Section 4.1 - Ratios, Rates, and Unit Rates ¢ 129 A ee i Ratios A ratio is the quotient of two like quantities. Ratios are used to compare two or more like quantities, with the same units minutes to 25 mis minutes _ 10 _ 2%8 _ 2 For instance, the ratio of 10 minutes to 25 minutes is: 25 minutes = 25 ~ 5x3 ~ 5 Since the units of measurement (minutes) are the same, they can cancel, and the fraction can be simplified. If quantities represent the same type of measurement, the ratios can be compared. ‘The ratio of 65 cm to 2 m does not have like quantities, but since it can be changed to the same like quantity, it can be reduced. 6S5em _ OSem_ _ 8X13 _ 13 2m ~ 200em 3x40” 40 Rates Quantities with different units of measure are called rates. A rate is the quotient of two or more unlike quantities, with different units, For instance, if a car travels 360 kilometers on 25 litres of gasoline, the ratio of kilometers to litres is being compared. 360km _ 3X72km _ 72km 2SL ~ §xSL OSL For example: For ratios and rates, only whole numbers are used in both the numerator and denominator, and the resulting fractions are not changed to mixed fractions or decimals. Unit Rates ‘Auunit rate is a rate in which the different quantities have a denominator equal to one. Dividing the numerator and denominator by the denominator will change a rate into a unit rate. For instance 3604 = 72400. To change this rate to @ unit rate, the numerator and denominator is divided by 5. (72+5)km _ 144 km G=5)L 7 IL This is also written as 14.4 km/L, which is read as “14.4 kilometers per litre” Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without writien permission from the publisher130 + Chapter 4- > Solution: > Solution: > Solution: Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Find the ratio in simplified form. a) 331059 b) 331057 6) 36emto8em d) 4.2kmto 640m 33 4) The ratio is 35 or 33:59 33 _ 3x _ iu by The ratio is $F = Fe79 = 1g oF M19 6 sat 3, ©) The ratios 6X10 _ AX9 _ 9 og: 8x10 ~ 80 ~ #x20 ~ 29 19:20 42km _ 4.2%1000 pf _ 4200 _ #105 _ 105 a) The ratios Sym = —— gad 5h = “640 aie = 1G, 105216 Find the rate, and unit rate, of traveling 243 km in 6 hours. 243km _ 3X81km _ 81 km The rateis “Ear = “Sxohr ~ 2hr Sikm _ (81+2)km _ 40.5 km The unit rate is = oie he A shopper buys 15 Ibs of potatoes for $4.29. What is the unit rate in cents per pound? $4.29 is 429 cents 429 cents _ 3X 143cents _ (143% 5)cemts _ 28.6 cents _ 9¢ 6 centsib 15 Ibs BXSibs (55) Ibs Tb ‘The fruit with the lowest caloric value is the cucumber. A 700 gram cucumber has 120 calories. What is the caloric unit rate per kilogram of cucumbers? 700 grams = 0.7 kilograms 120 calories 07 kilograms ‘The unit rate is = 171.4 calories per kilogram Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission fom the publisher.4.1 Exercise Set 1. Fillin the blanks with an appropriate word or words. a) A Section 4.1 - Ratios, Rates, and Unit Rates ¢ 131 is the comparison of two like quantities. 1b). Arate is the comparison of two unlike oA 4) Quantities that have the same units are called ©) The 2. Write each ratio in simplest form. a) 9t0 12 ©) 651035 &) 25t015 2) 201025 i) Smto8m k) $50 t0 S15 m) 16 mLto 15 mL 0) 18 min to 4.5 min 4) 2m? to 100 mm? 8) 8 months to 2 yrs 4) 60 min to 2 hrs Ww) 2 Ibs to 12 oz y)_ 1sqmi to 640 acres b) ® » a) p) y o » a is a rate that has a one in the denominator. ‘quantities. found by dividing the total price by the number of units. 201015 301021 20t0 14 24 t0 7h 2000 km to 400 km $1.25 to 40¢ 12 goals to 21 goals 2000 m to 1 km 24 see to 2 min 180 sec to + hr 200 em to 1m Sydsto 10 320 acres to 2 sections ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher132_¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 3. Write each in simplest form. a) 8 goals in 80 shots ©) 300 calories in 40 minutes ©) 12 baskets in 40 attempts 8) $10 600 in 6 months i) $1629 for 18 m? of carpet k) 50 Liberals for every 40 NDP m) 6 nr of material for 5 dresses 0) 3 tanks of gas to cut 15 acres of lawn $398 for4 nights in a hotel 4. Determine the unit rate. a) 8 goals in 80 shots ©) 300 calories in 40 minutes €) 12 baskets in 40 attempts 2) $10 600 in 6 months i) $1629 for 18 m? of carpet k) 50 Liberals for every 40 NDP m) 6 m? of material for 5 dresses 0) 3 tanks of gas to cut 15 acres of lawn @) $398 for 4 nights in a hotel ») oO hy d D} a) Pp) b) a) ny dD n) Pp n 40 phone calls in 6 days 12 books for $18 28 home runs in 560 at bats 1250 flights in 15 days 18 hours of homework in 12 days 5 case workers for every 100 clients 10 km in 40 minutes 80 yards gained in 6 carries, 420 calories in a 8 ounce can of soda 40 phone calls in 6 days 12 books for $18 28 home runs in 560 at bats 1250 flights in 15 days 18 hours of homework in 12 days 5 case workers for every 100 clients 10 km in 40 minutes 80 yards gained in 6 carries, 420 calories in a 8 ounce can of soda Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reprodiced without written permission from the publishernL 1B. ‘Vijay works fora drug store. He earns $1722 for 6. working 82 hours over two weeks. What was his hourly rate of pay? ‘Ali drove at a constant speed and traveled 249.6km — 8 in three hours. IfAli drives at the same rate, how far would he travel in eleven hours? A house valued at $630 000 has property tax of 10. $7000, Find the ratio of property tax to house value. ‘What rate of increase did Anna receive if her 2 weekly salary rose from $800 to $1000? On January 1, 2016, Canada has a population of 14, approximately 36 million people, and a land area of 9.9 million square kilometers. The ratio of the number of people to the area is called the population density. What is the population density of Canada to one decimal place? Section 4.1 - Ratios, Rates, and Unit Rates ¢ 133 ‘Twelve theatre tickets cost $180.00. What would be the cost of seven of the same theatre tickets? An online musie store charges the same amount for all songs available to be downloaded. If it costs $6.98 to purchase seven songs, how much would it cost for nine songs? ‘At high school, 640 of the 1120 students are female, ‘What is the ratio of male to female students? A basketball team wins 18 games in a 30 game schedule. What is the ratio of wins to losses? On July 9, 2016, it cost $3600 Canadian dollars to buy €2500 (Euros). What is the exchange rate of Canadian dollars to Euros? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher134 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions eee ker 2 : Best Buys ‘A good way to save money is to compare prices on items that you purchase. Prices for the same item can vary widely from store to store. It is especially important to carefully check prices on expensive items to find the lowest price. Prices can also vary in the same store. In grocery shopping, the size or quantity of the item usually has an effect. its price. Smaller quantities of an item usually cost more per unit weight than larger sizes. To calculate which size or quantity of an item is the best buy, the unit price of the item must be determined. However, unit pricing should not be the only consideration when making a purchase. Storage space and the amount that could be consumed before its expiry date are reasons to consider buying quantities with a higher unit price. [5 Complete the table to find the best buy. ‘Number of Units Total Price Unit Price 2 $2.98 4 $5.68 8 $11.52 $2.98, > Solution: $298 — $1.49 per unit $5.68. — $1.41 per unit 1. SUS2 < $1.44 per unit Therefore 4 units for $5.68 is the best buy. Pretzels are $0.59 per bag, or 3 bags for $1.29. If you buy 3 bags of pretzels, how much cheaper is it per bag compared to buying just 1 bag? > Solution: — Itis necessary to first determine the unit price. $1.29+3 0.43, The difference between unit prices is the amount saved per bag. $0.59 = $0.43 30.16 Buying 3 bags of pretzels results in a savings of $0.16 per bag Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.2 - Best Buys and Coupons ¢ 135 Fen wants to buy a jar of pickles. Jar A contains 1.2 L of pickles and costs $3.60, Jar B contains 1.6 L of pickles and costs $4.72. Which is the better buy? > Solution: The unit price is the price per litre. Jar A is $3.60 + 1.2 = $3.00 per litre. Jar B is $4.72 + 1.6 = $2.95 per litre. Since Jar B costs less per litte, it is the better buy. When grocery shopping, it is sometimes necessary to compare different units of measure to determine the best buy. The careful shopper must be able to convert from one type of measure to another in order to compare prices. Some of the most common unit conversions are listed: 1000 millilitres (mL) = 1 litre (L) 1 pound (Ib) = 453.6 grams (g) 16 ounces (02) = 1 pound (1b) 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (Ibs) 1 fluid ounce (fl 02) = 29.574 millilitres (mL) ~ 30 mL, 1 quart (q!) = 32 fluid ounces (fl. 07) A.28 floz can of diced tomatoes sells for $1.89 and a 500 mL. can of diced tomatoes sells for $1.39. Which isthe better buy? > Solution: Using the approximate measurement of | fl oz = 30 mL 28 floz = 30 x 28 = 840 mL $1.89 _ 28 flozcan: g4y 8% = $0.00225 per mL. $1.39 500 mL can: shi; 35- = $0.00278 per ml. The 28 f oz can is the better buy. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher136 ¢ Chapter 4 Percents, R: 1s, and Proportions Coupons Using coupons is a simple way to save money on food and household products, and every little bit saved helps. ‘The savings earned using a single coupon may not be too lange depending on the item, however it is important to look at the bigger picture. It is not about the money saved on one shopping trip, but rather the money that ccan be saved over a longer period of time using coupons. Anyone who dislikes wasting money will benefit with coupon usage. Jasmine has a coupon valued at $1.50 for any size box of cereal. Box A costs $5.69 for the 1 kg, size, and $9.29 for a 1.8 kg size. What is the better buy before using the coupon, and when using the coupon? > Solution: No coupon: Box A is $5.69 per kg Box B is $9.29 + 18 kg = $5.17 perkg Box B is the better buy with no coupon. With coupon: Box A is $5.69 ~$1.50 = $4.19 per kg $7.79 18 kg Box A is the better buy with the coupon, Box B is $9.29 -$1.50 $4.33 per kg ‘Akeem has a coupon for $125 off.a box spring and mattress set. He finds the set on sale with a 25% discount from the regular price of $995. With the store discount and coupon what does ‘Akeem pay for the box spring and mattress set, and what overall percent discount did he receive? > Solution: Regular price less the 25% discount is $995 x 0,75 = $746.25 With the coupon discount the final price is $746.25 — $125 = $621.25 $995 ~ $621.25 3995 ‘The percent savings is = 03756 = 37.56% The final price of a shirt, including taxes of 12%, is $22.40. If Sam had a coupon for $10.00, ‘what was the original selling price ofthe shirt? > Solution: Let the original selling price be x. Then x — 10 is the coupon discount price. Taxes of 12% make the final price 112%, or 1.12 of the price before taxes. Therefore 1.12(x— 10) = 22.40 —10 = 20 x= 30 ‘The original price of the shirt was $30.00. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.2 - Best Buys and Coupons ¢ 137 4.2 Exercise Set L 2 Convert the measurements, a) 21b60z= oz b) 750: mL = L ©) 468 kg @) 2.25 1b = kg ©) 2ats = _flloz Ibs Calculate the unit rate for each option and determine the best buy. (Round answers to the highest cent) Option 1 Option 2 Unit Rate 1 Unit Rate 2 Best Buy, a) [3 books 12 books for $1.98 for $9.96 b) | 12 pencils 60 pencils for $3.48 for $16.20 ©) | 18 pens 30 pens for $13.50 for $23.70 @) [32 Lof gas 40 L of gas for $35.84 for $46.00 @) [3cansofsoda | 12 cans of soda for $2.69 for $9.95 f) [2kgfor$12.99 | 1200 g for $9.99 g) | 20 Ibs of bird seed | 8 kg of bird seed for $39.99 for $35.99 By [ike for $8.25 [2 lbs for $7.95 1) [100 mL for $5.10 [4 oz for $5.88 D [OSkg for $12.50 | 1Ib for $11.25 Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without writien permission from the publisher138 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 3. Complete the table to determine the better buy. a) [No.of Units | Total Price [Unit Price ») [No.of Units | Total Price [Unit Price 1202. $3.96 120 mL $230 2407 36.35 210 mL $2.99 36 07 $8.79 450 mL. $6.79 ©) [No oftnits [Total Price [Unit Price 4) [No.of Units [ Total Price | Unit Price 15 02 $3.12 250g $3.19 2007 $3.82 400g $5.19 1b 8 oz $4.35 Tg $12.89 2b 12 02 $8.27 4kg $17.99 (16 oz = 1 1b) (1000 g = 1 kg) 4, Lin is considering buying a membership at the local 5. Jason can rent a car for 3 days for 30¢ per km, or fitness centre, She currently pays $5 per visit. The $50 plus 10¢ per km. How many kilometres must ‘membership fee is $21 per month and it reduces the Jason drive to save money with the cost plus per visit fee to $2. How many visits per month must. _ kilometre option? Lin make in order to save money with a membership? 