Professional Documents
Culture Documents
APA Style Guide 7th Ed. 2
APA Style Guide 7th Ed. 2
Subsequent
First citation in Subsequent First parenthetical
Type of Citation parenthetical
text citations in text citation in text
citation in text
One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)
Walker and Allen Walker and Allen (Walker & Allen, (Walker & Allen,
Two authors
(2004) (2004) 2004) 2004)
Treaty/Convention/
Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty of (Treaty of
Pact/Constitution/
(1997) (1997) Amsterdam, 1997) Amsterdam, 1997)
International Agreement
Commission Commission (Commission (Commission
Official Journal of the
Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April
European Union
2002 (2002) 2002 (2002) 2002, 2002) 2002, 2002)
de Haan (2005, pp. de Haan (2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp.
Reference with page range
36-37) 36-37) 36-37) 36-37)
Reference with several Dahl (2006, pp. 105, Dahl (2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
discontinuous pages 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114) 109, 112-114)
In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)
Same author, two works Derryberry and Reed Derryberry and Reed (Derryberry & Reed, (Derryberry & Reed,
from same year (2005a, 2005b) (2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b)
Republished books Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)
2
Newspaper article/
“Prairie farmers “Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers
Newsletter (unknown
reap” (2001) reap” (2001) reap,” 2001) reap,” 2001)
author)
Personal Communication/
J. Robbins (personal (J. Robbins, personal
Interview/Unpublished J. Robbins (interview, (J. Robbins, interview,
communication, communication,
material (phone calls, January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
memos, lecture notes, etc.)
Letters from private
collections (not disclosed to Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953)
the public)
Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956)
Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Issue
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)
Full Special Issue (unknown “Ennui or Not Ennui” “Ennui or Not Ennui” (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” (“Ennui or Not
editors) (2012) (2012) 2012) Ennui,” 2012)
Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Section
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)
Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.
Important Notes:
1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.
3
2. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they
appear in the reference list:
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…
Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &
Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).
(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]
(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]
3. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a
semi-colon:
(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)
4. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of
publication, separated by a comma:
(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)
For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless
they have the same year of publication:
According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…
5. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as
necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:
Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to
distinguish between references.
6. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the
publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:
In-text citation:
(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)
Entry in references list:
World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials after the surname in all in-text citations,
regardless of the year of publication:
8. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text
citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(Laura Green, 2009)
(Lorenzo Green, 2003)
(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)
Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized
according to the final list of references.
9. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include
an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:
News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website
(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the
content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.
10. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,
1999, p. 85).
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)
11. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so
that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.
12. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or
not available in English. The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original
research. Only include the secondary source in the reference list; the original work is merely cited in the text.
13. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.
structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).
✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).
14. Use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full title if it is short) as the author in works without authors (e.g.,
newspaper articles ).
15. An alternative to “et al.” in in-text citations is “and colleagues”, but this alternative can never been used in parenthetical
citations
Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
sentence case. Journal in Title Case, mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.
Volume(Issue), Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of
Attention:
“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
Comma between the journal and the
volume should never be italics. No space Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
between volume and issue. case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,
Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.
The issue number is not compulsory. http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
Journal articles (but also other types of Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French
references, such as books) can have a universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &
doi or url at the end, but that is not Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.
compulsory.
Journal Article (2-7 Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year). Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
authors) Title of the article in sentence case. crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi
Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes
as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article
e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises
and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and
where do we go from here? Media and Communication,
9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the
United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8,
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Journal Article (more than Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname, Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,
20 authors) C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E., R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.
Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname, L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,
H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname, Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,
K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect
Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname, mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),
P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R., 96–100.
Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).
Title of the article in sentence case.
6
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den
Firstpage-Lastpage. doi Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C.,
Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,
Attention: McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .
Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty
Write only the names of the first 19 One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of
authors and the last author. Use space Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.
dot space dot space dot-space instead of https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
the usual ellipsis.
Attention:
von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for
The edition, volume, and DOI are not academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.
compulsory.
Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on
The volume number is not compulsory. trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma
and its consequences. American Psychological Association.
When a book has more than one https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000
publisher separate them with semi-
colons.
Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special
In book publishers delete surplus education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE Publications.
information like Inc., Co., Lda.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and
If the publisher is the same as the statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
author, then omit the publisher name. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker
in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States:
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3,
the book in sentence case (Volume, pp. pp. 53–76). Greenwood.
firstpage-lastpage). Publisher. doi
Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P.
Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory
The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also (pp. 51–61). Routledge.
apply
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of
ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and
mental illness (pp. 517-552). American Psychiatric Press.
Newspaper Article / Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at
Newsletter (known the article in sentence case. Title of the forgetting? The New York Times.
author, online) Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-
www.website.com forgetting-psychology.html
Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of
the article in sentence case. Title of the heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage- https://www.latimes.com
Lastpage.
Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester
General to provide sports medicine support to RIT.
Physician Connection Newsletter.
http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcare-
professionals/physican-connection
.
Newspaper Article / Title of the article in sentence case. Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August
Newsletter (unknown (year, month day). Title of the 27). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com
author) Newspaper in Title Case.
www.website.com
Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).
APA Writing Newsletter.
Title of the article in sentence case. http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf
(year, month day). Title of the
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage-
Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005,
Lastpage.
December 28). The Country Today, 1–2.
Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website Cain, K. (2012). The negative effects of Facebook on
article in sentence case. Name of the communication. Social Media Today.
Website in Title Case. www.website.com http://socialmediatoday.com
Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling
review in sentence case [Review of the knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
book Title of the book in sentence case, development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue), Psychology, 114, 126–133.
Firstpage-Lastpage.
Published Thesis or Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting [Doctoral
Dissertation sentence case [Doctoral or Master’s thesis, The University of Waikato]. The University of
thesis or dissertation, Name of the Waikato Research Commons.
Institution]. Repository. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/11614.
www.website.com
Unpublished Thesis or Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate
Dissertation sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral
Master’s thesis or dissertation]. dissertation]. Monash University.
University.
Conference paper, Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day). Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a
keynote address, poster Title of paper in sentence case [Type of moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation].
presentation, etc. material]. Name of Conference, City, Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual
(unpublished) Country. Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in
Proceedings (published as A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable), engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends
a book) Proceedings book title in sentence case on engineering education (pp. 225-247). WSEAS Press.
(pp. firstpage-lastpage). Publisher.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade
Proceedings (published as Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), and labor market imperfections in developing countries.
a journal issue) Firstpage-Lastpage. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic
Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-
com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid=
16285
Legal or Government Author. (year). Title of the National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training
document legal/government document in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-
(Number/Code of the document). 1679). US Government.
Publisher.
Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from
Attention: If the publisher is the same as the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health
the author, then omit the publisher Survey.
name.
Unpublished Legal or Author. (year). Title of the European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,
Government document legal/government document Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on
(Number/Code of the document). 1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished
Unpublished document document.
Acts (only in USA, Acts Name of Act, Volume Source § section Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
from other countries treat number (year).
as Legal or Government
document)
Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year). Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).
9
Treaty/Convention/ Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.
Pact/Constitution/ Applicable (e.g., volume number volume
International Agreement name page number).
Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European
Union, the Treaties Establishing the European
Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.
Official Journal of the Title of document. (Year). Official Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002
European Union Journal of the European Union, Series fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official
Issue number. Journal of the European Union, L 094.
Republished Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case. Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete
Publisher. (Original work published year) psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).
Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)
Unpublished Manuscript Lastname, A. (year the draft was Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social
(not submitted for written). Title of the manuscript in media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.
publication) sentence case. Unpublished manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.
Manuscript in Preparation Lastname, A. (year the draft was Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial
written). Title of the manuscript in resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.
sentence case. Manuscript in
preparation.
Manuscript Submitted for Lastname, A. (year the draft was Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis
Publication (not accepted written). Title of the manuscript in management: Implications for policymaking and research.
yet) sentence case. Manuscript submitted for Manuscript submitted for publication.
publication.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they
Publication (Article) manuscript in sentence case. Journal in see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the
Title Case. global financial crisis. Political Studies.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,
Publication (Working manuscript in sentence case (Number of M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working
Paper/Report) the Report). Publisher. Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.
Manuscript available Lastname, A. (year). Title of the Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.
online first manuscript in sentence case. Journal in (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting
Advance online Title Case. Advance online publication. skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.
publication doi Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240
Attention: If there is no doi number
available, use the url instead
Preprint article (e.g., in Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,
ArXiv) S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview
study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs
Archival source with Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from
author material. [Description of material]. Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.
Name of collection (call number, Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).
identifier or box/folder/item number). Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Name and City of repository. Canada.
