`n tfka. ^fk`, usj`c d mialj`dtji` ie jadck-rkmic`jtji`
sietwdrk d`n spkkmf ti tkxt,
tkxt, tfk dpp wjhh mi`vkrt tfk jadcks j`ti spkkmf. Nkvkhipkrs drk j`tkcrdtj`c
edmjdh rkmic`jtji`,
rkmic`jtji`, tii, si tfk dpp md` d``iu`mk wfk` d erjk`n js dppridmfj`c. ^fky fdvk d wirgj`c
 prititypk `iw,
prititypk `iw, d`n tfky‚rk prktty mi`ejnk`t
mi`e jnk`t tfky wjhh fdvk nkvkhipkn d lktd vkrsji` eir
vkrsji` eir tkstj`c ly
tfk k`n ie `kxt ykdr!
Fist Sfdt d crkdt usk ie tkmf`ihicy! Sfdt itfkr nkvkhipak`ts md` wk kxpkmt ti skk sii`9
\kpirtkr Edmjdh-rkmic`jtji` chdssks ” tfky‚hh lk hj`gkn ti pihjmk ndtdldsks ti fkhp pjmg iut suspkmts j` d mriwn.
Fist \kdhhy9 J‚a `it surk fiw J ekkh dliut tfdt i`k.

M RDJ\ SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH

M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Sfy niks tfk fist ekkh `krvius dliut tfk pihjmk usj`c edmjdh-rkmic`jtji`
chdssks9 Sfdt drk siak itfkr pissjlhk usks eir tfdt tkmf`ihicy9 Sfdt pris d`n mi`s md` yiu tfj`g ie9

<   UIMDL[H
UIM DL[HD\Z?
D\Z? ^dhgj`c
^dhgj`c dliut nkvkhipak`ts j` tkmf`ihicy
  D 4.2; RDJ\ SI\G    Hiig dt tfk tkmf`ihicy tkras j`
j` tfk lix. Srjtk tfka j` tfk mfdrt eir dhh tfk tfj`cs tfky
EJ@N J^
drk dssimjdtkn wjtf. [sk d njmtji`dry ir yiur pfi`k ti fkhp yiu. Hjstk` d`n mfkmg.

drtjejmjdh j`tkhhjck`mk (DJ) lktd vkrsji` mfdtlit edmjdh rkmic`jtji`

miaputkr-ck`krdtkn spkkmf miaputkr trd`shdtji` jadck rkmic`jtji` ipkrdtj`c systka (I])
vjrtudh dssjstd`t vijmk dmtjvdtji` vijmk rkmic`jtji` wirgj`c prititypk
tkxt ti spkkmf / spkkmf ti tkxt

Fiak miaputkrs ]adrtpfi`ks Djrpirt skmurjty Dpp nkvkhipak`t ]imjdh aknjd

I] mfdtlit edmjdh rkmic`jtji`

  L  RDJ\ SI\G    Sfjmf jtka eria tfk lix dlivk js `it ykt miaai`hy uskn9 Fiw
Fiw hi`c ni yiu tfj`g jt wjhh lk u`tjh
jt js pdrt ie ndjhy hjek9

  M @iw ci ti pdck 4>4.

4>4. Ni tfk vimdluhdry kxkrmjsks eir 4.<.
>

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

=   C\DAAD\? Euturk pkrekmt d`n euturk mi`tj`uius

  D \kdn tfk sk`tk`mks j` tfk crdaadr
crdaadr lix. Mjrmhk tfk mirrkmt iptji`s ti miaphktk tfk ruhks.