6. Determine the final price ofa shit ifthe original 7. What percent total discount is there on a $49.99 price was $39.50, and it was on sale for 20% off, item that has a 25% off sale, plus a coupon worth plus there was a store coupon worth $8.00. $10.00? 8 Coupon stacking is using both a store coupon anda 9, Abdul has both a store coupon and a manufacturer’s manufacturer's coupon on a single item. Frozen TV dinners are priced at two for $10.90. A ‘manufacturer's discount is $1.25 off when buying two dinners, and an in-store coupon is $1.50 off when buying two dinners. What is the final price for one TV dinner using both coupons? coupon for a TV set. If the TV is selling for $799, with a store coupon worth 20% off, and a ‘manufacturer's coupon worth $150, what does Abdul pay for the TV? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.Section 4.3 - Proportions ¢ 139 4: rages When two ratios or rates are equal, they are said to be in proportion. The ratio of | to 3 is equal to the ratio of 2 2 to 6, since + = 2. This equation is called a proportion. Ifa statement is a proportion, the cross product of the ratios must be equal The statement ++ = 2 is a proportion since 1-6 = 2-3 The statement 3 = fis nota proportion since 2:18 4 5-7 The Proportion Rule then a-d = b-c, and the fractions $ and are proportional, Determine if the ratios are proportional, a) 3 = by 1Sisto6as 2ist08 > Solution: Since 120 = 120, the ratios are proportional. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher140 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Solving Proportions Solving a proportion problem consists of having four values, in which three of the values are known, and one value is unknown, To solve 2 = & for x, use cross multiplication, then divide both sides of the equation so that x is isolated. xb = ag Eee wad > Solution: ‘The amount of penicillin a child should take is proportional to their weight. If'a 21 kg child should take 120 mg of penicillin, how much should a 28 kg child take? > Solution: Let x = milligrams a 28 kg child should take 2ikg _ 28kg 120mg ~ xmg ~unknown penicillin amount 21x = 120-28 Wx _ 120.28 wt 2 x= 160 mg ‘The scale of a map of Canada is 1.5 m to 100 km. If the distance between Edmonton and. Winnipeg measures 19.7 em on the map, how far is the actual distance between the two cities? > Solution: Let x = the unknown actual distance between Edmonton and Winnipeg 15em__ 19.7em 100 km ~~ x km. L5x = 19.7(100) 19.7(100) 15 a= 1313 km Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.3 - Proportions ¢ 141 43. Exercise Set 1. _ Fillin the blanks with an appropriate word, or words, a) A {san equation that states that two ratios or rates are equal. )_ To check iffa proportion is equal, the ratio or rates. $a8, 1 produ ©) 162 =G, then the products equal zab als a) 1% =, then x equal 2. Determine if the statement is true or false. » 2-14 Tir by) 48-46 TIF 9 2 TF TIF TIF TIF ®) ¢ an) g-3 TIF 5 1) 40isto 12 as 10isto3 TIF — j) 2isto3as 12 isto 16 TIF k) 15s to 20as2 is to 23 TIP 1) 18 isto 21 as 48 is to 56 TIF Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher142 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 3. Solve. S__ x 40 _ 100° 9 35 = 28 —— 75 2-8 toa 9 5 20 —— 9 13 78 3.4 109 9 07> ——__ 9% 273 — » p 28 _ 7 ) Ds-F D — » i 25_k ™ iz —— 95-4 2 Olea $ \ o fT t 4 34 _ 64 12 <2 cs £212 9 NSE Oar Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher4. Forty-five of every 100 Canadians are overweight. If Canada has approximately 35 million people, how many of them are overweight? 6. Ifa 5 gallon can of paint can cover 3750 fi, how many gallons are needed to cover 30 000 ft ? 8 Acomputer can download 2214 kb in 54 seconds. ‘At this rate, how long will ittake to download 2542 kb? 10. In 4 hours, 130 litres of oil flows through a pipe. At this rate, how long will it take 455 litres to flow through the same pipe? 12, The ratio of two medications in a sleeping pill is 7 to 4. Ifthe pill contains 187 mg of medication, how much of each substance is in the sleeping pill? 5. 1 un. 13. Section 4.3 - Proportions + 143 Elsa’s car traveled 132 km on 8 litres of gasoline. At this rate, how many litres are needed to travel 320 km? (On average, 33 em of snow melts down to 2.5 em of water. How many centimeters of water will 3 mof snow melt down to? On Sept 9, 2016, one British pound was worth 1.7718 Canadian Dollars. If'a hotel room cost 126 pounds, what must be paid in Canadian dollars? A map has a scale of 2.5 em to 145 km. Find the distance between two cities 22.5 em apart on the map. Canadian fishery officers tagged and released 180 fish from a lake. In a later sample, 8 of 420 fish had tags on them, About how many fish are in the lake? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher144 ¢ Chapter 4- Percents, Ratios, and Proportions gem aly it a7: 1 2 Changing Percents to Fractions Percent means out of 100. It is a way of naming parts of a whole, just like fractions. Consider a 10 X 10 square. If 30 of the 100 smaller squares are shaded, 30% are shaded. Since a percent means out of 100, the fraction 79- represents the same value, Therefore, to write 30% as a fraction, simply remove the percent and divide by 100, then simplify if possible. % = 30. 3 30% = F09 = 70 An entire diagram being shaded represents 100 % or 1 Therefore 120 % must be represented by two squares. 120% = 420 or lS 120 _12_ 6 100 ~ 10 ~ 5 Percents may also be fractions. One-half of a percent is shown by shading half of a smaller square, a a 100 ~ 100 ~ 200 Revrite the percent as a fraction then simplify if possible. a) 6% b) 150% ¢) 334% > Solution: Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.4 - Relating Percent, Decimals, and Fractions ¢ 145 Changing Percents to Decimals Dividing by 100 is equivalent to moving the decimal place two places to the right. ‘Therefore 25% = 0.25 100 ~ To change a percent to a decimal, remove the percent sign and move the decimal place two spaces to the left. For example: 25% = 25,0% = 0.25 Rewrite the percent as a decimal. a) 8% b) 27.5% €) 425% Solution: a) 8% = 0.08 b) 27.5% = 0.275 ©) 425% = 4,25 Changing Decimals to Percents ‘The key to changing a decimal to a percent is knowing that 100% is the same value as 1. Therefore, multiplying ‘a number by 100% does not change its value, since multiplying a number by 1 does not change its value ‘Therefore 0.25 = 0.25 x 100% = 25% To change a decimal to a percent, move the decimal two places to the right and add a percent sign. 5%, For example: 0.25 = 0.25, Rewrite the decimal as a percent, a) 0.675 b) 0.002 @) 3 a) 03 > Solution: a) 0.675 = 67.5% b) 0.002 = 0.2% ©) 3 = 3.00 = 300% d) 03 = 0.3 30% Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.146 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Changing Fractions to Percents Multiplying a fraction by 100% is equivalent to multiplying by 1. To change a fraction to a percent, multiply the fraction by 100, and add a percent sign. 100% _ 20% 1 7 FX 100% T= 79 = 20% Rewrite the fraction as a percent. 3 nh 3B 3 as w24 of g4 9 35 > solution: a) 2= 3x1 = 2x 100% AMM 12% = 19% b 24=2x = $r00% = 9 x AAIME = 225%4 « 29594 9 $= $= Sito =$ 1s d) 40 = 401 = 40 100% = 4000% 3-3 1 = 3x 100% = © 300 = 200%! = 200 es (Ona math test, a student had a score of 35 out of 40. What percent did the student receive on the test? > Solution: = 87.5% Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.Section 4.4 Relating Percent, Decimals, and Fractions ¢ 147 4.4 Exercise Set 1. Fill in the blank with the appropriate word or number. a) The word percent means by ____ or out of. b) To change a percent to a remove the percent sign, divide by 100, then simplify. ©) To write a percent in decimal form, remove the percent sign, and move the two places to the 4) To change a fraction to a percent, the fraction by and add a percent sign. ©) Apercent that is larger than 100% is a number than 1 2. Use percents to name the shaded portion of each drawing. » ° a 2) — _—~—» — Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No pari ofthis publication may be reproduced without writen permission from the publisher.148 + Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 3. Write as a fraction. Simplify a) 12% ©) 140% ©) 334% 2) 23% a 2% ky 5% m) 3h% 0) 143% 4. Write as a decimal a) 8% ©) 700% ©) 205% 2) 42% i) 3200% kK) 323% m) 3% 0) 34% b) a hy id Dd a) ») b) a hy dD y n) Pp) M% 33% 350% 5% dy, 4% 834% 166.3% 60% 100% 825% 0.032% 0.2% 100% 128% 83% Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing, No part of tis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.4 - Relating Percent, Decimals, and Fractions ¢ 149 5. Write as a percent. a) 035 b) 35 © 35 a) 07 97 70 2) 0.0025 hn) 0.025 a i) 0.25 D 1426 k) 1.426 Db 142.6 m) 3.9 n) 039 - 0) 390 p) 0.0039 6. Write as a percent. 