BUILDING TECH - 2023

CONCRETE – composite material, consists of binding medium, combination of fine & coarse
aggregate. Invented by ROMANS (“Pozzolana” – Quicklime, Water, Sand, Gravel)
Cement (Portland / Hydraulic)
Fine Aggregate (Sand)
Coarse Aggregate (Gravel)
Water (Potable)
Reinforcement (Steel)
Admixture (Optional; Special Treatment)

BINDER – Cementing Material, reactive siliceous material to hydrated cement,

such as asphalt, resins, etc.
AGGREGATE – Granular Material; such as Sand, Gravel, Crushed Stone, etc.
Lightweight aggregates occupies 60–70% of the volume of concrete
GRADING – Distribution of particle sizes present in an aggregate (ASTM C 136)
REINFORCED CONCRETE – with Pre-stressing tendons or Non-Prestressed Reinforcement
PLAIN CONCRETE – Structural Conc. w/ no (or less) reinforcements. Also concrete w/ no
admixture/special treatment
HYDRAULIC CEMENT – cement that sets & hardens by chemical interaction w/ Water
Incapable underwater (example: Portland Cement & Ground Granulated Blast–Furnace Slag)
PORTLAND CEMENT – Hydraulic Cement made of Pulverized Portland-Cement Clinker,
combination w/ Calcium Sulfate
(5) Portland Cement Types
Type I – Gen. Purpose – for most purposes of Const’n

Type II – Moderate Sulfate Resistance – in contact w/ water w/ Sulfate present

Type III – High Early Strength – where reduced curing is required; fast schedule;
Cold weather, Concrete Repairs, Precast Const’n, etc

Type IV – Low Heat of Hydration –Prevents Cracking; Massive Structures (Dams, Nuclear Plants, etc.)

Type V – Sulfate–Resistant – High Sulfate Concentration; Underwater Struc’l, etc.

JOSEPH ASPDIN, 1824 – Patented artificial cement, named “Portland Cement”

ERNEST L. RANSOME, 1890 – Patented his Deformed Bars made of Twisted Square Bars
SJI– Steel Joist Institute
PNS – Philippine National Standards
AASHTO – American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials
AISC – American Institute of Steel Construction
ACI – American Concrete Institute
ASTM – American Society for Testing & Materials
ASTM C 33 – Specification for Fine & Coarse Aggregate for Concrete
ASTM C 136 – Sieve or Screen Analysis of Fine & Coarse Aggregates
ASTM A992 – Preferred Steel type for Standard Wide–Flange Structural Shapes
T C A – Tile Council of America – Handbook for Ceramic Installation
ANSI A108 / A118 / A136 Series – American Nat’l Standard Spec’n for Ceramic Tile Install’n
PCC – Portland-Cement Concrete

Cement + Water = CEMENT PASTE PH Vernacular: “Puro”

Cement + Water + Sand = CEMENT MORTAR
Cement + Water + Sand + Lime = MASONRY MORTAR
Cement + Water + Sand + Coarse Aggregate = CONCRETE

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023
BLENDED CEMENTS (ACI 595)
Req. Less energy to manufacture; made w/ By-Product Mat’ls
a) Fly Ash – from Coal Plants; material from combustion of ground or powdered coal; Strengthens concrete,
long-term
b) (GGBFS) Ground Granulated Blast–Furnace Slag – from Steel Plants; Same elements of Portland cement
but w/ different proportions
c) Portland –Pozzolan Cement
d) Pozzolan –Modified Portland Cement
e) Slag Cement
f) Slag – Modified Portland

EXPANSIVE CEMENT – increases in volume after setting; used in post-tensioning

WHITE CEMENT – low iron content; non-structural
WATER-REPELLENT CEMENT- used on structures that are subjected to hydrostatic pressure.
BULK DENSITY – replaces term of “unit weight”
SPECIFIC GRAVITY – aggregate mass / water volume. Also known as “Relative Density”
PYCNOMETER – vessel for determination of specific gravity of liquid or solids.
GRADING – “sieve analysis”
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
NORMAL-WEIGHT AGGREGATES – have specific gravities between 2.0 & 3.0.