Euturk pkrekmt d`n euturk mi`tj`uius

mi`tj`uius
Ly tfk k`n ie tfk `kxt nkmdnk, mfdtlits wjhh fdvk rkphdmkn fuad`s
rkphdmkn fuad`s j` mdhh mk`tkrs.
Sk‚hh
Sk‚hh lk fdvj`c mi`vkrsdtji`s
fdvj`c mi`vkrsdtji`s wjtf miaputkrs d`n `it kvk` g`iw jt9

4 [sk tfk euturk pkrekmt

pkrekm t d`n tfk euturk mi`tj`uius ti …
  d nksmrjlk sjtudtji`s j` tfk euturk.
  l adgk succkstji`s eir tfj`cs ti ni j` tfk euturk.
< [sk wjhh  +
 + fdvk
fdvk +
 + pdst pdrtjmjphk (euturk pkrekmt) ti tdhg dliut …
  d dmtji`s tfdt wjhh lk j` pricrkss dt d cjvk` tjak j` tfk euturk.
  l dmtji`s tfdt wjhh lk miaphktkn lkeirk d cjvk` tjak j` tfk euturk.
= [sk wjhh  +
 + lk
lk + -j`c (euturk
 + vkrl + -j`c (euturk mi`tj`uius) ti tdhg dliut …
  d dmtji`s tfdt wjhh lk j` pricrkss dt d cjvk` tjak j` tfk euturk.
  l dmtji`s tfdt wjhh lk miaphktkn lkeirk d cjvk` tjak j` tfk euturk.

  L @iw ci ti pdck 4<:.

4<:. Hiig dt tfk crdaadr mfdrt d`n ni tfk crdaadr kxkrmjsk eir 4.<.
   M RDJ\ SI\G    Zi
Ziu
u drk cij`c dwdy tfjs wkkgk`n
wkkgk`n ti d` u`edajhjdr himdtji`. D erjk`n dsgs yiu d hit ie qukstji`s
dliut yiur trjp. [sk tfk priapts ti wrjtk tfk qukstji`s j` kjtfkr tfk euturk pkrekmt ir tfk euturk mi`tj`uius,
d`n mfkmg yiur dmmurdmy. Miapdrk wjtf d pdrt`kr.
4 d Fiw / trdvkh / tfkrk 9
  Fiw wjhh yiu lk trdvkhj`c tfkrk9 DMM[\DMZ MFKMG 
  l Sfi / akkt / tfkrk 9 \kakalkr `it ti mfd`ck tfk eira ie
  m Sfdt dmtjvjtjks / ni 9 lk j` euturk mi`tj`uius.
Jt‚hh js rdj`j`c ly tfk tjak wk ckt tfkrk. ✓
 ✓
< d Ly tfk tjak tfk wkkgk`n js ivkr, wfi / spkdg ti 9
Jt‚hh lk rdj`j`c ly tfk tjak wk ckt tfkrk. 
tfkrk. ✝
  l Sfdt / skk 9
  m Sfdt / ni 9

  N RDJ\ SI\G    D`swkr tfk qukstji`s j` kxkrmjsk =M

=M d`n mrkdtk d stiry
stiry dliut yiur wkkgk`n trjp ti tkhh
tkhh yiur
pdrt`kr. ]fdrk yiur stirjks wjtf d`itfkr pdjr ie stunk`ts.

>   ]RKDGJ@C
  D C\I[R SI\G    Adgk d hjst ie tk` admfj`ks d`n cdnckts yiu fdvk
fdvk j` yiur fiak rjcft `iw. Fiw niks kdmf i`k
fkhp yiu ir adgk hjek kdsjkr9 Sfjmf ie tfka ni yiu tfj`g yiu‚hh stjhh lk usj`c tk` ykdrs eria `iw9 Sjhh yiu lk
ipkrdtj`c tfka, ir wjhh tfky nkpk`n
nkpk `n i` DJ9 Eir jnkds, wdtmf Krjm‚s vjnki.

