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Aer p20151001
Aer p20151001
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151001
Organizations are all around us: not just firms, For example, some economists have begun to
hospitals, schools, and government agencies, but assess the effect of culture on economic activ-
also communities, unions, social movements, ities. Much of this work has used conceptions
and more.1 of culture such as the “customary beliefs and
Culture is trickier to define, as well as to values that ethnic, religious, and social groups
analyze. As Raymond Williams (1983, p. 87) transmit fairly unchanged from generation to
remarked, “culture is one of the two or three generation.”3
most complicated words in the English lan- We focus on organizational culture, which
guage.” In addition, a “historical overview of Schein (1985, p. 9) defines as:
the shifting meanings of the word … estimated
that there were more than 160 definitions in use” a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,
(Steinmetz 1999, p. 5). discovered, or developed by a given group
For decades, economics largely ignored as it learns to cope with its problems of
culture, but things are starting to change.2 external adaptation and internal inte-
gration—that has worked well enough to
be considered … the correct way to per-
* Martinez: Formerly of Massachusetts General Hospital, ceive, think, and feel in relation to those
55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; Beaulieu: Harvard problems.
School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston,
MA 02115 (e-mail: beaulieu@hsph.harvard.edu); Gibbons:
MIT, 100 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (e-mail: rgib- We see organizational culture as partly a
bons@mit.edu); Pronovost: Armstrong Institute for Patient result of economic activity, not just a determi-
Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins University School of nant of it. In particular, we are interested in both
Medicine, 750 E Pratt Street, 15th Floor, Baltimore, MD the effect of management on organizational cul-
21202 (e-mail: ppronovo@jhmi.edu); Wang: MIT, 100
Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 (e-mail: td_wang@
ture and the effect of organizational culture on
mit.edu3). We are very grateful for comments from David performance.
Cutler, Joe Doyle, Ann Orloff, Edgar Schein, and Doug To put our focus on organizational culture
Staiger, and financial support from the MIT Sloan School’s and performance in context, we briefly review
Program on Innovation in Markets and Organizations. We neighboring research. First, there is a growing
dedicate this paper to our late colleague and co-author Dr.
Elizabeth Martinez. In her quiet and inspiring way, Elizabeth literature on how large-scale and slow-moving
brought us together, showed us the goal, launched us toward aspects of culture can affect correspondingly
achieving it, and insisted that we could finish. The remaining large-scale and slow-moving economic activi-
authors are ordered alphabetically, as conventional in eco- ties, such as patterns of international trade or the
nomics if not in medicine.
†
Go to http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151001 to visit
determinants of and behaviors within political
the article page for additional materials and author disclo- and legal institutions.4
sure statement(s). Second, turning to economic activity inside
Gibbons and Roberts (forthcoming) sketch historical, organizations, there is much research (largely
1
contemporary, and prospective economic analyses of such outside economics) on whether a preexisting,
organizations. In fact, construing an organization to be some-
thing that can be organized, they also include as “organiza- external culture may seep into an o rganization
tions” governance structures such as some hand-in-glove
supply relationships, joint ventures, and alliances between
firms, as well as some regulatory relationships and computed that these figures are 1.12 percent for 1993–2000
public-private partnerships between a government and a firm. and 1.83 percent for 2001–2013.
2
DiMaggio (1994, p. 29) computed that in ECONLIT the Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2006, p. 23).
3
keyword “culture” appeared in 0.17 percent of references For example, Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales (2009) and
4
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