ME 265
Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer
Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario
2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition
Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 1
2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic
Mechanism of Energy Transfer across a system boundary:
Work, W due to boundary movement and others
(electrical)
Heat, Q due to temperature diff between system and
surrounding
Mass flow, m—flow work
-Q
Sign convention:
W >0 (+ve), Work done by the system -W
W<0 (-ve), Work done on the system +W
Q>0 (+ve), Heat transfer to the system
W<0 (-ve), Heat transfer from the system +Q
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 2
2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic
Energy Balance:
Therefore, Closed System
=Q–W= (Control mass)
+W
This is first law equation for control mass
+Q
For multiple energy exchanges at the boundary with KE=0, PE=0:
– =
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 3
2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic
Differential form of First Law:
for Closed system with KE=0, PE=0
=> Inexact differential
Path function
Not a property
First Law when a closed system undergoes a process (1-2):
(KE=0, PE=0)
=> Never used
=> Never used
First Law when a closed system undergoes a Cycle (1-2-1):
(KE=0, PE=0)
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 4
2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic
Rate Equation from First Law:
for Control Mass (KE=0, PE=0)
Enthalpy, H:
A combination of properties is used for simplicity and convenience in
thermodynamics,
H = U + PV; h = u + Pv
Specific heats: 𝒑 𝒗
Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume
𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒑 = = 𝒄𝒗 = =
𝒎 𝒎
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 5
2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic
2.2 Energy
Moving boundary work [1]:
When a piston-cylinder is used to compress an ideal gas from
state 1 to state 2, the work is given by
=
For constant volume process,
For constant pressure process,
For isothermal compression process,
For polytropic process,
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-4
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 6
2.2 Energy
EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 7
EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 8
EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 9
ME 265
Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer
Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario
2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition
Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 10
1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles
1.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Pure Substances [1]:
Substance that has fixed chemical composition, e.g. water,
nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, etc.
Pure substances can have multiple phases:
e.g. ice, water, steam
An air-steam mixture is not a pure substance.
Air is a mixture of N2, O2 and other gases; it is not a pure
substance by definition.
However, experience suggests that air can be treated as a
pure substance with a little error.
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 11
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Phase Change Processes of Water [1]:
5
1 2 3 4
Liquid water
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
Steam
T =100oC T =200oC
T =20oC T =100oC T =100oC
Q Q Q Q Q
Saturated liquid Saturated vapor
T(oC) P
(atm)
5
2 3 4
Tsat =100oC
Subcooled Superheated
Liquid-vapor
Liquid Vapor
mixture
1
1
v (m3/kg) 100 T sat (oC)
Fig 2.3.1 : Heating process of water at constant pressure Fig. 2.3.2: Saturation Curve of water
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 12
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Phase Change Processes of Water:
Fig. 1.3.3: T-v diagram of water for various isobars [2]
2. Lecture_notes_Thermodynamics by JM Powers, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 13
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagrams:
Critical Point
Critical Point
T P
Superheated vapor region
Subcooled liquid region
Subcooled liquid region
Superheated vapor region
Liquid-vapor Liquid-vapor
region region
Saturated Saturated Saturated liquid line Saturated vapor line
liquid line Vapor Line
vf vg v v
vfg
Fig. 1.3.4: T-v diagram Fig. 1.3.5 : P-v diagram
Specific volume in liquid-vapor region is calculated by:
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇 ; where the vapor quality, =
Similarly, specific internal energy and enthalpy are calculated by
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 14
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagrams:
h T Critical Point
Subcooled liquid region
Subcooled liquid region
Critical Point Superheated vapor region
Superheated vapor region
Liquid-vapor Liquid-vapor
region Region
Saturated liquid line Saturated liquid line Saturated vapor line
sf
s sfg sg s
Fig. 1.3.6: h-s diagram Fig. 1.3.7 : T-s diagram
The specific entropy, s at any point of vapor-liquid mixture is calculated by
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 15
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property Tables:
Table A-4 [1]: Saturated Water—Temperature Table
Specific Volume Specific Energy Specific Enthalpy Specific Entropy
Sat. (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
Temp press Sat liq Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap
T oC P sat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
20 2.3392 0.001002 57.762 83.913 2318.4 2402.3 83.915 2453.5 3537.4
….
100 101.42 0.001043 1.6720 419.06 2087.0 2506.0 419.17 2256.4 2675.6
Table A-5 [1]: Saturated Water—Pressure Table
Specific Volume Specific Energy Specific Enthalpy Specific Entropy
Press Sat. (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
P Temp Sat liq Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap
kPa T sat oC vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9
100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 16
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property Tables:
Table A-6 [1]: Superheated Water
T v u h s
oC m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K
P=0.01 MPa (45.81 oC)
Table A-7 [1]: Compressed Water
Sat. 14.670 2437.2 2583.9
100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5
… Table A-8 [1]: Saturated ice-water-vapor
P=0.1 MPa (99.6 oC)
Sat 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0
100 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8
…
P=1.00 MPa (179.88 oC)
Sat 0.19437 2582.8 2777.1
200 0.20602 2622.3 2828.3
…
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 17
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagram: Mollier Diagram
Constant quality (x) line
Constant pressure line
Constant pressure line
Fig. 1.3.8 : Mollier diagram for water
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 18
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
EP#1.3 (C&B 4-6 [1])
A rigid tank is divided into two parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at
200 kPa ad 25oC, and the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and water expands
into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its surroundings until the temperature
in the tank returns to the initial value of 25oC. Determine (a) the volume of the tank, (b) the final
pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for the process .
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 19
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
EP#1.3 (C&B 4-6 [1])
A rigid tank is divided into two parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at
200 kPa ad 25oC, and the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and water expands
into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its surroundings until the temperature
in the tank returns to the initial value of 25oC. Determine (a) the volume of the tank, (b) the final
pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for the process .
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 20
2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Ideal Gas Law:
R = 8.314
Real Gas Law:
z = Compressibility factor
= 1 for ideal gas
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 21
Lecture Closure
Introduced Basic concepts and definition of
Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics and System
Properties of system
State and process
Equilibrium
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Introduced Energy, Heat and Work
Partly talked about Properties of Pure substance
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 22
Lecture Closure
Reviewed Properties of pure substances
Definition
Property diagrams
Property Tables
Example problems
Next Class: First law analysis for control volumes
5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 23