 K V R K \ ^ 
 ] R KD G K \
Fiw sjajhdr drk yiur
 prknjmtji`s ti Krjm‚s9 
s9 

  L Sfdt irnj`dry tdsgs ir miaai` nkvjmks tindy wjhh

fdvk lkk` rkphdmkn ly DJ ly tfk ykdr <2;29

J tfj`g edmjdh-rkmic`jtji`
edmjdh-rkmic`jtji` tkmf`ihicy
 tkmf`ihicy wjhh fdvk
rkphdmkn fiusk
rkphdmkn  fiusk d`n mdr gkys hi`c lkeirk <2;2!

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

4.=
HK]]I@ ILOKM^JUK
J CK^ SFD^ ZI[‚\K ▢   dmg`iwhknck drcuak`ts d`n
pripisk miu`tkrdrcuak`ts
]DZJ@C …

4   HJ]^K@J@C
>?42 pa
  D \kdn tfk tkxt akssdck kxmfd`ck. Sfdt js tfk
@kw Akssdck
rkhdtji`sfjp lktwkk` tfk twi tkxtkrs9 Sfy ni yiu
tfj`g tfdt9

  L 4.25 HJ]^K@ EI\ D^^J^[NK Hjstk` ti d Zkdf, lut niks`‚t miigj`c tdgk d
mi`vkrsdtji` lktwkk` twi erjk`ns, Okee d`n Nd`j. mrdzy daiu`t ie tjak d`n keeirt9
Sfdt niks Okee tfj`g ie Nd`j‚s `kw dpp9
@it rkdhhy. Cij`c ti tfk
  M 4.25 HJ]^K@ EI\ ADJ@ RIJ@^] Hjstk` dcdj` d`n
stirk tdgks hi`ckr!
tdgk `itks i` tfk pisjtjvk d`n `kcdtjvk pij`ts
 tfky adgk dliut mfdtlits. Miapdrk d`swkrs wjtf
J md`‚t stip tfj`gj`c dliut jmk
d pdrt`kr.
mrkda. Mfimihdtk adylk.
Risjtjvk?

J‚n ci eir strdwlkrry.

@kcdtjvk?
Sfdt9 J tfiucft vd`jhhd wjtf

N RDJ\ SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH

M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Hiig ldmg dt mfimihdtk sprj`ghks wds yiur edvirjtk.
kxkrmjsk 4D. Drk yiu surprjskn tfdt tfjs js dmtudhhy
dm tudhhy d
mfdtlit mi`vkrsdtji`9 Ni yiu tfj`g miaputkrs wjhh Aist ndys.
kvkr lk dlhk ti u`nkrstd`n
u`nkr std`n d`n nkvkhip kaitji`s9
Sfy ir wfy `it9 ]ucdr mrdvj`cs drk tfk wirst.

<   R\I@[@MJD^JI@? Hjstk`j`c eir J fdvk sdht mrdvj`cs.

mi`trdstjvk strkss
4.23 Crkdt. @iw J wd`t pitdti mfjps!
  D RDJ\ SI\G    Hjstk`. Rdy
Rdy dttk`tji` ti tfk
u`nkrhj`kn wirns. Sfy drk tfky strksskn9
strkssk n9
Okee   Lut jt hiigs hjgk d mi`vkrsdtji` wjtf d erjk`n.
Nd`j   Skhh, ykdf, tfdt‚s tfk pij`t. Jt‚s
Nd`j Jt‚s d vjrtudh erjk`n. ]k`n
Okee   Ziu akd` d vjrtudh dssjstd`t9

  L 4.26 [`nkrhj`k tfk wirns tfdt fdvk mi`trdstjvk

strkss. Hjstk` d`n mfkmg. Rrdmtjmk sdyj`c tfk
sk`tk`mks wjtf yiur pdrt`kr. Eimus i` wirn strkss.
4 Ziu fdvk
fdvk yiur iw`, pkrsi`dh
pk rsi`dh tdhgj`c admfj`k ” d hkdr`j`c admfj`k!
< J akd`, wfy njn tfky nksjc` jt9 Sfi njn tfky nksjc` jt eir9
= Ziu md`‚t dhwdys
dhwdys lk tfkrk eir ak, lut ay lit md`.
> Ziu‚rk
rk stdrtj`c ti tdhg dliut tfjs lit
l it ds je jt wkrk d rkdh pkrsi`.
p krsi`.