3 3 » 10 —— 0 3 yt 9 1000 % 29 e) 204 2004 1 1 a+ ye > a 3 > 23 w 34 » sh 2 1 m2 __ » » 3 p) 74 a Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without writen permission from the publisher150 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 7. Complete the table. 4) | Fraction | Decimal | Percent ») | Fraction | Decimal | Percent 2 z 334% 02 0.833 8% WT 4 4 874% oar 0375 210% i Sue got 21 out of 30 questions correct on a test What percent did she score on the test? 10. Health Canada states that every child should exercise 90 minutes every day. What percentage of @ 24 hour day should be spent exercising? 12, Seventy two percent of people surveyed eat junk food as a snack at least once per week. What fraction does this represent? UL 2B. Health Canada reported that 1 out of 4 children are overweight or obese. What percent of children is this? ‘Twenty six out of 180 grade 8 students took the bus to school. What percent of the class took a bus to school? A school has 20% more students than it was built for. Express this value as a fraction, ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.5 - Percent Problems ¢ 151 ee Tae) e ‘Translating statements into mathematical equations is an important part of solving percent problems. There are key words in percent problems that, if directly replaced with mathematical symbols, produce equations that can be solved using algebra. Word(s) Replace with what value, what number, what percent | x (or some other variable for the unknown value) is = (Equals) of X (Multiply) percent decimal or fraction notation When replacing key words from percent problems with mathematical symbols and notation, the resulting equations can take the form: Amount Percent X Base. The base can be considered the whole object in the problem, and the amount is a portion or part of the whole object. What is 20% of 80? > Solution: Amount = Percent X Base ~ x = 0.2080 =16 Therefore, 20% of 80 is 16 30 is 40% of what number? > Solution: Amount = Percent x Base + 30 = 0.40Xa a= 0.40 a=75 Therefore, 30 is 40% of 75. 50 is what percent of 80? Solution: Amount = Percent x Base — 50 = bx 80 p= 50 80 b= 0.625 = 625% Therefore, 50 is 62.5% of 80. or What is 20% of 80 peouad x = 0.20 x 80 16 ot 30 is 40% of what number rhoyoyoog 30= 040 x a 30 “= 0.40 a=5 or 50 is what percent of 80 ba youd s0= b x80 50 P= 30 b = 0.625 Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without writen permission from the publisher152 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Solving Problems Using an Equation Percent problems can also be translated into a proportion equation. An equivalent form of the equation Amount = Pervent x Base is: Ze What is 20% of 807 > Solution: “of $0” Base = 80 Percent | _a___20_ 100 ~ 80 ~ 100 100-a = 20-80 1600 “= "100 a=16 Therefore, 20% of 80 is 16. 30 is 40% of what number? > Solution: “of what number” —> Base = b Amount _ Percent 30 _ 40 Base > 100 ~ b ~ 100 40-b = 30-100 3000 b= 40 b=75 Therefore 30 is 40% of 75. 50 is what percent of 80? > Solution: “of 80” > Base = 80 Amount _ Percent | 50 __¢ ‘Base 100° ~* 80 ~ 100° 80-¢ = 50-100 = 5000 80 c= 62.5% ‘Therefore 50 is 62.5% of 80, Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher> Solution: mo > Solution: > Solution: Section 4.5 - Percent Problems + 153 ‘The Métis people represent 1.4% of the total Canadian population. If‘ Canada’s population is approximately 36 million in 2015, what number of Canadians are Métis? “population is approximately 36 million” + Base = 36 000 000 , Method 1: Amount = Percent X Base + a = 0.014 x 36 000 000 = 504.000 Matnod a: Amat = PGp" ~ 5000000 = 00 100-@ = 36 000 000-14 50 400.000 100 504 000 ‘There are approximately 504 000 Canadians that are Métis. ‘Twenty percent of a person’s pay cheque is deducted for income tax. If the income tax deducted was $250, what is the person’s salary? “ofa person’s pay cheque” —+ Base = b Method 1: Amount = Percent x Base + 250 = 0.20Xb 250 >= 020 b= 1250 ‘Amount _ Percent 20. Method 2: “"Base ~ 100 100 20:b = 100-250 250.000 b= 20 b= 1250 ‘The person’s salary is $1250, Ina math class 12 out of 30 students plan to go into the sciences after graduating from high school. ‘What percentage of students is this? “of 30” + Base = 30 ‘Amount = Pereent x Base ~ 12 = ¢x30 = 30 c= 0.40 c 40 % of the students plan to go into the sciences. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing, No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without writen permission from the publisher.154 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 4.5 Exercise Set 1, Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word a) When translating a mathematical statement, the word is replaced with a multiplication symbol. b) The can be considered the whole object. ©) The ___ isa portion of the whole object. 4) The of the base is the amount. 2. Identify the percent, base and amount in each statement, 8) 28% of 300 is 84. b) 120s 30% of 400. ©) What is 12% of 3602 4) 60 is what percent of 350? ©) 18% of what number is 72? f) What percent of 350 is 70? 8) What percent of 40 is 120? h) 180 is 200% of what number? 3. Translate into an equation. a) What is 36% of 80? b) 120% of 65 is what? ©) 92 is what percent of 80? @) What percent of 20 is 45? ©) 18 is 30% of what? 1) 45% of what is 30? 4. Translate into a proportion equation. a) What is 64% of 80? b) 75% of 90 is what? ©) 10.4 is what percent of 16.37 4d) What percent of 17 is 42? ©) 16s 30% of what? 1) 140% of what is 607 ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher5, Translate into an equation, then solve. a) ° 2 i) w” m) 92 is 8% of what number’ °) ® » ‘What is 65% of 80? 130% of 200 is what number? What is 40% of 200? 102 is what percent of 850? 160 is what percent of $0? ‘What percent of 300 is 450? 2 reontot 142 5 is what per tof 1s 62.5 is 175% of what number? 120% of what number is 45? b) a) » dD » n) p) » 0 Section 4.5 - Percent Problems ¢ 155 20% of 300 is what number? What is 70% of 350? ‘What percent of 80 is 4? ‘What percent of 400 is 60? 100% of 15 is what number? 196 is what percent of 1400? 6% of what number is 42? 1 Ly What percent of 7 is 10-5 90 is what percent of 16? What is 8.3% of 10.2? ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.156 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 6. Translate into a proportion equation, then solve a) What is 38% of 802 b) What is 64% of 1407 ©) $96 is what percent of $122 4). $35 is what percent of $14? ©) 120;is what percent of 100? 1) $60 is 30% of what? 2) 195 is 3.75% of what number? 1b) 42% of what number is 73.5? i) 36is 163% of what number? {) 60 is what percent of 50? 1k) 7.2% of 80 is what number? D__ $150 is 20% of what? 1m) What percent of 32 is 30? nn) What percent of 33 is 22? ©) 188% of what number is 97.76? P) 78% of what number is 105.32 46.81 is 62% of what number? ¥) 43.29 is 37% of what number? 8) What is 62-49% of 80? 1) 45% of what number is 5.42 ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher7. Ateam won 60% ofits games. If it won 48 games, hhow many games did it play?” 9. Aboriginal people number approximately 1.6 million in Canada, If this consists of 4.5% of all Canadians, What is Canada’s population to the nearest million? AL, In Nunavut 28 000 people have an Aboriginal identity 12. If this represents 86.3% of the population, how many people, to the nearest 100, live in Nunavut? 13, Kate’s weekly pay went from $850 to $918, What percent increase in pay did she receive? 15. A2'X6" board is cut toa size of 14x54. ‘What percent of the board has been removed? ). A student had 18 correct, and Section 4.5 - Percent Problems ¢ 157 (On a math test, Anna answered 32 questions correctly and scored 64%, How many questions were on the test? vorrect answers ‘ona quiz. What percent of the quiz did the student answer correctly? Cindy’s weekly pay, after deduetions of 32%, was $595, What was her pay before the deductions? |. The price of a movie increased by 20% to $12.50. ‘What was the old price of seeing a movie? A coat cost $100.24 after adding 12% tax to the ‘cost. What was the price of the coat before taxes? ‘Copyright © 2009 hy Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher158 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions rite A problem that requires a percent to be calculated more than once is called a compound percent problem. A. common example of a compound percent problem is purchasing an item that has been discounted, but still requires a sales tax to be paid on the final price. EEE?) svc buys a coat that originally sold for $100, but was on sale for 12% off the original price. Ifthe sales