ICAL HEMI NGINEERING FACTS AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Department Editor: Rebekkah Marshall LENGTHS: 1 foot = 0.3048 meters (m) = 30,48 centimeters (em) 1 inch = 2.54 om = 25.4 millimeters (mm) 1 yord = 0.9144 m 1 m= 1 million micrometers (microns) = 1 billion (10°) nanometers 1 angstron = 10:19 meters MASSES: 1 pound mass (lb) = 453.6 grams (g) = 0.4536 kilograms (ka) 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 ounce (avoiedupois) = 1 Ib = 7,000 grains VOLUMES: 1 cu, F(R) = 0.02832 cu. m (m3) = 28.32 lier () = 7.48 US. gol 1m? = 35.31 = 1,000. = 264 US. gol 1 ounce {fivid), U.S. = 29.57 cm3 1 barrel (bbl) = 42 US. gal for petroleum (some industries employ ore” to signify 31.5 gol or other volumes) DENSITIES: LIb/A® = 16.02 kg/m? = 0.01602 g/ems 1 Ib/gal = 119.83 kg/m? =7.48 Ib/fs degrees API = {(141.5/(speciic gravity] - 131.5} 28.359 FLOWRATES: 1 gal/min = 8.02 f/h = 0.227 mi/h 1 bb (42 U.S. gal) /d = 0.16 ma/d TEMPERATURES: °C = (5/9N°F - 32) AC = (5/9)4°F °F = (9/5)°C + 32 A°F = (9/5)4°C K=°C+273.15 R= °F + 459.67 PRESSURES: 1 aimosphere (aim) = 760 millimeters cof mercury (mm Hg) = 147 lb/in? (psi) (01.3 klopascals (kPa) = 0.1013 megapascas (MPa) = 1.013 bor = 33.9 fof water T mm Hg =0.133 kPa 1 pascal = 1 newton per square meter ENERGY, POWER: 1 Btu = 1.055 kilojoules (ki) ‘= 0.000293 kilowatt-hours (kWh) 1 Kilocalorie(keal) = 4.184 kd 1 foot pounder (fib) = 0.00136 kd 1 horsepower-hour (hp-h) = 2.685 megojoules (Mi) V erg = 1 X 107 Joules (J) Thp = 0.746 kW 1 Biu/h = 0.293 wets (W) 1 felby/s = 1.356 W 1J/s= 1 W = 3.42 Btu/h 1 ton of refrigeration = 3.517 kW VISCOSITIES: Dynamic (or absolute): 1 centpoise (P) = 0.001 Pascal-sec- cond (Pas) = 6,72 X 104 lbm/(fills) =0.01 g/(em)(s) 1 (bps? = 689.5 Po-s Kinematic: 1 centistoke (cS}= 1 cP/(1 g/cm®) = 1.08 X 105 f?/s = 106 m2/s 1 ft2/h = 2.58 X 105 m2/s UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS CONCENTRATIONS: 1 part per milion by weight (p 1 Filigram per kilogram (mg/t 11b/US. gol = 119.8 kg/m =1198 g/t 1 1b/US. gol = 7.48 lb/f2 1 Ib-mole/US. gol = 119.8 kg rmoles/m3 THERMAL RELATIONSHIPS: Heat flux: 1 Btu/{hy(f2) = 3.15 W/m? Heat transfer coefficients: 1 Btu/{h)\f2\°F) = 5.67 W/{m2K\K) Thermal conductivities: 1 Btu/(h){fA)(°F) = 1.73 W/mK) Heating values, enthalpies: 1 Btu/Ib = 0.00233 MI/kg 1 Btu/f = 0.0373 MU/m? Heat capacities: 1 Btu/{Ib}(F) = 4.187 ki/kgk) VALUES OF IDEAL-GAS-LAW CONSTANT: 1.987 Btu/(Ib-mole}(*R) 1.987 eolovies/\grmolellK) (0.08206 (U(atm)/(g-molelk) 10.73 (lb/in? absolute)(f)/(Ib- smole}("2) 8.314 (/lg-mole}Kk) REFERENCES 1. Deon, Ja A, “anges Handbook of Choi frye Tah Ed, MGrow i, Now Yor, 1992. 2. de Nevers, Noo, “uid Mechanics oe Cho: Gel Engncers? 2 Ed, McCraw, New Serk 1991 {3.. Himmelblav, David M., “Basic Principles ‘nd Cael in Chemical Engineering lh tc, Price Hal PTR, Uper Sade, NJ 19%6, 4: MeCobe, WL, Sith, ©, ond Horo, Pele “Unt Opertons of Chencl Engineering th x McGraw, Now York, 1985. 5. Perry, RH, and Green, Don, “Pry Chi cal Enprwer’ Hondbook? oi Ed, Meroe Fil, New York, 1984 6 Theodore, Luis, ond Kune, Rober, “Nono- ‘ecinoogy:Enaronmenal lnpleaions and Soo fons” Wiley nerionce, NI 2008,