  M Mjrmhk tfk mirrkmt wirns ti miaphktk tfk sk`tk`mk.

Sfk` wk wd`t ti mhdrjey ir mirrkmt
mirrkm t wfdt fds lkk` sdjn, wk ietk` kapfdsjzk
4
tfk wirn wjtf tfk `kw  /  j`eiradtji` d`n usk d <hiwkr
 / ihn  j`eiradtji` hiwkr / fjcfkr  pjtmf.
 / fjcfkr  pjtmf.

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

=   ]RKDGJ@C ]GJHH]
  D 4.25 Hjstk` ti Okee d`n Nd`j‚s mi`vkrsdtji` dcdj`. Mfkmg (✝) tfk kxprkssji`s j` tfk mfdrt tfdt tfky usk.

Dmg`iwhkncj`c
Dmg`iwhkncj`c drcuak`ts d`n pripisj`c miu`tkrdrcuak`ts
miu`tkrdrcuak`ts
  4 J md` skk
skk  fiw
fiw tfdt
 tfdt ajcft lk j`tkrkstj`c, lut …
  < J u`nkrstd`n 
u`nkrstd`n wfdt yiu‚rk sdyj`c,
sdyj`c, lut J stjhh ni`‚t ckt jt.
  = Jt‚s d vdhjn pij`t
pij`t,, … lut mi`sjnkr tfk itfkr sjnk.
sj nk.
 
> Ziu fdvk d ciin pij`t tfkrk.
  ; J ckt wfkrk yiu‚rk
yiu‚rk miaj`c eriaeria,, lut …
  5 J fdn`‚t rkdhhy tfiucft ie jt hjgk tfdt.
tfdt. J cukss yiu‚rk rjcft.
  3 J cukss si
si,, lut J‚a stjhh `it mi`vj`mkn.
   6 Ziu miuhn hiig dt jt tfdt wdy
wdy,, lut tfdt niks`‚t akd` …

  L Hiig dt tfk kxprkssji`s j` tfk mfdrt. Sfy niks tfk spkdgkr sdy tfk lihn wirns9 Sfdt purpisk ni
tfky skrvk9 Sfdt wirn js uskn ti j`trinumk d miu`tkrdrcuak`t9

  M C\I[R SI\G    I`k stunk`t rkdns tfk stdtkak`t. ^fk pkrsi` ti tfkjr hket dmg`iwhkncks jt d`n
ieekrs d miu`tkrdrcuak`t. ^fk `kxt pkrsi` ti tfk hket rkspi`ns, ktm. Mfd`ck rihks d`n stdrt dcdj`.
[sk njeekrk`t pfrdsks.
]tdtkak`t? J J ni`‚t tfj`g admfj`ks wjhh kvkr lk airk j`tkhhjck`t tfd` fuad` lkj`cs.
]tdtkak`t?

J fkdr wfdt yiu‚rk sdyj`c, lut J tfj`g tfky md` lk

lkttkr tfd` us j` siak spkmjejm tdsgs. J ckt wfkrk yiu‚rk miaj`c eria, lut …

>   R\I@[@MJ
R\I@ [@MJD
D^JI
^JI@?
@? ]dyj`c kxprkssji`s ti sfiw d miu`tkrdrcuak`t
miu`tkrdrcuak`t
  D 4.2: Hjstk` ti tfk kxprkssji`s d`n pdy dttk`tji` ti tfk j`ti`dtji`. ^fk` mjrmhk tfk mirrkmt wirns ti
miaphktk tfk sk`tk`mk lkhiw.
J u`nkrstd`n wfdt yiu‚rk sdyj`c, lut J stjhh ni`‚t ckt jt. J g`iw, J g`iw, d`n jt‚s d vdhjn pij`t.
[sk d 4edhh-rjsk
edhh-rjsk /
 / edhhj`c  j`ti`dtji` ti sfiw yiu qukstji` tfk itfkr spkdgkr‚s drcuak`t d`n d <edhh-rjsk
 edhhj`c j`ti`dtji` edhh-rjsk /  edhhj`c  
 / edhhj`c
j`ti`dtji` ti sdy wfdt yiu tfj`g js truk.

