CHAPTER 15

Classification
of Matter

Your one-stop online resource

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com

Video WebQuest

Audio Assessment

Review Concepts in Motion

? Inquiry g Multilingual eGlossary

Launch Lab
Distillation of Water
Various types of matter have different properties, such as
different boiling points and freezing points. These properties
could be very important to you if you were stranded on a
desert island and needed a drink of water. For example, the
process of distillation produces purified water by taking
advantage of some of its properties.

For a lab worksheet, use your StudentWorks™ Plus Online. Make a two tab book.
? Inquiry Launch Lab Label it as shown. Use it
to organize your notes
on the classification of
matter.

Pure
Substances Mixtures

0460_0461_C15CO_894583.indd 460 6/4/10 7:46 AM

 THEME FOCUS Structure and Properties Section 1 • Composition of
of Matter Matter
Matter can be divided into pure substances and
mixtures. Section 2 • Properties of Matter

BIG Idea Matter can be classified by its composition, by

its physical properties, and by its chemical properties.

Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter 461

0460_0461_C15CO_894583.indd 461 6/4/10 7:47 AM

 FIGURE 2

Visualizing Elements
When you think of elements, you probably think about those that you see every
day, such as silver used to make jewelry or aluminum used to make lightweight
bicycles and baseball bats. Many other elements are not as commonly known,
but you might see them in everyday objects.

Titanium Titanium is strong and lightweight

and is used for bone or joint replacements and
aircraft construction. In rare instances, titanium
panels are used in building construction, such as
the Cerritos Library in Cerritos, California.
Silicon Present in sand as silicon dioxide, sili-
con is used to make window glass as well as
the silicon chips that run computers.

Magnesium Chlorophyll—the substance that

Americium The synthetic, radioactive element
americium is used in smoke detectors.
makes plants green—contains magnesium.
Used in metal mixtures, magnesium is light-
weight, strong, and resistant to corrosion.
Because of these physical properties, it is used
in jet engines.

Section 1 • Composition of Matter 463

0462_0468_C15S1_894583.indd 463 6/4/10 7:49 AM

 ■ Figure 5 Salad dressings are mix-
tures of oil, vinegar, and seasoning.
Notice the visible herbs and spices
floating in the salad dressings.

? Inquiry MiniLab

Separate Mixtures

Procedure
1. Read the procedure and safety
information, and complete the
lab form.
Mixtures
2. Place equal amounts of soil,
Salad dressings, such as the examples shown in Figure 5, are clay, sand, gravel, and peb-
mixtures. A mixture is matter composed of two or more bles in a clear, plastic
substances that can be separated by physical means. container. Add water until
the container is almost full.
Heterogeneous mixtures In the salad dressing, all 3. Stir or shake the mixture thor-
of the items in the dressing are in contact, but they do not react oughly. Predict the order in
with one another. If the dressing is allowed to sit undisturbed which the materials will settle.
long enough, the oil and vinegar will separate. Because the dif- 4. Observe what happens, and
compare your observations to
ferent components remain distinct, this salad dressing is con- your predictions.
sidered an example of a heterogeneous mixture. A mixture in
which different materials remain distinct is called a heteroge- Analysis
1. Describe In what order did the
neous (he tuh ruh JEE nee us) mixture. Like the dressing, materials settle?
salad is a heterogeneous mixture. The vegetables in a salad 2. Explain why the materials set-
remain distinct. You can remove the vegetables if you do not tled in the order that they did.
care to eat them.
SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and
Some components of heterogeneous mixtures are easy to chemical properties and physical and chemical
see, like the components of the salad, but others are not. For changes of matter.

example, the shirt shown in Figure 6 is also a heterogeneous

mixture, but you cannot see its individual components. How-
ever, with the help of a microscope, you can see the distinct
cotton and polyester threads.
? Inquiry Virtual Lab

■ Figure 6 Even though you cannot

see the individual components that
make up this shirt with your naked eye,
the different colors and fibers types are
clearly visible under the microscope. The
shirt is a heterogeneous mixture.

Section 1 • Composition of Matter 465

0462_0468_C15S1_894583.indd 465 6/4/10 7:49 AM

 ■ Figure 7 River water is a suspen-
sion that carries soil and sediment. If
river water slows or sits undisturbed,
the suspended particles settle out.
Explain How can you tell that river
water is a suspension?
VOCABULARY
SCIENCE USAGE V. COMMON USAGE
Suspend
Science usage
to keep from settling
The seasonings were suspended in the
oil and vinegar mixture.
Common usage
to cause to stop temporarily
The game was suspended due to the
bad weather.
FOLDABLES
Incorporate information from this
section into your Foldable.
■ Figure 8 Fog is a colloid composed
of water droplets suspended in air.
Fog—a colloid containing suspended water droplets— scat-
ters the light produced by the vehicle’s headlights.
466 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter
0462_0468_C15S1_894583.indd 466
Suspensions A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture made
of a liquid and solid particles that settle. Recall the oil and vin-
egar salad dressing in Figure 5. The dressing also has seasoning
particles. The seasoning particles in the liquid will settle to the
bottom of the container if allowed to sit undisturbed.
River deltas are large scale examples of how particles in a
suspension settle. Rivers flow swiftly through narrow channels,
picking up soil and sediment along the way. As the river wid-
ens, it flows more slowly. Suspended particles settle and form
deltas at the mouth of the river, as shown in Figure 7.
Colloids Milk is an example of another kind of heterogeneous
mixture called a colloid. It contains water, fats, and proteins in
varying proportions. Unlike a suspension, however, its compo-
nents will not settle if left standing. A colloid (KAH loyd) is a
heterogeneous mixture with particles that never settle.
Paint is a liquid colloid with suspended particles. Gases and
solids can contain colloidal particles, too. Fog, like that shown
in Figure 8, consists of particles of liquid water suspended in
air. Smoke contains solids suspended in air.
Water droplets suspended in air allow you to see the
sunlight as it streams through the forest fog.
6/4/10 7:49 AM
 ■ Figure 9 Because of the Tyndall effect, a light
beam is scattered by the colloid on the right but
passes invisibly through the solution on the left.

