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ANNEX C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C

ANNEX:
COMMUNICATION
ETHERNET SWITCHES
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 1/18

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 MiCOM C264 Ethernet Switch boards 3
1.2 Ethernet Switch names 3
1.3 C264 Ethernet switch boards 3

2. SWR21X RANGE - RING ARCHITECTURE 4


2.1 Fast redundant ring capability 4
2.1.1 Self healing ring 4
2.1.2 Ethernet switch with Self-healing ring facilities 5
2.1.3 AREVA T&D Ethernet ring redundancy 5
2.1.4 Ethernet system performances 6
2.1.5 Max time of end to end delay 6
2.1.6 Benefits 7
2.2 SNMP Management 7
2.2.1 SWR21x - MIB Structure 7
2.2.2 SNMP Client Software 8
2.3 SWR21x Leds 9
2.3.1 LEDs 9
2.4 Settings 10
2.4.1 Internal Jumpers 10
2.4.2 Address of the board : 10
2.4.3 How to configure the address ? 10
2.4.4 IP Address of the repeater 11
2.5 CONNECTIONS 11
2.5.1 J14 Fault signal output 11

3. SWD21X RANGE - DUAL HOMING ARCHITECTURE 12


3.1 Dual homing typical architecture 12
3.2 Dual homing Switch Description 13
3.3 Dual Homing Features 13
3.3.1 10Base T and 100Base Tx 13
3.3.2 Power management 13
3.3.3 Address look up 13
3.3.4 Back pressure for half duplex 13
3.3.5 Auto Negotiation and Speed-Sensing 13
3.3.6 Forwarding 13
3.3.7 Priority tagging 14
3.3.8 Flow control 14
3.4 SNMP Management 14
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3.5 SWD21x Leds 14


3.5.1 LEDs 15
3.6 Settings 15

4. SWU20X RANGE - STAR ARCHITECTURE 16


4.1 Ethernet Port Characteristics 16
4.1.1 10/100BaseTx Port 16
4.1.2 100BaseFx Multi Mode Port 16
4.1.3 100BaseFx Single or Mono Mode Port 16
4.2 Ethernet Port Switching Features 17
4.2.1 10BaseTx and 100BaseTx 17
4.2.2 100Base Fx 17
4.3 Ethernet Management 17
4.3.1 Address look up 17
4.3.2 Buffering 17
4.3.3 Back off operation 17
4.3.4 Back pressure for half duplex 17
4.3.5 Broadcast storm protection 17
4.3.6 Auto Negotiation and Speed-Sensing 17
4.3.7 Forwarding 17
4.3.8 Priority tagging 17
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 3/18

1. INTRODUCTION
MiCOM C264 Ethernet switches are designed to address the needs of a wide range of
electric plant. Emphasis has been placed on strong compliance to standards, scalability,
modularity and open architecture.
These facilitate use in a range of applications from the most basic to the most demanding.
They also ensure interoperability with existing components.
AREVA T&D philosophy is to provide a range of Ethernet products like switch that match all
general requirements needed in electric substation: power supply, immunity to environmental
constraints.
It provides also solutions to specific requirement like for example network redundancy
management and high availability performances.
Each of these boards can be used in MiCOM C264 “standalone” application or can be
integrated to a Digital Control System (DCS) (as PACIS) or to various kind of systems and
SCADA architectures.
1.1 MiCOM C264 Ethernet Switch boards
Driven by the requirements around the world for advanced applications in SCADA, Digital
Control Systems, Automation, control and monitoring, AREVA T&D has designed and still
developing a complete range of products that communicate via Ethernet links.
Electric plant requirements leads to constraints that are rarely full-filled by standard Ethernet
products: environmental, power supply, redundancy, etc.
This new MiCOM range of Ethernet switch, the MiCOM Hxxx has been specially tailored for
the PACiS system. The MiCOM Hxxx range is designed to address the needs of a wide
range of installations, from small to large and customer applications.
1.2 Ethernet Switch names
Basically the naming of Ethernet switch boards depends on its facilities and its interface:
copper, optical single-Mode, optical Multi-Mode.
The existing devices are:

• SWU2xx Ethernet Switch board for Ethernet Star Architecture

• SWR2xx Ethernet Switch board for Ethernet Dual ring Architecture

• SWD2xx Ethernet Switch board for Ethernet Dual Star Architecture


1.3 C264 Ethernet switch boards
The SWxxx Ethernet switch board range is composed of managed switches, easy to install
and operate, designed to be implemented in an electric plant environment (IEC 61000-4 &
60255-5).
On the media side, the range supports 10BaseT, 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX as specified
by the IEEE 802.3 committee. Management of the full duplex is available for 100BaseTx or
100BaseFx.
To adapt the switch to your application you have to configure the necessary parameters with
“jumpers” located on the board.
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2. SWR21X RANGE - RING ARCHITECTURE


The SWR21x range is dedicated for fast redundant Ethernet ring and defined by the type of
Ethernet optical fibre support. All equipment of the SWR21 range has 4 Copper connections
through RJ45, with speed automatically adjusted from external emitters to 10 or 100 Mbps.
Copper Ethernet link is limited in distance and subject to perturbation. The Ethernet
redundant ring is based on optical inter-switch connection, depending on the link length
between the user may choose between Multi-mode Fibre optic or Single mode Fibre Optic
for long distance.

Model Description Connectors


SWR212 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45
(Ref: 2071646 A01) Multimode 1310 nm 2 x ST
SWR214 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45
(Ref: 2071646 A02) Single mode 1310 nm 2 x SC

2.1 Fast redundant ring capability


2.1.1 Self healing ring
Ethernet switches learn MAC addresses in order to switch packets to their destination port,
and save the addresses in their memory as long as they are active. If a MAC address
ceases to be active, it is aged out of the switch memory after a few minutes.
This switch-address- ageing delay presents a problem when a LAN needs to be reconfigured
quickly.
There is no benefit to having a fast ring recovery technique if the switch members of the ring
prevent Ethernet traffic from moving to the recovery traffic path.
With the AREVA T&D redundant ring without or with ring default the all switch on the ring
sees no difference in the advance of the frame ; no reset switch, no relearning for the MAC
address.

MiCOM H35 MiCOM H35

MiCOM H15 MiCOM H15

S0204ENa

FIGURE 1: SELF-HEALING RING MECHANISM


Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 5/18

2.1.2 Ethernet switch with Self-healing ring facilities


The SWR21x is a “repeater” with a standard 802.3 Ethernet switch plus the self healing
manager (SHM). The following drawing describes the internal architecture of such device.

Ethernet Ports 10/100 Base TX

MDIO bus FLASH


SWITCH

Port MII

SHM N°
Failsafe Self healing ring
output relays manager

100Mbs Full duplex


opto opto

Primary Fiber

Secondary Fiber
Optical Ring
C0420ENa

FIGURE 2: INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF SWR21


2.1.3 AREVA T&D Ethernet ring redundancy
The SHM functions manage the ring. If the optic Fibre connection between two devices is
broken, the network continues to run correctly.
During nominal situation, Ethernet packet goes in primary Fibre always in the same direction,
and only a checking frames (4 bytes) is sent every 5µs in secondary Fibre in the opposite
direction.
If link is cut, both SHM start immediately the network self-healing. At one side messages
receive are no more emitted to the primary fibre but to the secondary fibre. On the other side
of the cut off, messages received to secondary are emitted to primary and the new
topological loop is closed.
Thanks to this property it is possible to extend the number of equipments or the size of a
sub-station without stopping exploitation. When the loop is open, new equipments are
connected on one side and the redunded loop is closed.
To increase the reliability some specific mechanisms are used:

• Watching the quality of transmission. Each frame (Ethernet packet or checking frame)
is controlled by the SHM. A detection of large error rate will eliminate the faulty link
and start automatically the self healing,

• Supervising the link same in the absence of traffic on the primary link (every 5 µs
checking frames are sending to test the link). The link is supervised permanently with
the real frame.
C264/EN AN/C40 Annex: SW Communication

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2.1.4 Ethernet system performances

Primary fiber

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

switch switch switch


switch switch
RP EP
C D E
A B

ES RS

Secondary fiber S0206ENa

FIGURE 3: NOMINAL REDUNDANT ETHERNET RING ARCHITECTURE


WITH MiCOM SWR21X AND HX5X SWITCHES

Primary fiber

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

switch switch switch


switch switch
RP EP
C D E
A B

ES RS

Secondary fiber S0207ENa

FIGURE 4: ETHERNET RING ARCHITECTURE


WITH MiCOM SWR21X AND HX5X SWITCHES, AFTER FAILURE
2.1.5 Max time of end to end delay
To calculate the time end to end you must to used the following table based on the nominal
situation:

Send a Goose frame from…. Time at


Abr. Comments
To… 100Mbps
IED 1 to Switch A 22 µs 262 bytes + inter-frame
Switch A to IED 2 22 µs Store and forward mechanism
Switch A to the network 2 µs tl Repeater latency time
Propagation time on the fibre µs 4,8 µs /km
Network to network 2 µs tl Repeater latency time

When the frame circulates on the ring it does not cross the switch the transit time is only tl.
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 7/18

2.1.6 Benefits

• Ultra fast ring redundant capability (< 1ms for network reconfiguration)

• Fast propagation on the ring (no transfer time (Store and forward mechanism ) with
the switch)

• No central redundancy manager

• Specific mechanism of frames checking

• Ring management
2.2 SNMP Management
Simple Network Management Protocol is the network protocol developed to manage devices
on an IP network. With SNMP the available information is defined by Management
Information Bases (MIB). The format of SNMP data takes the form of a tree structure, with
each node in the tree being identified by a numerical Object IDentifier (OID). Each OID
identifies a variable that can be read or set via SNMP with an appropriate software. The
information in the MIBs is standardised.
2.2.1 SWR21x - MIB Structure
The SNMP MIB consists in distinct OIDs; each of them refers to a defined collection of
specific information used to manage devices on the AREVA’ ring. The AREVA MIB uses
three types of OID.
System:

Address Name
0 Ccitt
1 ISO
3 Org
6 DOD
1 Internet
2 mgmt
1 Mib-2
1 sys
1 sysDescr AREVA repeter
3 sysUpTime xday yh:zm:zzs:yyms
4 sysName
C264/EN AN/C40 Annex: SW Communication

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RMON:

Address Name
0 Ccitt
1 ISO
3 Org
6 DOD
1 Internet
2 mgmt
1 Mib-2
16 Rmon
1 stat
1 etherstat
1 Port number (*)
9 etherStatsIndex etherStatsUndersizePkts
10 etherStatsIndex etherStatsOversizePkts
12 etherStatsIndex etherStatsJabbers
13 etherStatsIndex etherStatsCollisions
14 etherStatsIndex etherStatsPkts64Octets
15 etherStatsIndex etherStatsPkts65to127Octets
16 etherStatsIndex etherStatsPkts128to255Octets
17 etherStatsIndex etherStatsPkts256to511Octets
18 etherStatsIndexetherStatsPkts512to1023Octets
19 etherStatsIndexetherStatsPkts1024to1518Octets
*Port number: 1 to 4: standard ports
7 and 8: ports for redundant ring

Private:

Address Name
0 Ccitt
1 ISO
3 Org
6 DOD
1 Internet
4 private
1 enterprises
22006 AREVA T&D
1 EAI
2 MiCOM

2.2.2 SNMP Client Software


MIB Browser Software enables to perform all the basic SNMP operations, such as GET,
GETNEXT, RESPONSE, A very simple SNMP Client software is sufficient for using the
AREVA MIB in AREVA range of switches.
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 9/18

2.3 SWR21x Leds


LEDs are used to indicate the state of SWR21 and of the links. They are dedicated to Expert
Maintenance.

Front Panel Rear Panel

J10:
Adress of
repeater

J12:
Reserved

C0424ENa

2.3.1 LEDs
The table below indicates the function of each LED:

LED N° Color Description


E1 default L1 Red Seal Heating on RsEp
Link Rp L2 green Rp (Reception Primary) Link OK
Receive Rp L3 Green Traffic detected
E2 default L4 Red Seal Heating RpEs
Link Rs L5 Green Link
Receive Rs L6 Green Traffic detected
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 0 L7 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 1 L8 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 2 L9 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 3 L10 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 4 L11 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 5 L12 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 6 L13 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 7 L14 Green
Link and activity port 1 L15 Green Off: no connection
Green: link
Green + blink: link + activity
Link and activity port 2 L16 Green «
Link and activity port 3 L17 Green «
Link and activity port 4 L18 Green «
Link and activity port 5 L19 Green «
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LED N° Color Description


Speed port 1 L20 Green Off: 10Mbps
Green : 100Mbps
Speed port 2 L21 Green «
Speed port 3 L22 Green «
Speed port 4 L23 Green «
Speed port 5 L24 Green Port not used

Upon power up the SWR21xx will go through a series of self-testing. The 5 “link LED” will
flash a few seconds.
2.4 Settings
2.4.1 Internal Jumpers

OPEN CLOSE

Status is “closed” when the jumper is setted.