  L 4.42 Hjstk` ti tfk kxprkssji`s. Mfkmg (✝) tfk i`ks wfkrk j`ti`dtji` succksts tfdt tfk spkdgkr js cij`c ti
j`trinumk d miu`tkrdrcuak`t.
  4  J cukss si   >  ^fdt ady lk truk
truk
  <  J ckt wfkrk yiu‚rk
yiu‚rk miaj`c
miaj`c eria   ;  J md` skk fiw tfdt
tfdt ajcft wirg 
  =  Ziu miuhn hiig dt jt tfdt wdy

  M C\I[R SI\G    Niks tkmf`ihicy dhwdys adgk hjek kdsjkr9

kdsjkr9 Sfy ir wfy `it9 [sk
[sk tfk pfrdsks j` kxkrmjsk >L ti
j`trinumk miu`tkrdrcuak`ts wjtf dppriprjdtk j`ti`dtji` j` yiur njsmussji`.

;   ]RKDGJ@C
  D RDJ\ SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH
M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Mfiisk i`k ie tfk stdtkak`ts d`n drcuk litf sjnks ie jt. Dmg`iwhknck
Dmg` iwhknck yiur
pdrt`kr‚s drcuak`ts d`n pripisk miu`tkrdrcuak`ts.
▢  D ciin erjk`n js dhwdys tfkrk eir yiu.
▢  Sk spk`n edr tii aumf tjak j` eri`t ie smrkk`s.
smrk k`s.
▢   ^rd
 ^rdvkh
vkh lridnk`s tfk aj`n.
  L \kpirt ldmg i` yiur njsmussji`. ]uaadrjzk tfk drcuak`ts yiu wkrk dlhk ti put eirwdrn j` tfk tjak yiu fdn.
f dn.

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

4.>
HK]]I@ ILOKM^JUK
\ILI^JM] ^I ▢   wrjtk d` kssdy dliut DJ j` iur
fiaks
^FK \K]M[K

4   \KDNJ@C
 D L M

  D R\KNJM^ MI@^K@^ E\IA RJM^[\K] Hiig dt tfk pjmturks. Njsmuss fiw rilits ir rilitjms drk lkj`c uskn j` kdmf
sjtudtji` ti fkhp fuad`s. \kdn tfk drtjmhk. Adtmf tfk pjmturks ti tfk mirrkmt skmtji`s.

