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Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae's Virulence and ) Annotations (1103)

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Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and
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Frontiers in Immunology, 22 Jun 2018, 9:1366
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01366  PMID: 29988379  PMCID: PMC6023974

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Abstract 
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen responsible for millions of deaths
worldwide. Diseases caused by this bacterium are classified as pneumococcal
diseases. This pathogen colonizes the nasopharynx of its host asymptomatically, but
overtime can migrate to sterile tissues and organs and cause infections. Pneumonia is
currently the most common pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal pneumonia is a
global health concern and vastly affects children under the age of five as well as the
elderly and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. S. pneumoniae has a large
selection of virulence factors that promote adherence, invasion of host tissues, and
allows it to escape host immune defenses. A clear understanding of S. pneumoniae's
virulence factors, host immune responses, and examining the current techniques
available for diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention will allow for better
regulation of the pathogen and its diseases. In terms of disease prevention, other
considerations must include the effects of age on responses to vaccines and vaccine
efficacy. Ongoing work aims to improve on current vaccination paradigms by including
the use of serotype-independent vaccines, such as protein and whole cell vaccines.
Extending our knowledge of the biology of, and associated host immune response to
S. pneumoniae is paramount for our improvement of pneumococcal disease diagnosis,
treatment, and improvement of patient outlook.

Figures (9) 

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Figure 9
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of adaptive immune cells. In this figure, TLR2
recognizes the Streptococcus pneumoniae’s lipoproteins. Upon activation, TLR2 secretes
cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. These co-stimulatory molecules are essential for
co-stimulation and activation of T cells. The T cell is presented an antigen with major
histocompatibility complex (MHC)II and antigen-presenting cell. The recognition of the
antigen–MHCII complex and the co-stimulatory molecules activates the T cell and leads
downstream to differentiation into Th1 and Th2 cells, that can release various cytokines
such as interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4.

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