1

APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 22 May 2021)

A. Citing References in the Text

Subsequent
First citation in Subsequent First parenthetical
Type of Citation parenthetical
text citations in text citation in text
citation in text
One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

Walker and Allen Walker and Allen (Walker & Allen, (Walker & Allen,
Two authors
(2004) (2004) 2004) 2004)

Wasserstein et al. Wasserstein et al. (Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et al.,

Three and more authors
(2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)
National Institute of (National Institute of
Groups with abbreviation Mental Health NIMH (2003) Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
(NIMH, 2003) [NIMH], 2003)

University of University of (University of (University of

Groups without abbreviation
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg, 2005) Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government European European (European (European

document Commission (2012) Commission (2012) Commission, 2012) Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or European European (European (European

Government document Commission (2004) Commission (2004) Commission, 2004) Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from

Mental Health Mental Health (Mental Health (Mental Health
other countries treat as Legal
Systems Act (1988) Systems Act (1988) Systems Act, 1988) Systems Act, 1988)
or Government document)

Lessard v. Schmidt Lessard v. Schmidt (Lessard v. Schmidt, (Lessard v. Schmidt,

Cases
(1975) (1975) 1975) 1975)

Treaty/Convention/
Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty of (Treaty of
Pact/Constitution/
(1997) (1997) Amsterdam, 1997) Amsterdam, 1997)
International Agreement
Commission Commission (Commission (Commission
Official Journal of the
Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April
European Union
2002 (2002) 2002 (2002) 2002, 2002) 2002, 2002)

Reference with single page

Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)
number/chapter, etc.

de Haan (2005, pp. de Haan (2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp.
Reference with page range
36-37) 36-37) 36-37) 36-37)

Reference with several Dahl (2006, pp. 105, Dahl (2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
discontinuous pages 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114)

In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works

Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)
from different years

Same author, two works Derryberry and Reed Derryberry and Reed (Derryberry & Reed, (Derryberry & Reed,
from same year (2005a, 2005b) (2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b)

Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)
 2

Newspaper article/
“Prairie farmers “Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers
Newsletter (unknown
reap” (2001) reap” (2001) reap,” 2001) reap,” 2001)
author)
Personal Communication/
J. Robbins (personal (J. Robbins, personal
Interview/Unpublished J. Robbins (interview, (J. Robbins, interview,
communication, communication,
material (phone calls, January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
memos, lecture notes, etc.)
Letters from private
collections (not disclosed to Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953)
the public)

Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without “Psychoanalysis “Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis

author institute,” 1948 institute,” 1948 institute,” 1948) institute,” 1948)

Social Media (Facebook,

Gaiman (2012) Gaiman (2012) (Gaiman, 2012) (Gaiman, 2012)
Twitter)

Dictionary Heuristic (n.d.) Heuristic (n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.)

Davidson and Davidson and (Davidson & Davidson, (Davidson &

Movie
Davidson (1999) Davidson (1999) 1999) Davidson, 1999)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Issue
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown “Ennui or Not Ennui” “Ennui or Not Ennui” (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” (“Ennui or Not
editors) (2012) (2012) 2012) Ennui,” 2012)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Section
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)

The German Federal The German Federal (The German Federal

Full Special Section
(unknown editors)
Secondary source
Title of source (part of a
greater whole): journal
article, book chapter, etc.
Title of source (stand-alone):
journal, book, reports
(The German Federal
Constitutional Constitutional Constitutional Court’s
Constitutional Court’s
Court’s PSPP Court’s PSPP PSPP Judgment,
PSPP Judgment, 2020)
Judgment (2020) Judgment (2012) 2020)
Wright (as cited in Fong’s 2003 study (as (Wright as cited in
(Fong, 2003, as cited
Bragdon, 2013, p. cited in Bertram, Bragdon, 2013, p.
in Bertram, 2009)
223) 2009) 223)
“The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research”
Journal of European Public Policy
The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991
Exceptions:
- Titles of video games
- Titles of surveys (unless this is the title of a book)
- Names of websites

Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes:

1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.
 3
2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they
appear in the reference list:
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…
Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &
Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).
(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]
(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a
semi-colon:
(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of
publication, separated by a comma:
(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless
they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…

Styles can be combined:

(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as
necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to
distinguish between references.

6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the
publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:
In-text citation:
(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)
Entry in references list:
World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations,
regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993)

(Y. G. Chen, 2001)
(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)
 4
Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written
normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text
citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(Laura Green, 2009)
(Lorenzo Green, 2003)
(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized
according to the final list of references.

9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include
an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website
(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the
content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.

10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,
1999, p. 85).
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so
that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or
not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original
research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.

13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.
 structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).
✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g.,
newspaper articles ).