\ILI^]
\ILI^] D@N F[AD@]
F[AD@]  SI\GJ@C ^ICK^FK\
fk` wk tfj`g ie rilits, wk
ietk` tfj`g ie aivjks wfkrk
S
fuad`s fdvk hist mi`trih d`n rilits
fdvk tdgk` ivkr. Lut j` rkdhjty, jt
js`‚t ‘us dcdj`st tfka.‑ \ilits drk
fkhpadtks j` tfk wirgphdmk ” airk
\<N< tfd` rkphjmd`t!
Hi`c-njstd`mk ipkrdtji`s 
ipkrdtji`s  ie ad`uedmturj`c wirgkrs drk j`ourkn
Eir mk`turjks, tfk aj`j`c j`nustry fds
lkk` nd`ckrius wirg. Airk hjvks drk
hist d`n airk wirgkrs drk j`ourkn tfd`
j` d`y itfkr prjvdtk j`nustry. ^fdt‚s wfy
k`cj`kkrs drk wirgj`c wjtf rilits ti
adgk aj`j`c sdekr. ^fky‚rk lrj`cj`c tfk
aj`krs up ti tfk suredmk d`n sk`nj`c
admfj`ks u`nkrcriu`n. ^fk fipk js tfdt
tfk nkdtf tihh wjhh fdvk lkk` rknumkn ti
trumgs, dutiadtkn nrjhhj`c admfj`ks,
d`n miaphkx hicjstjmdh pricrdas md` dhh lk
ru` eria d njstd`mk wjtf aj`jadh fuad`
j`tkrvk`tji` i` tfk criu`n d`n `i rjsg ie
j`oury ir nkdtf.
^fky‚vk cit iur ldmgs 
ldmgs  sujts fdvk j`mrkdskn prinumtjvjty ly 6;%.
J` tfk [`jtkn ]tdtks, tk`s ie tfiusd`ns
kvkry ykdr. ^fky ietk` pkreira tfk sdak
pfysjmdh tdsgs ivkr d`n ivkr, wfjmf mdusks
strdj` ti ldmg, `kmg, d`n g`kk ausmhks
d`n md` hkdn ti pkrad`k`t njsdljhjtjks.
Ajhhji`s ie ndys ie wirg drk hist kvkry ykdr
lkmdusk ie j`ourjks. Lut rilits ” ir airk
prkmjskhy, rilitjms ” drk fkhpj`c rknumk
tfksk ejcurks.
Kxisujts, ir rilitjm vksts, drk lkj`c
d`n tdgks dhh tfk wkjcft d`n strdj` ie tfk
ad`udh wirg. Kxisujts dhhiw pkiphk ti
wirg airk miaeirtdlhy, wfjmf akd`s
tfky tdgk ekwkr lrkdgs d`n adgk ekwkr
ajstdgks. I`k miapd`y kstjadtks tfdt tfk
D fkhpj`c fd`n 
fd`n 
 ^fk skrvjmk
skrv jmk j`nustry js j`trinumj`c rilits
ti privjnk, jri`jmdhhy, airk pkrsi`dhjzkn
skrvjmk. J` siak fitkhs j` Odpd`, d rilit
fkhps iut dt rkmkptji`. Jt crkkts cuksts
d`n md` trd`shdtk rkquksts j` d `ualkr ie
njeekrk`t hd`cudcks. Jt cujnks cuksts ti
tfkjr riia d`n nkhjvkrs akssdcks, hkdvj`c
fuad` mhkrgs erkk ti nkdh wjtf airk
miaphkx trd`sdmtji`s.
J` tfk `kxt 42 ti <2 ykdrs, dutiadtji`

zkri j` <2 ykdrs. dniptkn

D crkdt kxdaphk ie tfjs keeirt js j` tfk
skdrj`c fkdt d`n nust ie tfk rkn nkskrt
ie wkstkr` Dustrdhjd. Fkrk, rilitjms,
DJ, d`n sdtkhhjtk tkmf`ihicy mialj`k
ti dhhiw k`cj`kkrs ti mi`trih aj`j`c
ipkrdtji`s eria tfk miaeirt ie d` ieejmk
j` Rkrtf ” 3;2 ajhks dwdy. Nrjvkrhkss
rkpktjtjvkeir oilsJ`tfdt
wirg. mdrj`mhunk fkdvy,
ad`uedmturj`c j`
tfknd`ckrius oils wjhh
`ira. K xisujts wjhhfdvk
fdvklkmiak
lkmiak
phd`ts, eir kxdaphk, kxisujts ck`thy miaai` i` tfk edmtiry ehiir, `i i`k
suppirt tfk `kmgs, ldmgs, d`n sfiuhnkrs wjhh lk hket wdjtj`c dt d fitkh rkmkptji`
ie wirgkrs ds tfky rkdmf up j`ti tfk nksg, d`n ad`uedmturj`c wirgkrs wjhh
k`cj`ks ie mdrs i` tfk prinumtji` hj`k `kvkr dcdj` miaphdj` ie d ldn ldmg!
ivkrfkdn. Sdtmfj`c tfk sujt j` dmtji` js
truhy dadzj`c. Jt aivks wjtf tfk wkdrkr