N° Open Closed Factory setting


J10-1 Board address bit 1 = 1 Board address bit 1 = 0 Closed
J10-2 Board address bit 2 = 1 Board address bit 2 = 0 Closed
J10-3 Board address bit 4 = 1 Board address bit 4 = 0 Closed
J10-4 Board address bit 8 = 1 Board address bit 8 = 0 Closed
J10-5 Board address bit 16 = 1 Board address bit 16 = 0 Closed
J10-6 Board address bit 32 = 1 Board address bit 32 = 0 Closed
J10-7 Board address bit 64 = 1 Board address bit 64 = 0 Closed

2.4.2 Address of the board :


Each board on the ring has a specific address. Each address must be single and included
between 1 and 127.
2.4.3 How to configure the address ?
The address is equal to the sum of the « open bits ».
At the beginning address = 0
If J10-1 = open address = address + 1 if not address = address + 0
If J10-2 = open address = address + 2 if not address = address + 0
If J10-3 = open address = address + 4 if not address = address + 0
If J10-4 = open address = address + 8 if not address = address + 0
If J10-5 = open address = address + 16 if not address = address + 0
If J10-6 = open address = address + 32 if not address = address + 0
If J10-7 = open address = address + 64 if not address = address + 0
Example :
J10-1 = open address = address + 1
J10-2 = open address = address + 2
J10-3 = close address = address + 0
J10-4 = open address = address + 8
J10-5 = close address = address + 0
J10-6 = close address = address + 0
J10-7 = close address = address + 0
Address = 11
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MiCOM C264/C264C Page 11/18

2.4.4 IP Address of the repeater


The repeater IP address is accomplished in the following way:

Always 254

123.086.254.045

IP Network Base Repeater number


C0422ENa

FIGURE 5: IP ADDRESS
Note: It is important to note that the AREVA_Switch_manager Software
forces the third IP field to “254” value.
2.5 CONNECTIONS
2.5.1 J14 Fault signal output
The optical ring is monitored. If one link come down the default is announced by the
contacts:

Components side Pin State

1 Self healing Rp-Es

2 Common

1 2 3 3 Self healing Rs-Ep

Closed if Self-healing
C0121ENb

FIGURE 6: J14 PIN OUT


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3. SWD21X RANGE - DUAL HOMING ARCHITECTURE


The SWD21x range of Ethernet boards is dedicated to Dual Ethernet Star architecture and
defined by the type of Ethernet optical fibre it is connected (Single Mode or Multi Mode). All
equipment of the SWR21x range has 4 Copper connections through RJ45, with speed
automatically adjusted from external emitters to 10 or 100 Mbps, and 2 Ethernet optical ports
with dual homing mechanism.
The Ethernet dual homing star is based on optical connection; depending on the link length
the user may choose between Multi-mode optic fibre (up to 2 km) and Single mode optic
Fibre (up to 20 km) for long distance.