As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…

(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)

15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical
citations

Harris and colleagues (1989)…


B. The Reference List
Type of Reference Format
Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in
sentence case. Journal in Title Case,
Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Attention:
Comma between the journal and the
volume should never be italics. No space
between volume and issue.
The issue number is not compulsory.
If the journal article has an article
number instead of a page range, include
the word “Article” and then the article
number instead of the page range.
Journal articles (but also other types of
references, such as books) can have a
doi or url at the end, but that is not
compulsory.
Journal Article (2-7 Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year).
authors) Title of the article in sentence case.
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Journal Article (more than Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname,
20 authors) C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E.,
Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname,
H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname,
K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M.,
Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname,
P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R.,
Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).
Title of the article in sentence case.
5
Examples
Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.
Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of
“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,
Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.
http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of
professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1,
257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French
universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &
Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.
Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes
as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article
e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049
Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises
and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and
where do we go from here? Media and Communication,
9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the
United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8,
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,
R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.
L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,
Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,
. . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect
mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),
96–100.

Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Attention:
Write only the names of the first 19
authors and the last author. Use space
dot space dot space dot-space instead of
the usual ellipsis.
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Book Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in
sentence case (edition, Volume).
Publisher. doi
Attention:
The edition, volume, and DOI are not
compulsory.
The volume number is not compulsory.
When a book has more than one
publisher separate them with semi-
colons.
In book publishers delete surplus
information like Inc., Co., Lda.
If the publisher is the same as the
author, then omit the publisher name.
Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter
in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of
the book in sentence case (Volume, pp.
firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. doi
The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also
apply
Newspaper Article / Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of
Newsletter (known the article in sentence case. Title of the
author, in paper) Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case,
Firstpage-Lastpage.
6
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den
Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C.,
Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,
McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .
Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty
One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of
Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.
https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide
to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.)
Macmillan.
von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for
academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.
Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on
trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma
and its consequences. American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000
Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special
education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker
& L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States:
A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3,
pp. 53–76). Greenwood.
Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P.
Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory
(pp. 51–61). Routledge.
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of
ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and
mental illness (pp. 517-552). American Psychiatric Press.
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda
(Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Retrieved
from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-
bin/bookhome/117909832
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects
economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1–4.

Attention:
Printed newspapers are sometimes
divided into sections, which are
identified by a letter before the page
number (e.g. A1, B4)
Newspaper Article / Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of
Newsletter (known the article in sentence case. Title of the
author, online) Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case.
www.website.com
Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of
the article in sentence case. Title of the
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage-
Lastpage.
Newspaper Article / Title of the article in sentence case.
Newsletter (unknown (year, month day). Title of the
author) Newspaper in Title Case.
www.website.com
Title of the article in sentence case.
(year, month day). Title of the
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage-
Lastpage.
Report or Working Paper Author. (year). Title of the report in
sentence case (Number of the Report or
Working Paper if available). Publisher if
different to author. www.website.com if
available
Petition Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition
[Petition]. www.website.com
Press Release Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of
the press release in sentence case [Press
Release]. www.website.com
7
Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to
offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young
truly benefit. The Australian, 29.
Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at
home. The Australian Financial Review, 5.
Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at
forgetting? The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-
forgetting-psychology.html
Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of
heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.
https://www.latimes.com
Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester
General to provide sports medicine support to RIT.
Physician Connection Newsletter.
http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcare-
professionals/physican-connection
.
Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August
27). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).
APA Writing Newsletter.
http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf
Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005,
December 28). The Country Today, 1–2.
Economics nudging people away from war. (2017,
December 16). The Age, 33.
Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report
(Working Paper No. 3). Wiley.
Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism
Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016.
https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancing-
tourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967
LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call
for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition].
https://www.citizen.org/wp-
content/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf
American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31).
Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press
release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonest-
individuals.aspx

Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website
article in sentence case. Name of the
Website in Title Case. www.website.com
Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book
review in sentence case [Review of the
book Title of the book in sentence case,
by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage.
Published Thesis or Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in
Dissertation sentence case [Doctoral or Master’s
thesis or dissertation, Name of the
Institution]. Repository.
www.website.com
Unpublished Thesis or Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in
Dissertation sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or
Master’s thesis or dissertation].
University.
Conference paper, Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day).
keynote address, poster Title of paper in sentence case [Type of
presentation, etc. material]. Name of Conference, City,
(unpublished) Country.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In
Proceedings (published as A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable),
a book) Proceedings book title in sentence case
(pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper.
Proceedings (published as Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
a journal issue) Firstpage-Lastpage.
Legal or Government Author. (year). Title of the
document legal/government document
(Number/Code of the document).
Publisher.
Attention: If the publisher is the same as
the author, then omit the publisher
name.
Unpublished Legal or Author. (year). Title of the
Government document legal/government document
(Number/Code of the document).
Unpublished document
Acts (only in USA, Acts Name of Act, Volume Source § section
from other countries treat number (year).
as Legal or Government
document)
Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year).
8
Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on
communication. Social Media Today.
http://socialmediatoday.com
Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling
knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
Psychology, 114, 126–133.
Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral
thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of
Waikato Research Commons.
https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11614.
Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate
recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral
dissertation]. Monash University.
Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a
moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation].
Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual
Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.
Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in
engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends
on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.
Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade
and labor market imperfections in developing countries.
Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic
Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-
com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid=
16285
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training
in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-
1679). US Government.
Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from
the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health
Survey.
European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,
Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on
1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished
document.
Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