Identifying colloids One way to identify a colloid

is by its appearance. Fog appears white because its
particles are large enough to scatter light, as shown
in Figure 8. Sometimes, it is not so obvious that a
liquid is a colloid. These colloids can look very
much like solutions, which are also mixtures where
the particles cannot be seen.
You can identify whether a liquid is a colloid by
passing a beam of light through it. A light beam is
invisible as it passes through a solution but can be
seen as it passes through a colloid, as shown in
Figure 9. This occurs because the particles in the
colloid are large enough to scatter light, but those
in the solution are not. The scattering of a light
beam as it passes through a colloid is called the
Tyndall effect.
Homogeneous mixtures Soft drinks con- ■ Figure 10 A soft drink can be either hetero-
tain water, sugar, flavoring, coloring, and carbon geneous or homogeneous. As carbon dioxide
fizzes out it is a heterogeneous mixture. The
dioxide gas. Figure 10 will help you visualize some resulting flat soft drink is a homogeneous
of these particles in a liquid soft drink. A soft mixture of water, sugar, flavor, color, and some
drink in a sealed bottle is an example of a homo- remaining carbon dioxide.
M6
geneous mixture. A homogeneous (hoh muh JEE
nee us) mixture is a mixture that remains con-
stantly and uniformly mixed and has particles that
are so small that they cannot be seen with a
microscope. Due to the interactions between par-
ticles, particles in a homogeneous mixture will
never settle to the bottom of their container.
A solution is the same thing as a homogeneous
mixture. The most familiar solutions might be
solids dissolved in liquids, but solutions can also
be mixtures of a solid and a gas, a solid and a
solid, a gas and a liquid, and so on. Tea, vinegar,
steel alloys, and the compressed gas used by divers
are all examples of solutions.

Section 1 • Composition of Matter 467

0462_0468_C15S1_894583.indd 467 6/4/10 7:49 AM

 ■ Figure 11 The concept map shows
that mixtures can be either heteroge- Matter
neous or homogeneous. Pure sub-
stances can be elements or
compounds.
Examine Where on this chart Physical
changes
would you classify pizza? Mixtures Pure substances

Chemical
changes
Heterogeneous Homogeneous Elements Compounds
mixtures mixtures

dirt, blood, lemonade, gasoline, oxygen, gold, salt, baking soda,

milk steel iron sugar

VOCABULARY Comparing mixtures and substances Mixtures,

WORD ORIGIN unlike compounds, do not always contain the same proportions
Homogeneous of the substances of which they are made. Additionally, mixtures
comes from the Greek homo, which
means “alike,” and genea, which
can be physically separated unlike pure substances. Recall that a
means “source” substance is matter that has a fixed composition. In contrast, mix-
Homogeneous mixtures are uniform tures can have widely different compositions. For example, you
throughout. could dissolve a small amount of salt in a tank of water, or a large
amount of salt in the same tank. Mixtures are not substances, but
they are composed of two or more substances. The differences
between mixtures and substances are summarized in Figure 11.

Section 1 Review SC.912.P.8.2, LA.910.2.2.3

Section Summary
◗ An element is a substance with the same
kind of atoms.
◗ There are approximately 90 naturally
occurring elements found on Earth and
over 25 that have been created in
laboratories.
◗ A compound is a substance that has two or
more elements chemically combined in a
fixed proportion.
◗ Mixtures can be heterogeneous or homo-
geneous and can be separated by physical
means.
Apply Math
1. MAIN Idea Distinguish a substance from a mixture. Give two
examples of each.
2. Compare and Contrast How is a compound similar to a homoge-
neous mixture? How is it different?
3. Identify three elements and three compounds. How are they
similar? How are they different?
4. Summarize Make a table that compares the properties of suspen-
sions, colloids, and solutions.
5. Think Critically Why do the words “Shake well before using”
indicate that the fruit juice in a carton is a suspension? Why are
these words not used on a milk container?
6. Conversion The weather report this morning stated there is a thick
fog in your town. Visibility is less than 500 feet. How many kilo-
meters in front of your vehicle can you see?