BOULDERS Larger than 6 inches

COBBLES 6 to 3 inchers

COARSE AGGREGATE 3 inches to No. 4 sieve

FINE AGGREGATE No. 3 Sieve to No. 200 sieve

MINERAL FILLER Material passing No. 200 sieve

HEAVYWEIGHT AGGREGATES

MAGNETITE Specific gravity of 4.3

BARITE Specific gravity of 4.2

LIMONITE Specific gravity of 3.8

FERROPHOSPORUS Specific gravity of 6.3

STEEL SHOT or PUNCHINGS Specific gravity of 7.6

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES are divided into Structural and Nonstructural

MANUFACTURED STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES -
Expanded, Shale, Slate, Blast-furnace Slag
NATURAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
Scoria, Pumice
NON-STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES
Vermiculite, Perlit

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023
CONCRETE MIXTURE
PROPORTIONING CONCRETE - Workability, Durability, Strength Criterias
WORKABILITY – slump test
DURABILITY – workmanship
STRENGTH – water/cement ratio

WATER-CEMENT RATIO (w/c) – water/cement

SLUMP TEST – using SLUMP CONE to test its workability. H=12”, B=8” dia., T=4”dia.

ADMIXTURES – used in concrete mixture; ACCELERATOR (speed up); RETARDER (slow down)
Types of Admixtures
1. Air–Entraining Admixtures
2. Water–Reducing (Plasticizer) & Set–Controlling Admixture (Type A–G)
3. Corrosion–Inhibiting
4. Shrinkage–Reducing
5. Admixture to Control Alkali–Silica Reactivity
6. Admixtures for Underground Concreting
SUPERPLASTICIZER – high-range water reducing admixture
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT – to resist TENSION
DEFORMED REINFORCING BARS – commonly know as “rebars”

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023
Steel Types:
 S = Billet-Steel (carbon steel)
 W = Low-Alloy Steel
 R = Rail Steel
 A = Axle Steel
BILLET STEEL – square bars at 6” x 6” x 6m to 12m; raw material

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023

*higher grade number = higher tensile strength

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023
PNS 49 – Philippine National Standards for Deformed Bars
ASTM A615 & A706 – American counterpart for rebar standards
UNIT WEIGHT TABLE

MATERIAL THEORITICAL UNIT WEIGHT

Cement Concrete (Plain) 2400 kg/m3
Cement Concrete (Reinforced) (RCC) 2500 kg/m3
Cement 1440 kg/m3
Steel 7850 kg/m3
Water 1000 kg/m3
Wood (type dependent) 300 – 900 kg/m3 ~ 500kg/m3

REBAR DIAMETER / # UNIT WEIGHT

6mm / #6 0.222 kg/m
8mm / #8 0.395 kg/m
10mm / #10 0.617 kg/m
12mm / #12 0.888 kg/m
16mm / #16 1.58 kg/m
20mm / #20 2.47 kg/m
25mm / #25 3.85 kg/m

SPLICE LENGTHS FOR REBARS (SL)

For Tension: (25 x bar size) + 150mm
For Compression: (20 x bar size) + 160mm
Splice Factor or Percentage of Splice = Splice Length / Rebar Length

PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE – requires formwork.

SHEATHING – face of the formwork which is supported by supports.
HORIZONTAL FORMWORKS (FLOORINGS) VERTICAL FORMWORKS (WALLS)
1. Sheathing 1. Sheathing
2. Joist (narrow) / Stringer (wide spaced) 2. Studs (vertical) / Wales (Horizontal)
3. Shores 3. Ties/Brace

CONSTRUCTION JOINT – Dowel (abang)- protruding rebars from cured concrete

HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL FORMWORK – Tunnel Form
CONSOLIDATION – process of de-voiding mixed concrete during placement; usually by:
VIBRATION, CENTRIFUGATION, RODDING, and TAMPING
(counterpart is Segregation)
CURING CONCRETE – purpose is to slow the loss of moisture from the slab and reduce early
carbonation of the surface.
CURING METHODS – Water Curing, Wet Covering, Moisture-Retaining Coverings,
Curing Compounds
CONCRETE CURING – 28 Days (moist-cured)
FORM STRIPPING – removal of formworks from semi-cured concrete
CORE TEST – A Compression Test on a concrete sample cut using a Core Drill

