Features of Microprocessor

CSE 3253-0714
❑ Intel processor: Intel processors are the most popular CPUs for desktops and
laptops in the world. They’re offered in a range of model families, with names
like Core, Xeon, Pentium, and Celeron. They come in multiple generations like
9th, 10th, and 11th, also called Coffee Lake, Comet/Ice Lake, and
Rocket/Tiger Lake.
❑ Some Intel processor-
1. Intel Core processors (2008: Core i-Series, Atom)
2. Intel Xeon processors (2001: Xeon, Itanium)
3. Intel Pentium processors (1993: P5, i586)
4. Intel Celeron processors (1998: Celeron)
 Intel Celeron processors
❑ Intel Celeron processors are a line of desktop and laptop CPUs based on the Pentium
4-core chip. They have less cache memory and reduced speeds, making them a
much more affordable choice for those who stick to browser-based activities and
non-processor-heavy applications.
The first Intel Celeron processor appeared in 1998, with new generations regularly
since then. The newest Celeron processors are the Celeron N4500 and Celeron
N5100, with clock speeds of 1.1 GHz and 1.8 GHz, and burst speeds of 2.8 GHz.

➢ INTEL CELERON PROCESSOR GENERATIONS

❑ Jasper Lake, 2021; Celeron N
❑ Comet Lake, 2019 to 2020; Celeron G5
❑ Tiger Lake (Mobile), 2019 to 2020; Celeron 6305
❑ Coffee Lake, 2018 to 2019; Celeron G4
 Intel Pentium processors
Intel Pentium processors are mid-to-entry level CPUs that deliver high value at
more modest price points than the Core and Xeon processor lines. These chips
manage similar clock speeds to the more robust Core chips, keeping prices down
by not including premium features like Turbo Boost and Hyperthreading. That
means if you’re not running processor-guzzling applications for big data or design,
a Pentium processor can be an excellent choice.

 Intel Pentium processor generations:

-Jasper Lake, 2021; Pentium Silver
-Comet Lake, 2019 to 2020; Pentium Gold
-Tiger Lake (Mobile), 2019 to 2020; Pentium Gold
-Coffee Lake, 2018 to 2019; Pentium Gold
 Intel Xeon processors
Intel Xeon processors are the brand’s line of business CPUs. They have comparable
clock speeds to the Core family of processors. Where they shine is their support for
ECC error-correcting memory, which is a must for critical computing applications,
like financial or scientific computing.
❑ Intel Xeon Processor Generations:
-Cooper Lake, 2020 to 2021; Xeon Gold, Xeon Platinum
-Comet Lake, 2020 to 2021; Xeon W
-Cascade lake, 2019 to 2020; Xeon Platinum,
Xeon Gold, Xeon Silver, Xeon Bronze
-Coffee Lake, 2018 to 2019; Xeon E
 Intel Core processors
Intel Core processors are Intel’s flagship family of CPUs. First released in 2006, they
replaced the popular Pentium line as the standard for high-end processor chips.
They’re available in different models like Core i3, i5, i7, i9, and X, and they bring a new
generation to market every 1 to 2 years.
11TH GENERATION
-2021 Rocket Lake; Core i9-11
-2020 Comet Lake Refresh; Core i7-11, Core i5-11, Core i3-11
10TH GENERATION
-2019 Comet Lake; Core i9-10
-2019 Ice Lake; Core i7-10, Core i5-10, Core i3-10
9TH GENERATION
-2018 Coffee Lake Refresh; Core i9-9, Core i7-9, Core i5-9, Core i3-9
❑ Features of Microprocessor:
➢ Architecture - Microprocessors are available in 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit
architectures. This bit size indicates the size of the data, the processor can
handle and the scope of the memory the processor can address during its
operation.
➢ Parallel Processing-The multicore chip that contains more than one
processor in it, enables parallel processing of independent portions of a task.
Any complex process can be divided into multiple logical parts and each
part can run in a processor controlled by a tool. This tool synchronizes all the
parallel processes along with its data, controls the operations, and finally
reassembles the output of all these processors.
➢ Multiprocessing and Time Sharing - The time is divided into several equal
slices and it is allotted to various processes in a round-robin fashion. As the
available CPU is only one in the system and that CPU will process the allotted
process for that slice of time or till the interrupt occurs whichever is earlier.
 Cost - The most important characteristics of a microprocessor is its low-cost
availability. Because of the widespread use of microprocessors, the volume of
production is very high. That’s why microprocessors chips are available at fairly low
prices.
 Power consumption - Another important feature is its low power consumption. They
are manufactured by Metal-oxide semiconductors which require low power to
operate.
 Versatility - The versatility of a microprocessor results from its stored program. With
the same hardware, it can be configured with many applications which also makes
it flexible.
 Reliability - Another advantage of this device is its extreme reliability. It has been
found that the failure rate of an IC is relatively low at the packaging level.
 Size - The second key feature of the microprocessor is its small size. As the
improvement in fabrication technology, its size does not even exceed a few inches
on any side, even in the packaged form.
❑ Pin Diagram and Description of 8085 Microprocessor: The
signals of this 40 pin IC is grouped into 7 categories, which
are given below:

1. Power supply and clock signals

2. Data bus
3. Address bus
4. Serial I/O ports
5. Control and status signals
6. Interrupts and externally generated signals
7. Direct memory access
1. Power supply and clock signals: In 40 pin configuration, 4
pins are allotted to this particular category.

-VCC: Pin number 40 denotes VCC, and an external

power supply of + 5 V is provided at this pin.
-VSS: Its pin number is 20. This pin shows the grounded
connection of the microprocessor.
-X1 and X2: These are represented by pin number 1 and 2
respectively in the pin configuration. These 2 pins are
connected with a crystal or LC network to maintain the
internal frequency of the clock generator.
-CLK (OUT): It is the 37th pin of the 8085 IC and acts as the
system clock that keeps the record of time duration
required by each operation to get completed.
2. Address bus: A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of
memory/IO address.
3. Data bus: AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address
and data bus.
4. Control and status signals: Three control signals are RD, WR &
ALE.
-RD: It is a signal to control READ operation. When it is low the
selected memory or input-output device is read.
-WR: It is a signal to control WRITE operation. When it goes
low the data on the data bus is written into the selected
memory or I/O location.
-ALE: It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during
first T state of a machine cycle and enables the lower 8-bits
of the address, if its value is1otherwise data bus is activated.
5. Interrupts and Peripheral Initiated Signals:
 The 8085 has five interrupt signals that can be used
to interrupt a program execution.
(i) INTR
(ii) RST 7.5
(iii) RST 6.5
(iv) RST 5.5
(v) TRAP
 The microprocessor acknowledges Interrupt Request
by INTA’ signal. In addition to Interrupts, there are
three externally initiated signals namely RESET, HOLD
and READY. To respond to HOLD request, it has one
signal called HLDA.
 INTR – It is an interrupt request signal.
 INTA’ – It is an interrupt acknowledgement sent by
the microprocessor after INTR is
6. Reset Signals:

- RESET IN’ : When the signal on this pin is

low(0), the program-counter is set to zero,
the buses are tristate and the
microprocessor unit is reset.

- RESET OUT : This signal indicates that the

MPU is being reset. The signal can be
used to reset other devices.
7. DMA Signals:
- HOLD: It indicates that another device is requesting
the use of the address and data bus. Having
received HOLD request the microprocessor
relinquishes the use of the buses as soon as the
current machine cycle is completed. Internal
processing may continue. After the removal of the
HOLD signal the processor regains the bus.
-HLDA: It is a signal which indicates that the hold
request has been received after the removal of a
HOLD request, the HLDA goes low.
8. Serial I/O Ports: Serial transmission in 8085 is
implemented by the two signals-
SID- SID is a data line for serial input.
SOD- SOD is a data line for serial output.