Archival source without Title of the material. (year, month day). Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified
author [Description of material]. Name of newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,
collection (call number, identifier or Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of
box/folder/item number). Name and city Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette
and country of repository. University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Dictionary or Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
Encyclopedia (online sentence case. www.website.com http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
without author)
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood
Encyclopedia (print) in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of 667). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
the book in sentence case (pp. firstpage-
lastpage). City: Publisher.
PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint
[Powerpoint presentation]. presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams
www.website.com
Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).
(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. USA:
picture [Motion picture]. Production Davidson Films.
Company.
Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (year). Title Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout
of the article in sentence case. Journal in and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.
Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), Firstpage-
Lastpage.
Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan
(year). Title of the special issue in Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).
sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in
Title Case. Volume(Issue).
Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:
(year). Title of the special section in Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International
sentence case [Special section]. Journal Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.
in Title Case. Volume(Issue), Firstpage–
Lastpage.
Full Special Section Title of the special section in sentence The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment
(unknown editors) case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case. [Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–
Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. 1127.
Speech You do not reference the speech itself, Example: Martin Luther King’s speech
but rather the source you found the
Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation
speech in (for example, a book, video
will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”
recording, orwww.website).
(Smith, 2009).
The in-text citation includes the
surname of the author (or editor) of the Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in
source document and the year of American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.
publication (not the speaker’s name or
the year of the speech). The reference
list includes all information appropriate
for the source.
Software or Video Game Author. (Year). Title of Software Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator
[Computer software]. Location: [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.
Company.
Title of Video Game [Video game]. Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).
(Year). Location: Company. Bethesda: Bethesda Softworks.
Important Notes:
Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.
If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial.
Johnson, A. (2004).
Johnson, I. (2002).
If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first.
Escalas, J. (n.d.).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Escalas, J. (2014).
Escalas, J. (in press).
If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the
title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…
If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than
one author.
Johnson, I. (2004).
Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).
If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use the
third, and so forth.
Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001).
Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).
Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in
square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:
Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)
Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1
Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).
Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R.
Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.
Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of the
name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a full
stop at the end of the name of the organization.
European Association for International Education. (2014).
International Organization for Migration. (2018).
The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name (usually,
Dutch names with lower case, Belgian/Flemish names with upper case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional page.
When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:
newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases,…) use the letters a,b,c,… to distinguish the different works. In the in-text citation
use only the year, do not add the month and day.
V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kroměříž.
V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.
Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so the title needs to be transliterated:
Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers].
廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.
✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers
and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.
An English translation for all references that are not in English must be provided within square brackets after the original and
without any italics (exception: do not translate journal and newspaper names).
Le Heuzey, M.-F. (2012). Les réseaux sociaux, les enfants et le pédiatre [Social media, children and pediatricians]. Archives de
Pédiatrie, 19, 92-95.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (1997, June 12). Peru jiken chosa iinkai no hokoku ni tsuite no Ikeda Gaimu Daijin no kishakaiken
[Press interview with Foreign Minister Ikeda on the report of the investigation committee on the Peru Incident]. Tokyo: Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/hoka/peru/ index.html
Najm, Y. (1966). Al-qissah fi al-adab Al-Arabi al-hadith [The novel in modern Arabic literature]. Beirut: Dar Al-Thaqafah.
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C. Abbreviations
ca. Circa Before the year, both in the Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]
(approximately) in-text and in the reference, (Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])
and always inside squared
brackets Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire
safety [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389
Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate (with Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying
sentence case) emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict
(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).
doi Digital object At the end of the reference. Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our
identifier understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks
Always use the format
play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.
“https://doi.org/…”
https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725
Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets after the Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital
name of the editor. publishing. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
ed. Edition Between brackets after the Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley &
title of the book. The D. W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings
brackets can include other in cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Boston,
kind of information, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
separated by a comma.
f./ff. Following pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of
pages pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e., firstpage-
lastpage) instead.
n.d. No date Instead of the year. Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London:
Tower Publishing.
No. Number After the title, between Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy
brackets. and the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.),
Expertise and democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 13-
35). Oslo: University of Oslo.
p./pp. page After the title, between Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The
brackets. REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),
The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law
In in-text citations, after the
and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford: Oxford University
year, separated by a
Press.
comma.
para. Paragraph Same as pages (see above). Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new
“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature
and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).
Jr., Sr., II For author, always after Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in
initials, separated by Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.
commas.
Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr.
For Editors, at the end of (Ed.), Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Paris:
the name Gaxotte Publishing.
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