ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 1

 2. Principles of Classical Thermodynamic

Mechanism of Energy Transfer across a system boundary:

 Work, W due to boundary movement and others

(electrical)
 Heat, Q due to temperature diff between system and
surrounding
 Mass flow, m—flow work
-Q

Sign convention:
W >0 (+ve), Work done by the system -W
W<0 (-ve), Work done on the system +W

Q>0 (+ve), Heat transfer to the system

W<0 (-ve), Heat transfer from the system +Q

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 2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic

Energy Balance:

Therefore, Closed System

=Q–W= (Control mass)
+W

This is first law equation for control mass

+Q

For multiple energy exchanges at the boundary with KE=0, PE=0:

– =

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 3

 2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic

Differential form of First Law:

for Closed system with KE=0, PE=0

=> Inexact differential

 Path function
 Not a property

First Law when a closed system undergoes a process (1-2):

(KE=0, PE=0)
=> Never used
=> Never used

First Law when a closed system undergoes a Cycle (1-2-1):

(KE=0, PE=0)

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 4

 2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic

Rate Equation from First Law:

for Control Mass (KE=0, PE=0)

Enthalpy, H:
A combination of properties is used for simplicity and convenience in
thermodynamics,
H = U + PV; h = u + Pv

Specific heats: 𝒑 𝒗

Specific heat at constant pressure Specific heat at constant volume

𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒑 = = 𝒄𝒗 = =
𝒎 𝒎

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 2. Principle of Classical Thermodynamic
2.2 Energy
Moving boundary work [1]:
When a piston-cylinder is used to compress an ideal gas from
state 1 to state 2, the work is given by
=

For constant volume process,

For constant pressure process,

For isothermal compression process,

For polytropic process,

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-4

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 6

2.2 Energy
EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 7

 EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 8

 EP# 1.2
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the
relationship between pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the
initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in
kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 9

 ME 265
Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles
3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines
Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 10

 1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles
1.3 Properties of Pure Substances

Pure Substances [1]:

 Substance that has fixed chemical composition, e.g. water,

nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, etc.
 Pure substances can have multiple phases:
e.g. ice, water, steam
 An air-steam mixture is not a pure substance.
 Air is a mixture of N2, O2 and other gases; it is not a pure
substance by definition.
 However, experience suggests that air can be treated as a
pure substance with a little error.

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 11
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Phase Change Processes of Water [1]:
5
1 2 3 4

Liquid water
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
Steam
T =100oC T =200oC
T =20oC T =100oC T =100oC

Q Q Q Q Q
Saturated liquid Saturated vapor

T(oC) P
(atm)
5

2 3 4
Tsat =100oC
Subcooled Superheated
Liquid-vapor
Liquid Vapor
mixture

1
1

v (m3/kg) 100 T sat (oC)

Fig 2.3.1 : Heating process of water at constant pressure Fig. 2.3.2: Saturation Curve of water

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 12
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Phase Change Processes of Water:

Fig. 1.3.3: T-v diagram of water for various isobars [2]

2. Lecture_notes_Thermodynamics by JM Powers, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 13
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagrams:

Critical Point
Critical Point
T P
Superheated vapor region
Subcooled liquid region

Subcooled liquid region

Superheated vapor region
Liquid-vapor Liquid-vapor
region region

Saturated Saturated Saturated liquid line Saturated vapor line

liquid line Vapor Line
vf vg v v
vfg

Fig. 1.3.4: T-v diagram Fig. 1.3.5 : P-v diagram

Specific volume in liquid-vapor region is calculated by:

𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇 ; where the vapor quality, =
Similarly, specific internal energy and enthalpy are calculated by
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇
𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 14

 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagrams:

h T Critical Point

Subcooled liquid region

Subcooled liquid region

Critical Point Superheated vapor region

Superheated vapor region

Liquid-vapor Liquid-vapor
region Region

Saturated liquid line Saturated liquid line Saturated vapor line

sf
s sfg sg s
Fig. 1.3.6: h-s diagram Fig. 1.3.7 : T-s diagram

The specific entropy, s at any point of vapor-liquid mixture is calculated by

𝒇 + 𝒇𝒈 𝒇 𝒈 𝒇

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 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property Tables:
Table A-4 [1]: Saturated Water—Temperature Table
Specific Volume Specific Energy Specific Enthalpy Specific Entropy
Sat. (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
Temp press Sat liq Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap
T oC P sat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
20 2.3392 0.001002 57.762 83.913 2318.4 2402.3 83.915 2453.5 3537.4

….

100 101.42 0.001043 1.6720 419.06 2087.0 2506.0 419.17 2256.4 2675.6

Table A-5 [1]: Saturated Water—Pressure Table

Specific Volume Specific Energy Specific Enthalpy Specific Entropy
Press Sat. (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
P Temp Sat liq Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap Sat liq Evap Sat vap
kPa T sat oC vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg
20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9

100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 16
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property Tables:
Table A-6 [1]: Superheated Water
T v u h s
oC m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K
P=0.01 MPa (45.81 oC)
Table A-7 [1]: Compressed Water
Sat. 14.670 2437.2 2583.9
100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5
… Table A-8 [1]: Saturated ice-water-vapor
P=0.1 MPa (99.6 oC)
Sat 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0
100 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8
…
P=1.00 MPa (179.88 oC)
Sat 0.19437 2582.8 2777.1
200 0.20602 2622.3 2828.3
…

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 17
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
Property diagram: Mollier Diagram

Constant quality (x) line

Constant pressure line
Constant pressure line

Fig. 1.3.8 : Mollier diagram for water

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 18
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
EP#1.3 (C&B 4-6 [1])
A rigid tank is divided into two parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at
200 kPa ad 25oC, and the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and water expands
into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its surroundings until the temperature
in the tank returns to the initial value of 25oC. Determine (a) the volume of the tank, (b) the final
pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for the process .

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 19
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
EP#1.3 (C&B 4-6 [1])
A rigid tank is divided into two parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank contains 5 kg of water at
200 kPa ad 25oC, and the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and water expands
into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its surroundings until the temperature
in the tank returns to the initial value of 25oC. Determine (a) the volume of the tank, (b) the final
pressure, and (c) the heat transfer for the process .

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 20
 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances

Ideal Gas Law:

R = 8.314

Real Gas Law:

z = Compressibility factor
= 1 for ideal gas

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-3

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 21
 Lecture Closure

 Introduced Basic concepts and definition of

Thermodynamics:
 Thermodynamics and System
 Properties of system
 State and process
 Equilibrium
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics

 Introduced Energy, Heat and Work

 Partly talked about Properties of Pure substance

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 22

 Lecture Closure

 Reviewed Properties of pure substances

 Definition
 Property diagrams
 Property Tables
 Example problems
 Next Class: First law analysis for control volumes

5 Jul 2023 TE-MAI 23