  L \KDN EI\ NK^DJH \kdn tfk drtjmhk dcdj`. Sfdt drk tfk
tf k tfrkk adj` wdys
tfdt rilits drk uskn9 Sfdt gj`n ie tkmf`ihicy niks kdmf i`k rkqujrk9 J@]JNK\ K@CHJ]F
  M \KDN EI\ D^^J^[NK ^fk knjtir ie tfjs drtjmhk wd`ts d `kw tjthk tfdt J‚vk cit yiur ldmg. 1 J‚a rkdny d`n
j`trinumks tfk adj` tipjm, nrdws j` rkdnkrs,
rkdnkr s, d`n dhsi j`njmdtks tfk wjhhj`c ti fkhp ir nkek`n yiu.
wrjtkr‚s dttjtunk (sgkptjmdh, iptjajstjm, `kutrdh). ]fdrk yiur jnkds wjtf

tfk mhdss. Mfiisk tfk lkst tjthk.

  N C\I[R SI\G    ^FJ@G M\J^JMDHH
M\J^JM DHHZ
Z Md` yiu tfj`g wfdt tfk njsdnvd`tdcks ajcft lk eir kdmf usk9 Fiw ni yiu
tfj`g tfk drtjmhk ajcft prksk`t tfk tipjm njeekrk`thy je jt wkrk wrjttk` ly d akalkr ie d hdlir u`ji`9
6

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`

<   S\J^J@C
  D \kdn tfk kssdy. Sfjmf stdtkak`t js jt rkspi`nj`c ti9 Fiw ni yiu g`iw9
\ilits drk stkdhj`c iur oils. \ilits wjhh adgk wirgphdmks sdekr. \ilits wjhh kvk`tudh
kvk`tudhhy
hy ni mrkdtjvk wirg.
 Dutiadtji` js j`kvjtdlhy cij`c ti lk d ekdturk ie aist wirgphdmks. Admfj`ks drk j`mrkdsj`chy td gj`c ivkr
Dutiadtji`
nd`ckrius oils j` j`nustrjks sumf ds aj`j`c
ds aj`j`c d`n hiccj`c. ^fky‚rk
^fky‚rk dhrkdny adgj`c
ad gj`c oils kdsjkr j` j`nustrjks
ad`ud h hdlir, `dakhy
tfdt rkqujrk d hit ie ad`udh `dakhy ad`uedmturj`c
 ad`uedmturj`c d`n edraj`c. ^fky drk dhsi stdrtj`c ti dppkdr j`
tfk skrvjmk j`nustry, fkhpj`c kaphiykks
kaphiykks nkdh wjtf mustiakrs j`, eir j`std`mk,
j`std`mk, fitkhs d`n djrpirts.
\jcft `iw,
`iw, dutiadtji` ekkhs ciin, fkhpeuh. Lut admfj`ks drk aivj`c eria e ria dssjstj`c fuad`s ti rkphdmj`c
tfka. ^dgk
^dgk,, eir kxdaphk,
kxdaphk, oils tfdt mi`sjst ie rkpktjtjvk, fkdvy tdsgs ” hidnj`c trumgs, stimgj`c sfkhv
sfkhvks
ks
j` stirks, wdjtj`c tdlhks j` rkstdurd`ts,
rkstdurd `ts, oust .
 oust ti `dak d ekw.
ekw Sfdt wjhh fuad` wirgkrs ni wfk` admfj`ks
tdgk ivkr dhh tfisk
t fisk oils9
Iptjajsts sdy tfdt `kw oils wjhh rkphdmk tfksk ihn oils, tfdt admfj`ks wjhh `kvkr lk ds mrkdtjvk d`n
j``ivdtjvkk ds pkiphk, d`n tfdt tfk fuad` tiumf md``it lk rkphdmkn. J‚a
j``ivdtjv J‚a `it mi`vj`mkn. J skk tfk criwtf
c riwtf ie
dutiadtji` ds d njrkmt tfrkdt ti kaphi
kaphiyak`t.
yak`t. Sk sfiuhn prkpdrk iurskhvks ti edmk d wirhn wjtfiut wirg.
wirg.