468 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter Assessment Online Quiz

0462_0468_C15S1_894583.indd 468 6/4/10 7:50 AM


Section 2
Reading Preview
Essential Questions
◗ What are physical and chemical
properties?
◗ What are the differences and simi-
larities of physical and chemical
changes?
◗ How does the law of conservation
of mass apply to chemical
changes?
Review Vocabulary
boiling point: the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of the
liquid is equal to the external
pressure acting on the surface of
the liquid
New Vocabulary
physical property
physical change
distillation
chemical property
chemical change
law of conservation of mass
g Multilingual eGlossary
■ Figure 12 Appearance is a physical
property. Appearance includes color,
shape, size, texture, and volume.
Compare the physical properties of
the rubber bands and the tennis
ball.
0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 469
SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes of
matter. ALSO COVERS: SC.912.N.1.6, MA.912.S.1.2, MA.912.S.3.2, LA.910.2.2.3
Properties of Matter
MAIN Idea A physical property can be observed without
changing the identity of the material; a chemical property can be
observed when one or more new substances are formed.
Real-World Reading Link When you make a chocolate cake, a mixture
of ingredients such as cocoa, flour, baking powder, butter, sugar, and eggs
is placed in the oven. The delicious baked dessert results from chemical
interactions called chemical reactions among the ingredients while in the
oven.
Physical Properties
You can stretch a rubber band, but you cannot stretch a piece
of string much, if at all. You can bend a piece of wire, but you
cannot easily bend a matchstick. The abilities to stretch and to
bend substances are physical properties. The identity of the sub-
stances—rubber, string, wire, wood—does not change. Any
characteristic of a material that you can observe without chang-
ing the identity of the substance is a physical property. Some
examples of physical properties are color, shape, size, density,
melting point, and boiling point.
Appearance The appearance of substances, such as the
ones shown in Figure 12, is a physical property. How would you
describe a tennis ball? You could begin by describing its shape,
color, and state of matter. You might describe the tennis ball as
a brightly colored, hollow sphere. You can measure some physi-
cal properties—for example, the diameter of the ball. What
physical property of the ball is measured with a balance?
To describe a soft drink in a cup, you could start by calling it
a liquid with a brown color. You could measure its volume and
temperature. Each of these characteristics is a physical property
of that soft drink.
Section 2 • Properties of Matter 469
6/4/10 7:51 AM

VOCABULARY
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Specific
characterized by precise formulation or accurate
restriction
Some diseases have specific symptoms.
■ Figure 13 The best way to separate mixtures
depends on their physical properties.
Size is the property used to separate sesame seeds
from sunflower seeds.
Magnetism easily separates iron from sand.
470 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter
0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 470
Behavior Some physical properties describe
the behavior of a material or a substance. As you
might know, objects that contain iron, such as a
safety pin, are attracted by a magnet. Attraction to
a magnet is a physical property of iron.
Every substance has a specific combination of
physical properties that make it useful for certain
tasks. Some metals, such as copper, can be drawn
out into wires. Others, such as gold, can be pounded
into sheets as thin as 0.1 micrometers (μm), about
four-millionths of an inch. This property of gold
makes it useful for decorating picture frames and
other objects. Gold that has been beaten or flattened
in this way is called gold leaf.
Think again about a soft drink. If you knock
over the cup, the drink will spread over the table
or floor. If you knock over a jar of molasses, how-
ever, it does not flow as easily. Viscosity, the resis-
tance to flow, is a physical property of liquids.
Using physical properties to separate
mixtures Removing the seeds from a water-
melon can be done easily based on the physical
properties of the seeds compared to the rest of the
fruit. Figure 13 shows a mixture of sesame seeds
and sunflower seeds. You can identify the two
kinds of seeds by differences in color, shape, and
size. By sifting the mixture, you can quickly sepa-
rate the sesame seeds from the sunflower seeds
because their sizes differ.
Now look at the mixture of iron filings and
sand shown in Figure 13. You probably will not be
able to sift out the iron filings because they are
similar in size to the sand particles. What you can
do is pass a magnet through the mixture. The
magnet attracts only the iron filings and pulls
them from the sand. This is an example of how a
physical property, such as magnetic attraction,
can be used to separate substances in a mixture. A
similar method is used to separate iron from alu-
minum and other refuse for recycling. Strong
magnets are used in scrap yards and landfills to
remove iron for recycling and reuse in an effort to
conserve natural resources.
Reading Check Describe how you could use physical
properties to separate sand from sugar.
6/4/10 7:51 AM
 Physical Change Video BrainPOP
Physical properties can change while composition remains
fixed. If you tear a piece of chewing gum, you change some of its
physical properties—its size and shape. However, you have not ? Inquiry Virtual Lab
changed the identity of the materials that make up the gum.
The identity remains the same When a substance,
such as water, freezes, boils, evaporates, or condenses, it under-
goes a physical change. A change in size, shape, or state of
matter in which the identity of the substance remains the same
is called a physical change. These changes might involve
energy changes, but the kind of substance—the identity of the
element or compound—does not change. Because all sub-
stances have distinct properties such as density, specific heat,
and melting and boiling points, these properties can often be
used to help identify a substance when a particular mixture
contains more than one unknown material.
A substance can change states if it absorbs or releases
enough energy. Iron, for example, will melt at high tempera-
tures. Yet, whether in solid or liquid state, iron has physical
properties that identify it as iron. Color changes are physical
changes, too. For example, when iron is first heated, it glows
red. Then, if it is heated to a higher temperature, it turns white,
as shown in Figure 14.
Reading Check Infer Does a change in state mean that a new sub-
stance has formed? Explain.

Using physical changes A cool drink of water is some-

thing most people take for granted; but in some parts of the
world, drinkable water is scarce. Not enough drinkable water
can be obtained from wells. Many such areas that lie close to
the sea obtain drinking water by using physical properties of
water to separate it from the salt. One method, which uses the
property of boiling point, is a type of distillation.