Model Description Connectors

SWD212 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45


(Ref: 2071647 A01) Multimode 1310 nm 2 x ST

SWR214 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45


(Ref: 2071647 A02) Single mode 1310 nm 2 x SC

3.1 Dual homing typical architecture

1 2

Main Links

Dual Homing Dual Homing


1 2

« Dual Homing » B1
Links A et B A2 B2

A1

SWITCH SWITCH
Network A Network B

Dual Homing
Dual Homing 4
3
Main Links
3

C0423ENa
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 13/18

3.2 Dual homing Switch Description

Ethernet Ports 10/100 Base TX

MDIO bus EEPROM


SWITCH

Port MII

SHM N°
Failsafe Self healing ring
output relays manager

100Mbs Full duplex


opto opto

Link A Dual Homing

Link B Dual Homing


Dual Homing optical Links
C0421ENa

3.3 Dual Homing Features


3.3.1 10Base T and 100Base Tx
The copper ports are full/half duplex and auto-sense the transmission speed. They will auto-
negociate with the connected device to determinate the optimal speed. When the connected
device is only capable of transmitting at 10Mbps, the switch follows the 10Mbps.
3.3.2 Power management
If there is no cable on a port, most of the circuitry for that port is disabled to save power.
3.3.3 Address look up
Each Ethernet device inserts its unique “MAC address” into each message it send out. The
port on the switch used for given MAC address is automatically learned when a frame is
received from that address. Once an address is learned, the switch will route messages to
only the appropriate port. A time stamp is also placed in memory when a new address is
learned. This time stamp is used with the aging feature, which will remove unused MAC
Addresses from table after 300 seconds. The broadcasting messages are transmit in the all
ports.
Up to 2048 MAC addresses can be stored and monitored at any time.
3.3.4 Back pressure for half duplex
The MICOM SWD2xx will apply « back pressure » when necessary with half-duplex
operation. This «back pressure » will reduce congestion on busy networks .
3.3.5 Auto Negotiation and Speed-Sensing
All six RJ45 ports independently support auto negotiation for speeds in the 10BaseT and
100BaseTx modes. Operation is according to the IEEE 802.3u standard.
3.3.6 Forwarding
The MICOM SWD2xx support store and forward mode. It will forward messages with know
addresses out only the appropriate port. Messages with unknown addresses, broadcast
messages and multicast messages will get forwarded out all ports except the source port.
The switch will not forward error packets, 802.3x pause frames or local packets.
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3.3.7 Priority tagging


802.1p priority is enabled on all ports.
3.3.8 Flow control
The MiCOM SWD2xx automatically supports standard flow control frames on both the
emission and reception sides.
On the reception side, if the switch receives a pause control frame it will not transmit the next
normal frame until the timer, specified in the pause control frame, expires. If another pause
frame is received before the current timer expires, the timer will be updated with the new
value in the second pause frame. During this period (being flow controlled), only flow control
packets from the switch will be transmitted.
On the transmission side, the switch has intelligence and determines when to invoke the flow
control. The flow control is based on availability of the system resources, including available
buffers, available transmission queues and available reception queues. The switch will flow
control a port, which just received a packet, if the destination port resource is being used up.
The switch will issue a flow control frame (XOFF), containing the maximum pause time
defined in IEEE standard 802.3x. A hysteresis feature is provided to prevent flow control
mechanism from being activated and deactivated too many times.
The switch will flow control all ports if the reception queue becomes full.
3.4 SNMP Management
For SNMP Management description, report to §2.2.
3.5 SWD21x Leds
LEDs are used to indicate the state of SWD21x and of the links. They are dedicated to
Expert Maintenance.

Front Panel Rear Panel

R link A

E link A

R link B

E link B
J10:
Adress of
repeater

J12:
Reserved

C0425ENa
Annex: SW Communication C264/EN AN/C40

MiCOM C264/C264C Page 15/18

3.5.1 LEDs
The table below indicates the function of each LED:

LED N° Color Description


Link A fault L1 Red Fault on link A
Link A reception L2 green Reception Link A
Link A traffic L3 Green Traffic on Link A
Link B fault L4 Red Fault on Link B
Link B reception L5 Green Reception Link B
Link B traffic L6 Green Traffic Link B
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 0 L7 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 1 L8 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 2 L9 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 3 L10 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 4 L11 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 5 L12 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 6 L13 Green
Number of repeater detected on the ring bit 7 L14 Green
Link and activity port 1 L15 Green Off: no connection
Green: link
Green + blink: link + activity
Link and activity port 2 L16 Green «
Link and activity port 3 L17 Green «
Link and activity port 4 L18 Green «
Link and activity port 5 L19 Green «
Speed port 1 L20 Green Off: 10Mbps
Green: 100Mbps
Speed port 2 L21 Green «
Speed port 3 L22 Green «
Speed port 4 L23 Green «
Speed port 5 L24 Green Port not used

Upon power up the SWD21 will go through a series of self-testing. The 5 “link LED” will flash
a few seconds.
3.6 Settings
Report to § 2.4.
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4. SWU20X RANGE - STAR ARCHITECTURE


The SWU20x range of Ethernet boards is dedicated to Ethernet Star architecture and
defined by the optional type of Ethernet optical fibre it is connected (single Mode or Multi
Mode). All equipment of the SWU20x range has 4 Copper connections through RJ45, with
speed automatically adjusted from external emitters to 10 or 100 Mbps, and optionally 2
Ethernet optical ports.
The Ethernet dual homing star is based on optical connection; depending on the link length
the user may choose between Multi-mode optic Fibre (up to 2km) and Single mode optic
Fibre for long distance (up to 20km).