  L KVKARHJEZ D\C[AK@^] Hiig dt fiw tfk lihn kxprkssji`s j` tfk kssdy drk

uskn ti rkekr ti kxdaphks. ^fk` wrjtk sk`tk`mks usj`c tfk priapts lkhiw. \KCJ]^K\ MFKMG 
[sk d njeekrk`t kxprkssji` kdmf tjak.
J` j`eiradh wrjtj`c d`n
4 rilits / nd`ckrius tdsgs / wirgj`c u`nkrcriu`n spkdgj`c, hjgk md` dhsi
  \ilits wjhh lk dlhk ti tdgk ivkr nd`ckrius tdsgs sumf ds wirgj`c u`nkrcriu`n. j`trinumk kxdaphks.
< kxisujts / njeekrk`t skttj`cs / mdr ad`uedmturj`c d`n fdrnwdrk stirks J usk ay vjrtudh dssjstd`t eir
stuee hjgk rkaj`nkrs, sfippj`c
= rilits / tdsgs / ieekrj`c sjauhtd`kius trd`shdtji` d`n crkktj`c cuksts
hjsts, hiigj`c siaktfj`c up
>  oil hiss / j` gky j`nustrjks
j`nustrjks / mi`strumtji` d`n trd`spirtdtji` i`hj`k, phdyj`c ausjm.

S\J^K J^

  M RHD@ \kdn tfk stdtkak`t lkhiw. Ni yiu dcrkk ir njsdcrkk wjtf jt9 Sfdt kxdaphks md` yiu
tfj`g ie ti suppirt
suppir t yiur ipj`ji`9 Sfdt miu`tkrdrcuak`ts md` yiu jadcj`k9 ^dgk
^dgk `itks.
Drtjejmjdh j`tkhhjck`mk js cij`c ti tdgk ivkr iur fiaks.

  N RDJ\ SI\G    Hiig dcdj` dt tfk kssdy

kssdy j` kxkrmjsk <D
d`n adtmf kdmf pdrdcrdpf wjtf jts eu`mtji`.
Rdrdcrdpf 4? d  Rrksk`t
Rrksk`t drcuak`t(s)
drcuak`t s)
Rdrdcrdpf <? l  ]tdtk d pkrsi`dh ipj`ji`
Rdrdcrdpf =? m  Nksmrjlk tfk murrk`t sjtudtji`

  Ircd`jzk tfk jnkds eria yiur `itks j` tfk sdak wdy. ^fk` wirg
ticktfkr ti wrjtk d tfrkk-pdrdcrdpf kssdy j` dliut <22 wirns.

  K C\I[R SI\G    J` sadhh criups,

criups, rkdn kdmf itfkr‚s
itfkr‚s kssdys.
Sfdt drk siak ie tfk aist j`tkrkstj`c kxdaphks
k xdaphks
pkiphk uskn9 Sfjmf kxdaphks ni yiu tfj`g
drk tfk aist keekmtjvk j` suppirtj`c tfkjr
drcuak`t9 Sfy9

© j` tfjs wkl skrvjmk Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss  www.mdalrjnck.irc

 

Mdalrjnck [`jvkrsjty Rrkss

:36-4-426->2;=;-; „ Kvihvk Hkvkh 5 ]tunk`t's Liig 
Hj`nsdy Mhd`nejkhn , Lk` Cihnstkj` , Mkrj Oi`ks , Rfjhjp Gkrr
Kxmkrpt
Airk J`eiradtji`