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023
SITECAST CONCRETE 10. FORM SYSTEMS
11. LONGER-SPAN STRUCTURES
1. SLAB ON GRADE
12. ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
2. CONCRETE WALL
3. CONCRETE COLUMN PRECAST CONCRETE
4. ONE-WAY FLOOR/ROOF SYSTEMS
1. PRE-STRESSED STRUCTURAL
5. TWO-WAY FLOOR/ROOF SYSTEMS
ELEMENTS
6. CONCRETE STAIRS
2. MANUFACTURE OF PRECAST
7. SITECAST POST-TENSIONED
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
FRAMING SYSTEMS
3. JOINING PRECAST STRUCTURAL
8. LIFT-SLAB CONSTRUCTION
ELEMENTS
9. TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION

SCREEDING – leveling the top

BULL FLOAT – texture embedder on concrete slab (roads)
SITECAST: SLAB ON GRADE
Joints in Building
CONSTRUCTION JOINT - type of concrete joint that is used when a new section of concrete is
poured adjacent to another concrete section.
CONTRACTION JOINT - a sawed, formed, or tooled groove in a concrete slab that creates a
weakened vertical plane. It regulates the location of the cracking caused by dimensional changes in
the slab.
EXPANSION JOINT - a joint that makes allowance for thermal expansion and contraction of
the parts joined without distortion. Commonly found in bridges.

NON-MOVEMENT JOINTS - Nailed Connections, Mortar Joints, Welds and Bolts

WORKING CONSTRUCTION JOINTS – Shingle Roofing, Bevel Siding, Metal Clips
STRUCTURE/ENCLOSURE JOINTS – Sealants, Isolation Joints
SURFACE DIVIDER JOINTS – Abutment Joints, Control Joints, Expansion Joints
BUILDING SEPARATION JOINTS – Volume Change Joints, Settlement Joints, Seismic Separation

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 BUILDING TECH - 2023

Material Behaviors
CYCLICAL MOTIONS
Shrink when cooler, expand when warmer. Shrink when dry, expand when wet/humid.
STRUCTURAL MOTIONS
Load Deflections
ONE-TIME MOTIONS
Concrete shrinks, Gypsum & Brick expands. Soil depression for new building.
MOTIONS FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Steel expands when it rusts. Cracking concrete. Plastics shrink when exposed to UV/Sunlight.
Suspended Slab – Floor Framing; One Way & Two-Way Solid Slab System
One–Way Slab –Main reinforcement bars runs on one direction (the shorter span);
has supporting transverse reinforcements called Temperature Bars to stabilize
a) Solid Slab System – Monolithic Concrete Structure; “Beam & Slab Method” Spans across
lines of support furnished by walls or beams.
b) Joist System / RIBBED SLAB – has small connectors / joists; Support long spans. Has
Broadened Joist Ends at lower edges; little concrete is "non-working"; the bottom steel is
concentrated in spaced ribs or joists. The thin slab that spans across the top of the joists is
reinforced only by shrinkage-temperature bars.
c) Wide–Module Concrete Joist System – Skip–Joist System. Similar to Ribbed Slab; joists are
farther apart; 4–6 feet
d) Banded Slab
Two–Way Floor System
a) Solid Slab System
b) Waffle Slab – Metal or plastic pans called domes are used as formwork. To eliminate non-
working concrete from the slab, allowing longer spans
c) Flat Slab System– occasionally used for very heavily loaded industrial floors; the slab is
supported by a grid of beams running in both directions over the columns.

i. Flat Plate – has no beam at all.

ii. Drop Panel
iii. Mushroom Capital
ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE
Concrete that is intended as exposed surface as an architectural finish.
Beton brut – exposed concrete finish fresh from form.
PRECAST CONCRETE usually prestressed (long span)
SLABS – Solid Flat Slab; Hollow Core Slab; Single Tee; Double Tee (most preferred,
stable)
BEAMS – Rectangular; L–Shaped; Inverted Tee; “AASHTO” Beam (for bridges,
flyovers)

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