■ Figure 14 Heating iron raises its

temperature and changes its color.
These changes are physical changes
because it is still iron.

Section 2 • Properties of Matter 471

0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 471 6/4/10 7:51 AM

 ■ Figure 15 Distillation can separate
liquids from solids dissolved in them.
The liquid is heated until it evaporates
and moves up the column. Then, as it
touches the water-cooled surface of the
condenser, it becomes liquid again.
Identify where the solids would be
found after distillation is complete.
? Inquiry Video Lab
■ Figure 16 Light can cause chem-
ical changes that ruin the healthy
properties of some vitamins. The
brown color of these bottles protects
the vitamins from light. Reaction to
light is a chemical property.
472 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter
0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 472
Thermometer Cooling
water out
Condenser
Distilling
flask with
impure liquid
Cooling
water in
Pure liquid
Distillation The process of separating substances, such as salt
and water, in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondens-
ing its vapor is distillation. Distillation is done in the labora-
tory using an apparatus similar to the one shown in Figure 15.
Two liquids with different boiling points can be separated in
this way. The mixture is heated slowly until it begins to boil.
The liquid with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first and is
condensed and collected. Then, as temperature increases the
second liquid boils, vaporizes, condenses, and is collected. Dis-
tillation is often used in industry. For instance, crude oil
obtained from drilling is distilled to separate many different
compounds in order to make products, such as the gasoline
used to fuel automobiles.
Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes
You have probably seen warnings on cans of paint thinner
and lighter fluid for charcoal grills that state these liquids are
flammable (FLA muh buhl). The tendency of a substance to
burn, called its flammability, is an example of a chemical prop-
erty. Any characteristic of a material that you can observe that
produces one or more new substances is a chemical property.
Flammability is a chemical property because burning produces
new substances. As a result, a chemical change, also called a
chemical reaction, has occurred. Many other substances used
around the home are flammable. Knowing which ones are
flammable helps you to use them safely.
A less dramatic chemical change can affect some medicines.
Look at Figure 16. You have probably seen bottles like this in a
pharmacy. Many medicines are stored in dark bottles because
the medicines contain compounds that can chemically change
if they are exposed to light.
6/4/10 7:51 AM
 Detecting Chemical Change
If you leave a pan of chili cooking unattended on the stove
for too long, your nose soon tells you that something is wrong.
Instead of a spicy aroma, you detect an unpleasant smell that ? Inquiry MiniLab
alerts you that something is burning. This burnt odor is a clue
that a new substance has formed. Identify Changes
The identity changes The smell of rotten eggs and the
Procedure
formation of rust on bikes and car fenders are also signs that a
1. Read the procedure and safety
chemical change has taken place. A change of one substance to information, and complete the
another is a chemical change. Bubble formation produced by lab form.
the foaming of an antacid tablet in a glass of water is a sign of 2. Add 250 mL of water to a
new substances being produced. In some chemical changes, a 400-mL beaker.
rapid release of energy—detected as heat, light, and sound—is a 3. Add 5 g of baking soda to the
water, stir, and observe what
clue that changes are occurring. A display of fireworks in the happens.
night sky is an example. Figure 17 illustrates another visual 4. Add 5 mL of vinegar to the
clue—the formation of a solid precipitate. What is another solution, and observe.
example of a chemical change forming a solid?
Analysis
1. Explain Is dissolving a chemical
Reading Check Define What is a chemical change? or a physical change?
2. Summarize What evidence of
Clues such as heat, cooling, or the formation of bubbles or a chemical change did you see?
solids in a liquid are indicators that a reaction is taking place. 3. Infer When baking soda and
However, the only sure proof is that a new substance is pro- vinegar are mixed, does a
duced. Consider the following examples. The heat, light, and chemical change occur or does
the baking soda dissolve?
sound produced when hydrogen gas combines with oxygen in a
rocket engine are clear evidence that a chemical reaction has SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and
chemical properties and physical and chemical
taken place. But no clues announce the onset of the reaction changes of matter.
that combines iron with oxygen to form rust. The only clue that
iron has changed into a new substance is the visible presence of
rust. Burning and rusting are chemical changes because new
substances form.

■ Figure 17 When clear solutions of

lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide
mix, a reaction takes place and a
yellow solid, lead(II) iodide, appears.
The yellow solid that is produced in
the chemical reaction is called a
precipitate.