Treaty/Convention/ Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if
Pact/Constitution/ Applicable (e.g., volume number volume
International Agreement name page number).
Official Journal of the Title of document. (Year). Official
European Union Journal of the European Union, Series
Issue number.
Republished Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case.
Publisher. (Original work published year)
Unpublished Manuscript Lastname, A. (year the draft was
(not submitted for written). Title of the manuscript in
publication) sentence case. Unpublished manuscript.
Manuscript in Preparation Lastname, A. (year the draft was
written). Title of the manuscript in
sentence case. Manuscript in
preparation.
Manuscript Submitted for Lastname, A. (year the draft was
Publication (not accepted written). Title of the manuscript in
yet) sentence case. Manuscript submitted for
publication.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the
Publication (Article) manuscript in sentence case. Journal in
Title Case.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the
Publication (Working manuscript in sentence case (Number of
Paper/Report) the Report). Publisher.
Manuscript available Lastname, A. (year). Title of the
online first manuscript in sentence case. Journal in
Advance online Title Case. Advance online publication.
publication doi
Attention: If there is no doi number
available, use the url instead
Preprint article (e.g., in
ArXiv)
Archival source with Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the
author material. [Description of material].
Name of collection (call number,
identifier or box/folder/item number).
Name and City of repository.
9
Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.
Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European
Union, the Treaties Establishing the European
Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002
fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official
Journal of the European Union, L 094.
Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete
psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).
Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)
Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social
media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.
Unpublished manuscript.
Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial
resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.
Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis
management: Implications for policymaking and research.
Manuscript submitted for publication.
Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they
see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the
global financial crisis. Political Studies.
Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,
M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working
Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.
Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.
(2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting
skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.
Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240
Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,
S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview
study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs
Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from
Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.
Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).
Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada.
Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M.
Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller
Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA.

Archival source without Title of the material. (year, month day).
author [Description of material]. Name of
collection (call number, identifier or
box/folder/item number). Name and city
and country of repository.
Letters from private Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the
collections (not disclosed Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name.
to the public)
Facebook Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month
day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as
the title in sentence case [Facebook
status update]. www.website.com
Comment on Facebook Author of the comment, A. (Year). First
Post sentence of the comment [Facebook
comment on the Month Day, Year, post
by Author of the Post].
www.website.com
Twitter Author, A. [Twitter handle]. (year,
month day). Tweet (up to the first 20
words) as the title [Tweet]. Twitter.
www.website.com
Brochure, Pamphlet, or Author. (Year). Title of document [Type
Painting of document]. Publisher.
Data set Author. (Year). Title of document [Data
set]. Website. www.website.com
Attention: You can also have a doi
number instead of the website
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter
Encyclopedia (online with in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of
10
Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified
newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,
Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of
Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette
University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948,
September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH
newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author.
Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in
possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate
Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer
out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had
a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks
or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741
85041016
Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax
connections were suspended almost for more than three
months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post
by N Rigzin].
https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe
rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007
43547
Gates, B. [BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99%
eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish
the job and #EndPolio. VIDEO: http://b-gat.es/X75Lvy
[Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566579
2
Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007). Diabetes
and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian Opthalmological
Association.
Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving water in
Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the Environment.
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Museum of
Modern Art.
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I.,
Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset
v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19
O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate
psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].
ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1
Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E.
Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
 11

author) the book in sentence case. https://plato.stanford.edu

www.website.com

Dictionary or Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in
Encyclopedia (online sentence case. www.website.com
without author)
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter
Encyclopedia (print) in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of
the book in sentence case (pp. firstpage-
lastpage). City: Publisher.
PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document
[Powerpoint presentation].
www.website.com
Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood
induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.
667). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint
presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams

Attention: If the presenter is the only

source for the Powerpoint presentation,
cite as a personal communication
(meaning that there will only be An in-
text citation, and it is not included in the
reference list
Television broadcast or Author, A. (Producer). (Date of Smith, K. G. (Producer). (1999, September 19). Every day
Television series Broadcast). Program [Program type]. News [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting.
Production Company. Engel, R. (Producer). (2004). Oliver [TV series episode]. KLC.
Single episode from Script Writer, A. (Writer), Director, A. Egan, D. (Writer), Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to
television series (Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode]. In
the episode in sentence case (Season D. Shore (Executive producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.
Number, Episode Number) [TV series
episode]. In A. Producer (Executive
producer), Title of the television series in
sentence case. Production Company.

Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).
(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. USA:
picture [Motion picture]. Production Davidson Films.
Company.

Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (year). Title Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout
of the article in sentence case. Journal in and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.
Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), Firstpage-
Lastpage.
Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan
(year). Title of the special issue in Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).
sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in
Title Case. Volume(Issue).

Attention: in case of issues published by

Cogitatio, use Thematic issue instead of
Special issue
Full Special Issue Title of the special issue in sentence case Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special
(unknown editors) [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3).
Volume(Issue).
 12

Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:
(year). Title of the special section in Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International
sentence case [Special section]. Journal Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.
in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage–
Lastpage.
Full Special Section Title of the special section in sentence The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment
(unknown editors) case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. [Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–
Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. 1127.
Speech You do not reference the speech itself, Example: Martin Luther King’s speech
but rather the source you found the
Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation
speech in (for example, a book, video
will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”
recording, orwww.website).
(Smith, 2009).
The in-text citation includes the
surname of the author (or editor) of the Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in
source document and the year of American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.
publication (not the speaker’s name or
the year of the speech). The reference
list includes all information appropriate
for the source.
Software or Video Game Author. (Year). Title of Software Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator
[Computer software]. Location: [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.
Company.
Title of Video Game [Video game]. Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).
(Year). Location: Company. Bethesda: Bethesda Softworks.

Attention: if the Software or Video

Game does not have an author, use the
second version.
YouTube Video Author. (year, month day). Title of video
[Video]. http://xxxxx
Attention: if the user’s real name is not
available, include only the screen name.
Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on
Video Tape 14 [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance
camera [Video].
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature
=related

Personal Communication/ Do not include in the reference list

Interview/Bible passages/
Unpublished material
(phone calls, memos,
lecture notes, etc.)

Important Notes:

Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

During, J. (2005).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013).
Scott, A. J. (2012).
 13

If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial.
Johnson, A. (2004).
Johnson, I. (2002).

If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first.
Escalas, J. (n.d.).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Escalas, J. (2014).
Escalas, J. (in press).

If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the
title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…

Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing…

Johnson, I. (in press-b). United…

If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than
one author.
Johnson, I. (2004).
Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).

If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use the
third, and so forth.
Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001).
Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).

Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in
square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:
Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)
Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1

Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).
Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R.
Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.

After colon (:) and em-dash (—) always use uppercase.

Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15.
Conducting research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. London: Sage.

Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of the
name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a full
stop at the end of the name of the organization.
European Association for International Education. (2014).
International Organization for Migration. (2018).

The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name (usually,
Dutch names with lower case, Belgian/Flemish names with upper case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional page.

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015).

 14
De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015).
von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008).

When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:
newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases,…) use the letters a,b,c,… to distinguish the different works. In the in-text citation
use only the year, do not add the month and day.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kroměříž.
V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.

As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)…

Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so the title needs to be transliterated:

 Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers].
廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.
✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers
and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.

An English translation for all references that are not in English must be provided within square brackets after the original and
without any italics (exception: do not translate journal and newspaper names).

Le Heuzey, M.-F. (2012). Les réseaux sociaux, les enfants et le pédiatre [Social media, children and pediatricians]. Archives de
Pédiatrie, 19, 92-95.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken
[Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Tokyo: Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html
Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.
 15
C. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning Position in a reference Example

ca. Circa Before the year, both in the Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]
(approximately) in-text and in the reference, (Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])
and always inside squared
brackets Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire
safety [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate (with Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying
sentence case) emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict
(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).

doi Digital object At the end of the reference. Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our
identifier understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks
Always use the format
play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.
“https://doi.org/…”
https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets after the Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital
name of the editor. publishing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

ed. Edition Between brackets after the
title of the book. The
brackets can include other
kind of information,
separated by a comma.
Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley &
D. W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings
in cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon.

f./ff. Following pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of
pages pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e., firstpage-
lastpage) instead.

n.d. No date Instead of the year. Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London:
Tower Publishing.

No. Number After the title, between Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy
brackets. and the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.),
Expertise and democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 13-
35). Oslo: University of Oslo.

p./pp. page After the title, between Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The
brackets. REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),
The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law
In in-text citations, after the
and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford: Oxford University
year, separated by a
Press.
comma.

Always include the full

range of page numbers.

para. Paragraph Same as pages (see above). Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new
“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature
and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).

Jr., Sr., II For author, always after
initials, separated by
commas.
For Editors, at the end of
the name
Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in
Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.
Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr.
(Ed.), Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Paris:
Gaxotte Publishing.
 16

Jr., III, or other suffixes are

not included with in-text
citations, only in the
references list.