Model Description Connectors


SWU200
Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45
Ref: 2070745 A01
SWU202 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45
Ref: 2070745 A03 Multimode 1310 nm 2 x ST
SWU204 Fast Ethernet industrial switch 4 x RJ45
Ref: 2070745 A05 Single mode 1310 nm 2 x SC

4.1 Ethernet Port Characteristics


4.1.1 10/100BaseTx Port

Connector type Shielded RJ45 jack


Twisted pair cable Cat 5
Max cable length with Cat 5 100m

4.1.2 100BaseFx Multi Mode Port

Fibre port connector ST


Optimal fibre cable 62,5/125 µm
Center wavelength 1310 nm
TX output power -19 dBm
RX input sensitivity -31 dBm
Maximum distance 2000 m
Half or full Duplex Switch selectable

4.1.3 100BaseFx Single or Mono Mode Port

Fibre port connector SC


Optimal fibre cable 9/125 or 10/125 µm
Center wavelength 1310 nm
TX output power -15 dBm
RX input sensitivity -34 dBm
Maximum distance 20 000 m
Half or full Duplex Switch selectable
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MiCOM C264/C264C Page 17/18

4.2 Ethernet Port Switching Features


SWUxxx determines automatically at message reception the speed of its transmission layer
10 or 100 Mbps SWUxxx adapts automatically itself to this transmission speed and other
transmission parameters like half or full duplex.
4.2.1 10BaseTx and 100BaseTx
The copper ports are full/half duplex and auto-sense the transmission speed. They will auto-
negociate with the connected device to determinate the optimal speed. When the connected
device is only capable of transmitting at 10Mbps, the SWUxxx follows the 10Mbps.
4.2.2 100Base Fx
The fibre optic ports are full/half duplex at 100Mbps.
4.3 Ethernet Management
4.3.1 Address look up
Each Ethernet device inserts its unique “MAC address” into each message it send out. The
port on the SWUxxx used for given MAC address is automatically learned when a frame is
received from that address. Once an address is learned, the SWUxxx will route messages to
only the appropriate port. A time stamp is also placed in memory when a new address is
learned. This time stamp is used with the aging feature, which will remove unnused MAC
Addresses from table after 300 seconds. The broadcasting messages are transmit in the all
ports.
Up to 1024 MAC addresses can be stored and monitored at any time.
4.3.2 Buffering
An internal buffer is used for buffering the messages. There are 1024 buffers available. The
factory setting mode adaptively allocates buffers up to 512 to a single port based loading.
4.3.3 Back off operation
The SWUxxx will drop a packet after 16 collisions.
4.3.4 Back pressure for half duplex
The SWUxxx will apply « back pressure » when necessary with half-duplex operation. This
«back pressure » will reduce congestion on busy networks (J factory setting).
4.3.5 Broadcast storm protection
Broadcasts and multicasts are limited to 5% of the available bandwidth.
4.3.6 Auto Negotiation and Speed-Sensing
All the 4 RJ45 ports of the SWUxxx independently support auto negotiation for speeds in the
10BaseT and 100BaseTx modes. Operation is according to the IEEE 802.3u standard.
4.3.7 Forwarding
SWUxxx supports store and forward mode. SWUxxx will forward messages with know
addresses out only the appropriate port. Messages with unknown addresses, broadcast
messages and multicast messages will get forwarded out all ports except the source port.
SWUxxx will not forward error packets, 802.3x pause frames or local paquets.
4.3.8 Priority tagging
802.1p priority is enabled on all ports. A 6 KB buffer is reserved for priority traffic.
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4.3.8.1 Flow control


The switch automatically supports standard flow control frames on both the transmission and
reception sides.
On the reception side, if SWUxxx receives a pause control frame it will not transmit the next
normal frame until the timer, specified in the pause control frame, expires. If another pause
frame is received before the current timer expires, the timer will be updated with the new
value in the second pause frame. During this period (being flow controlled), only flow control
packets from SWUxxx will be transmitted.
On the transmission side, SWUxxx efficient ways to determine when to invoke flow control.
The flow control is based on availability of the system resources, including available buffers,
available transmission queues and available reception queues. SWUxxx will flow control a
port, which just received a packet, if the destination port resource is being used up. SWUxxx
will issue a flow control frame (XOFF), containing the maximum pause time defined in IEEE
standard 802.3x. A hysteresis feature is provided to prevent flow control mechanism from
being activated and deactivated too many times.
SWUxxx will flow control all ports if the reception queue becomes full.

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