Section 2 • Properties of Matter 473

0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 473 6/4/10 7:51 AM


■ Figure 18 Weathering can involve physical
change and chemical change.
Flowing water shaped and smoothed these rocks in a
physical process.
Both chemical and physical changes shaped the famous
White Cliffs of Dover, which line the English Channel.
474 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter
0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 474
Using chemical changes One case where
you might separate substances using a chemical
change is in cleaning tarnished silver, such as
jewelry. Tarnishing, a chemical reaction between
silver metal and sulfur compounds in the air,
results in silver sulfide. A chemical reaction in a
warm water bath with baking soda and aluminum
can change silver sulfide back into silver.
Separating substances using chemical changes
is rarely done in the home, but it is commonly
done in industrial and laboratory settings. For
example, many metals are separated from their
ores and then purified using chemical changes.
Weathering
The forces of nature continuously shape Earth’s
surface. Rocks split, deep canyons are carved, sand
dunes shift, and limestone formations decorate
caves. Do you think these changes, referred to as
weathering, are physical or chemical? The answer
is both. Geologists, who use the same criteria that
you have learned in this chapter, say that some
weathering changes are physical and some are
chemical.
Reading Check Determine Is weathering a physical
change or a chemical change?
Physical weathering Large rocks can split
when water seeps into small cracks, freezes, and
expands. Streams can smooth and sculpt hard
rock, as shown at left in Figure 18. These are
physical changes because the rock does not change
into another substance.
Chemical weathering In other cases, the
change is chemical. For example, solid calcium
carbonate, a compound found in limestone, reacts
with water if it is slightly acidic, such as when it
contains some dissolved carbon dioxide. The cal-
cium carbonate reacts to form calcium bicarbonate.
This change in limestone is a chemical change
because the identity of the substances changes.
This chemical change contributes to the weather-
ing of the White Cliffs of Dover, shown in
Figure 18, and also produces the icicle-shaped
rock formations that are found in caves.
6/4/10 7:51 AM
 The Conservation of Mass
Wood burns, which means it undergoes combustion. Com-
bustion is a chemical change. Suppose you burn a large log in a
fireplace until nothing is left but a small pile of ashes. Smoke,
heat, and light are given off, and the changes in the composi-
tion of the log confirm that a chemical change took place.
At first, you might think that matter was lost as the log
burned because the pile of ashes looks much smaller than the
log looked. In fact, the mass of the ashes is less than that of the
log. However, suppose that you could collect all of the oxygen
in the air that was combined with the log during the burning
and all of the smoke and gases that escaped from the burning
log and measure their masses too. You would find that no mass
was lost after all.
Mass is not gained or lost during any chemical change. In
fact, matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical
change. According to the law of conservation of mass, the
mass of all substances that are present before a chemical
change, known as the reactants, equals the mass of all of the
substances that remain after the change, which are called the
products.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
total mass of the reactants = total mass of the products

Figure 19 illustrates the law of conservation of mass. Solid

sodium bicarbonate in the balloon reacts with liquid hydro- Concepts in Motion
chloric acid in the flask. The gas, carbon dioxide, is released, Animation
which expands the balloon. Without the balloon in place, the ■ Figure 19 The reaction between
gas would escape and you might think that mass was not con- sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric
acid produces carbon dioxide gas,
served. With the balloon to collect the gas, the mass on the which is collected in the balloon.
scale remains the same. The mass of the reactants is the same Describe How can you tell that
as the mass of the products. matter was not created or
destroyed in this reaction?

Section 2 • Properties of Matter 475

0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 475 6/4/10 7:51 AM

 SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical
EXAMPLE Problem 1 changes of matter.

Calculate Total Mass of Product When hydrogen reacts with chlorine, the only
product is hydrochloric acid. If 18 g of hydrogen react completely with 633 g of
chlorine, how many grams of hydrochloric acid are formed?

Identify the Unknown: mass of hydrochloric acid

List the Knowns: mass of hydrogen = 18 g
mass of chlorine = 633 g
Set Up the Problem: total mass of the product = total mass of the reactants
mass of hydrochloric acid = mass of hydrogen + mass of chlorine

Solve the Problem: mass of hydrochloric acid = 18 g + 633 g

The mass of hydrochloric acid is 651 g.
Check the Answer: The mass of reactants and products are equal because the
equation was set up according to the law of conservation of mass.

PRACTICE Problems Find Additional Practice Problems in the back of your book.

7. When methane reacts with oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water. Review
How many grams of water are formed if 24 g of methane react completely with Additional Practice Problems
96 g of oxygen to form 66 g of carbon dioxide?
8. Challenge Sulfur dioxide reacts with bromine and water to produce hydrogen
bromide and sulfuric acid. If 64.1 g of sulfur dioxide react completely with
159.9 g of bromine and an unknown amount of water to form 161.9 g of
hydrogen bromide and 98.1 g of sulfuric acid, then how many grams of water react?

Section 2 Review SC.912.P.8.2, SC.912.N.3.4

Section Summary
◗ Physical properties can be used to distin-
guish and separate substances.
◗ A chemical change is sometimes indicated
by the cooling, heating, or formation of
solids or bubbles.
◗ The law of conservation of mass states that
matter is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
9. MAIN Idea Explain why evaporation of water is a physical change
and not a chemical change.
10. Identify four physical properties that describe a liquid. Identify a
chemical property.
11. Explain how the law of conservation of mass applies to chemical
changes.
12. Think Critically Does the law of conservation of mass apply to
physical changes? How could you test this for melting ice? For the
distillation of water?

Apply Math
13. Calculate Bismuth and fluorine react to form bismuth fluoride. If
417.96 g of bismuth reacts completely with 113.99 g of fluorine,
how many grams of bismuth fluoride are formed?

476 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter Assessment Online Quiz

0469_0476_C15S2_894583.indd 476 6/4/10 7:51 AM

 LAB Pure Substances and Mixtures
SC.912.P.8.2 : Differentiate between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes of matter.
SC.912.N.1.6: Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from
the content being studied. MA.912.S.1.2: Determine appropriate and consistent standards of measurement for the
data to be collected in a survey or experiment.

Objectives
n Classify matter.
n Compare the pure substances and mixtures.
Background: Everything that you see is made of
matter and is either a pure substance or a mixture.
Some things, such as iron nails and aluminum foil,
are elements; others, such as water and salt, are
compounds. Steel, lemonade, concrete, and a bowl of
fruit are all examples of mixtures.
Question: How do physical properties help to
identify pure substances and mixtures?
Preparation
Procedure
1. Read the procedure and the safety information,
and complete the lab form.
2. Create a data table using the heads Substance,
Color, Magnetic Attraction, and Matter
Classification. Record all data in your table.
3. Determine the color of each sample.
4. Determine whether each sample is magnetic.
5. Try to separate the salt and iron filings mixture.
6. Try to separate the particles of the pepper-water
mixture and the sugar-water mixture.
7. Classify each material as an element, a com-
pound, or a mixture.

Materials
Conclude and Apply
salt and iron filings mixture
pepper water 1. Describe the separation methods of the mixture
sugar water samples.
graduated cylinder 2. Conclude if the different particles of each sample
250-mL beakers (5) can be separated using physical properties.
magnet 3. Infer how you can identify a substance versus a
balance mixture.
funnel
4. State whether any of the materials used are
filter paper
compounds.
stirring rod
magnifying lens
hot plate
watch glass

Safety Precautions

WARNING: To evaporate water from a mixture, use a

low setting on the hot plate. Use caution when touching
the hot plate or watch glass—they will not look hot.
YOUR DATA
Compare your results with classmates.
Identify possible sources of error that might
cause any difference in your data.

? Inquiry Lab Chapter 15 • Lab 477

0477_C15L1_894583.indd 477 6/4/10 7:52 AM

 LAB Conservation of Mass
SC.912.N.1.6: Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from
DESIGN YOUR OWN the content being studied. MA.912.S.3.2: Collect, organize, and analyze data sets, determine the best format for the
data and present visual summaries from the following: bar graphs, line graphs, stem and leaf plots, circle graphs,
histograms, box and whisker plots, scatter plots, and cumulative frequency (ogive) graphs

Objectives Form
Make aa Hypothesis
Plan
n Measure the total mass of water and antacid Based on your understanding of the law of conser-
tablets before and after the tablets are added to vation of mass, form a hypothesis about the total
the water. mass of antacid tablets and water before and after
n Compare the total mass of water and tablets the tablets are dissolved.
before and after the tablets are dissolved in
the water. Make a Plan
n Infer whether the law of conservation of mass 1. Read the procedure and safety information, and
applies to antacid tablets dissolving in water. complete the lab form.
2. As a group, agree upon and write the hypothesis.
Background: Have you ever watched burning
logs in a fireplace? If you have, you might have 3. Plan an investigation to test your hypothesis. List
noticed many large logs being burned in the the steps of your procedure.
hearth during an evening. At the end of the night, 4. List the materials that you need to test your
nothing more than a pile of ash remains. The hypothesis.
other substances produced were gases that went 5. Decide upon any needed safety equipment or
up the chimney. In this lab, your group will safety procedures to ensure the safety of your
design an investigation to verify the law of con- group during the experiment.
servation of mass. 6. Have one group member reread your entire pro-
Question: Is the mass of antacid tablets conserved cedure aloud to the group to make certain that
after they are dissolved? you have all of the necessary materials and that
your procedure can be easily followed.
Preparation
Possible Materials
antacid tablets
empty plastic drink bottle
balloon
beaker
water
spatula
balance
mortar
pestle
funnel
weighing paper
Safety Precautions

WARNING: Do not eat the antacid tablet.

478 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter ? Inquiry Lab

0478_0479_C15L2_894583.indd 478 6/4/10 7:53 AM

 Follow
Test theYour Plan
Model Data Table
1. Make sure your teacher approves your plan. Trial Mass Before Mass After Percent
2. Copy the data table to record measurements. Number Reaction (g) Reaction (g) Error
3. While doing the investigation, record your
observations and complete the data table.

Analyze Your Data

1. Describe the effects of mixing the antacid pow-
der and the water.
2. Compare the total mass of the substances before
mixing to the total mass after the reaction.
3. Calculate the percentage of error in the investi-
gation. Use the following equation:
Δmass = mass of reactants – mass of products Conclude and Apply
__
Δmass
× 100 = % error 1. Infer how mass might have been lost or added
mass of reactants
between the initial and final weighing of the
4. Graph the mass of the substances before and substances.
after the reaction using a bar graph.
2. Summarize How does this experiment support
5. Explain whether your data support your the law of conservation of mass?
hypothesis.

YOUR DATA
Compare the data your group collected with
the data collected by the other groups, and
discuss possible reasons why percent error
might not be zero.

Chapter 15 • Lab 479

0478_0479_C15L2_894583.indd 479 6/4/10 7:53 AM


Room Temperature
Superconductors
aglev trains have been used as people–
M movers since 1984. Maglev stands for
magnetic levitation. The first commercial
use of high–speed maglev trains began in 2003 in
Shanghai, China. While floating on a cushion of air,
high–speed maglev trains can travel twice as fast as
traditional railroad commuter trains.
Current
in track
Train
magnet
Guide
magnet
Figure 1 Like two magnets whose north poles push
apart, magnetic fields hold the maglev train above the
rails and propel the train forward.
Maglev trains do not need the type of engine typi-
cal trains use. They rely on repulsion between mag-
netic fields produced by powerful electromagnets
to propel them, as shown in Figure 1. These trains
hover over the rails rather than riding directly on
them. The next generation of maglev trains rely on
electromagnets made with superconductors.
Superconductor electromagnets A supercon-
ductor is a metallic element, compound, or mixture
with zero resistance to the flow of electricity. This
produces large current in smaller–sized electromag-
nets and intense magnetic fields. The material must
be cooled to near absolute zero, –273°C (0K) to
reach superconductivity. Although energy must be
used to cool them, operating costs are lower.
480 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter
0480_C15ST_894583.indd 480
SC.912.P.8.2: Differentiate between physical and chemical properties
and physical and chemical changes of matter. LA.910.2.2.3: The
student will organize information to show understanding or relation-
ships among facts, ideas, and events (e.g., representing key points
within text through charting, mapping, paraphrasing, summarizing,
comparing, contrasting, or outlining);
The temperature at which a material becomes a
superconductor is called the critical temperature.
In recent years, scientists have discovered materials
with higher and higher critical temperatures. The
recognized world record is –135°C (138K), although
there have been reports of critical temperatures over
–73°C (200K). But scientists are aiming even higher
in their pursuit of room temperature superconduc-
tors, which would not need to be cooled.
Benefits There are many obstacles to overcome in
the application of superconducting materials, but the
benefits may outweigh the difficulties. Maglev trains
are expensive to construct because they are not com-
patible with traditional rail lines. But maglev trains
are very efficient, do not create pollution, operate
quietly, are safer and compared to traditional modes
of transportation.
Another application of this technology involves the
wires that currently carry electricity to homes and
businesses. They lose energy while conducting elec-
tricity. Replacing them with superconducting wires
and cables creates many obstacles, including the
expense of cooling the wires and the brittleness of
the superconducting materials used to make the
wires. However, room temperature superconductor
wires would make the process much more efficient.
WebQuest
Investigate the potential application of
room temperature superconductors used in
electrical energy storage devices. These
devices are called Superconducting
Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES). Report
your findings to your class.
6/4/10 7:54 AM
 15
THEME FOCUS Structure and Properties of Matter
Matter can be classified as substances and mixtures. Substances can be either an element, such as oxygen,
or a compound, such as salt. Mixtures are made of two or more substances.

BIG Idea Matter can be classified by its composition, by its physical

properties, and by its chemical properties.

Section
n 1 Composition of Matter
colloid (p. 466) MAIN Idea Matter exists as either a pure substance or a mixture.
compound (p. 464) • An element is a substance with the same kind of atoms.
element (p. 462)
• There are approximately 90 naturally occurring elements found on
heterogeneous mixture (p. 465)
homogeneous mixture (p. 467) Earth and over 25 that have been created in laboratories.
solution (p. 467) • A compound is a substance that has two or more elements combined
substance (p. 462) in a fixed proportion.
suspension (p. 466) • Mixtures can be heterogeneous or homogeneous and can be separated
Tyndall effect (p. 467) by physical means.

Matter

Physical
changes
Mixtures Pure substances

Chemical
changes
Heterogeneous Homogeneous Elements Compounds
mixtures mixtures

dirt, blood, lemonade, gasoline, oxygen, gold, salt, baking soda,

milk steel iron sugar

Section
n 2 Properties of Matter
chemical change (p. 473)
chemical property (p. 472)
distillation (p. 472)
law of conservation of mass (p. 475)
physical change (p. 471)
physical property (p. 469)
MAIN Idea A physical property can be observed without
changing the identity of the material; a chemical property can
be observed when one or more new substances are formed.
• Physical properties can be used to distinguish and separate
substances.
• A chemical change is sometimes indicated by the cooling, heating, or
formation of solids or bubbles.
• The law of conservation of mass states that matter is neither created
nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Review Vocabulary eGames Chapter 15 • Study Guide 481

0481_C15SG_894583.indd 481 6/4/10 7:54 AM

 15
SC.912.P.8.2, MA.912.S.3.2

20. Which is an example of a chemical change?

Use Vocabulary
A) boiling C) evaporation
B) burning D) melting
Complete each sentence with the correct term from
the Study Guide.
21. Which type of substance is milk?
14. Substances formed from atoms of two or A) colloid C) substance
more elements are called _________. B) compound D) suspension

15. A(n) _________ is a heterogeneous mixture
in which solid particles settle.
16. Freezing, boiling, and evaporation are all
examples of _________.
17. Compounds are made from the atoms of
two or more _________.
18. _________ is the process that can separate
two liquids using physical change.
Check Concepts
Use the figure below to answer question 19.
22. A visible sunbeam is an example of which of
the following?
A) a chemical change
B) a physical property
C) a suspension
D) the Tyndall effect
23. Suppose you start to eat some potato chips
from an open bag that you found in your
locker and notice that they taste unpleasant.
What process resulted in this unpleasant
taste?
A) chemical change C) chemical property
B) physical change D) physical property
24. How would you describe the process of
evaporating fresh water from seawater?
A) chemical change C) chemical property
B) physical change D) physical property

25. Which of these warnings refers to a chemi-

cal property of the material?
A) Fragile
B) Sharp Object
C) Flammable
D) Shake Well

19. What type of property is represented by the 26. Which of the following is evidence that a
illustration? physical change has occurred?
A) chemical A) broken glass
B) physical B) formation of bubbles
C) conservation C) rust
D) element D) formation of a solid precipitate

482 Chapter 15 • Classification of Matter Assessment Online Test Practice

0482_0483_C15CR_894583.indd 482 6/4/10 7:55 AM

 15
30. Explain Carbon and the gases hydrogen and
Interpret Graphics
oxygen combine to form sugar. How do you
know sugar is a compound?
27. Copy and complete the concept map about
31. Explain How does a nail rusting in air fol-
matter.
low the law of conservation of mass?
Concepts in Motion
32. BIG Idea Explain Mai says that ocean
Interactive Concept Map water is a solution. Tom says that it is a sus-
pension. Can they both be correct?
Matter
can be a can be a 33. Determine Marcos took a 100-cm3 sample
of a suspension, shook it well, and poured
substance a.
equal amounts into four different test tubes.
can be a(n) can be a(n) can be can be He placed one test tube in a rack, one in hot
b. c. d. homogeneous
water, one in warm water, and the fourth
test tube in ice water. He then observed the
an example is an example is an example is an example is
time it took for each suspension to settle.
e. f. g. h. What was the independent variable in the
experiment? What was the control? What
was one constant?
Use the table below to answer question 28.

Common Colloids
Colloid
Solid in a liquid
Example
gelatin
A pply Math
Use the graph below to answer question 34.
Solid in a gas a.
Percent by Mass of Elements in the Human Body
Gas in a solid b. 100
Solid in a liquid c. 80
65%
Liquid in a gas d.
Percent

60

28. Different colloids can involve different 40

states of matter. For example, gelatin is 18%
20
formed from solid particles in a liquid. 10%
3% 4%
Complete the table using these colloids: 0
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Other
smoke, marshmallow, fog, and paint. Element

34. Use Proportions The average human body

Think Critically has a mass of 75 kg. Determine the mass of
each element in an average human body
29. THEME FOCUS Describe the contents of a based on the percent shown in the graph.
carton of milk using at least four physical
properties.

Assessment Online Test Practice Chapter 15 • Review 483

0482_0483_C15CR_894583.indd 483 6/4/10 7:55 AM

 Standardized Test Practice
Multiple Choice
Record your answers on the answer sheet Use the graph below to answer questions 5 and 6.
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
Elements in Earth’s Crust
SC.912.P.8.2
1. Which statement about elements is FALSE? 50

Percent of Crust
A. The same kind of atoms exist in an
40
element.
30
B. There are about 1,000 elements found in
20
nature.
C. Some elements have been made in 10

laboratories. 0

en

ium

ium

ium

rs
ico

Iro
D. Zinc, copper, and iron are elements.

he
inu

diu
yg

lc

ss

s
Sil

Ot
ne
Ox

um

So
Ca

ta

ag
Po
Al

M
2. CaCO3 is an example of which type of Elements
material? SC.912.P.8.2
A. element C. compound
5. Which element makes up 8 percent of Earth’s
B. mixture D. colloid
crust? MA.912.S.3.2
A. iron
Use the graph below to answer question 3.
B. aluminum
Elements in the Universe C. silicon
Helium D. oxygen
6.3%
Other
elements
0.2%
6. Which elements each make up approximately
the same percentage of Earth’s crust?
Hydrogen A. iron, calcium, and sodium MA.912.S.3.2
93.5% B. sodium, potassium, and magnesium
C. oxygen, silicon, and aluminum
D. aluminum, iron, and calcium

3. What percentage do the elements hydrogen 7. Which statement best describes the law of
and helium account for in the universe? conservation of mass? SC.912.P.8.2

A. 100% C. 98% MA.912.S.3.2 A. The mass of the products is always greater

B. 99.9% D. 99.8% than the mass of the materials that react in
a chemical change.
4. The most plentiful element in the universe B. The mass of the products is always less
readily burns in air. What is this chemical than the mass of the materials that react in
property called? SC.912.P.8.2 a chemical change.
A. flammability C. A certain mass of material must be present
B. ductility for a reaction to occur.
C. density D. Matter is neither lost nor gained during a
D. boiling point chemical change.

484 Standardized Test Practice Assessment Standardized Test Practice

0484_0485_C15STP_894583.indd 484 6/4/10 7:56 AM

 Short Response
Record your answers on the answer sheet
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
Use the images below to answer question 8.
Extended Response
Record your answers on a sheet of paper.
Use the figure below to answer question 14.

8. Compare and contrast the physical proper-

ties of these minerals. SC.912.P.8.2

9. Why are some medicines stored in dark

bottles? SC.912.P.8.2

10. Explain how two dangerous elements can 14. Describe what type of changes are taking
form a compound that is edible. SC.912.P.8.2 place in the photo. SC.912.P.8.2

11. What physical and chemical properties of 15. Design an experiment that shows that this
titanium make it useful for airplane manu- type of chemical change is governed by the
facturing? SC.912.P.8.2 law of conservation of mass. SC.912.P.8.2

12. Compare and contrast the properties of het- 16. Describe the distillation of seawater using a
erogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. multi-step process. On what physical prop-
What is another name for a homogeneous erty is this process based? SC.912.P.8.2

mixture? SC.912.P.8.2
17. Give two examples of a compound. Describe
13. You are given a mixture of iron filings, why the ratios of elements in these com-
sand, and salt. Describe how to separate this pounds do not change. SC.912.P.8.2
mixture. SC.912.P.8.2

NEED EXTRA HELP?

If You Missed
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Question . . .

Review Section . . . 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1, 2 1 1 1, 2 2 2 2 1

Assessment Standardized Test Practice Standardized Test Practice 485

0484_0485_C15STP_894583.indd 485 6/4/10 7:56 AM