tax is 12% on the cost of the coat, how much did Sue pay’? > Solution: Discount = Percent Original Price 012 x 100 = $2 Sale Price = Original Price — Discount = 00 - 2 = $88 Percent X Sale Price = 012 x 88 = 10.56 Cost Sale Price + Tax 88 + 10.56 $98.56 Alternatively, this problem can be solved with fewer calculations by using deductive reasoning. Ifa discount is 12%, then the amount paid must be 100% — 12% = 88% of the original price. Sale price = Percent Original Price = 088 x 100 = $88 Ifthe sales tax is 12%, the amount paid is 100% + 12% = 112% of the sale price. Cost W ‘This problem can also be solved in one line: $100 x (1.00 ~ 0.12)(1.12) = $98.56 Original Price Discount Tax Note: Notice that a 12% discount followed by a 12% tax is less than the original $100 ‘Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without writin permission from the publisherSection 4.6 - Compound Percent and Reasoning Problems ¢ 159 Is a discount of 10%, then 20%, on $100, the same as a 20% discount, followed by a 10% discount on $100? > Solution: Sale Prict Percent x Original Price First discount: Sale Price = 0.90 x 100 Sale Price = 0.80 100 90 0 Second discount: Sale Price = 0.80% 90 Sale Price = 0.9080 $72 = $872 ‘Therefore, a discount of 10% then 20% is the same as a discount of 20% then 10% What one decrease is the same as two 10% decreases on $100? > Solution: Sale Price = Percent x Original Price 090 x 100 $90 Sale Price = Percent X First Discount = 090 x 90 = $si Therefore, two 10% discounts on $100 is $19. Discount = Percent x Original Price = P x 100 19 P= to0 = 19% ‘Therefore, two 10% discounts is the same as one 19% discount. ‘What one increase is the same as two 10% increases? > Solution: To increase a value by 10% is equivalent to multiplying the value by 100% + 10% = 110%. ‘Therefore, increasing a value by 10%, then by 10% again, is equivalent to multiplying the value by 110% X 110% = (110%) (110) = 1.21 Therefore two 10% increases is the same as one 21% increase. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher160 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Many Successive Increases or Decreases ‘When money is put in a savings account, interest is paid on the deposit. If the savings account is left untouched, the amount of interest paid is calculated on the initial deposit, plus interest paid previously. Paying interest on top of previous interest payments is called compound interest. > Solution: 1€ $1000 is left untouched in a savings account at 10% interest compounded yearly, how much is in the account after 5 years? Saving = Compound Interest x Deposit (1.10 1.10 x 1.10 X 1.10% 1.10) 1000 Sines = (1.10) x 1000 $1610.51 Note: 10% compounded 5 times is much more than a 5X 10% = 50% increase. 4 50% increase would pay 1.50% 1000 = $1500 over 5 years, or $110.51 less than 10% compounded 5 times. Salary and Commission Many jobs in sales are paid a salary, plus a commission on the sale of items. Salary is the same amount paid each hour, week, or month. Commission is a percentage of sales made, usually based on a week or month, > Solution: Oliver earned a commission of $2000 based on 2% for the first $10 000 in sales, and 4% on all sales over $10.000. What were his sales for the month? Commission = Percent x Sales 0.02 x 10000 = $200 ‘Commission on the sales for the first $10 000 was $200. Therefore, commission on all sales over $10.00 is $2000 — $200 = $1800. ‘Commission = Percent X Sales 1800= 0.04 x § 1800 5 = O04 = $4500 Therefore, total sales are $10 000 at 2%, plus $45 000 at 4% = $55 000 Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of tis publication may be reproduced without written permission rom the publisherSection 4.6 - Compound Percent and Reasoning Problems ¢ 161 4.6 Exercise Set 1. What combined percentage increase is the same as 2, What combined percentage decrease is the same as 10% increase, then a 15% increase? 2 10% decrease then a 15% decrease? ‘What combined percentage increase is the same as 4, What combined percentage decrease is the same as two 20% increases? two 20% decreases? 5. Determine the percentage increase or decrease on a6. Determine the percentage increase or decrease on @ 20% increase, then a 20% decrease. 20% decrease, then a 20% increase. 7. Anitem is no longer on sale at 20% off. Thenew 8. An item, which was on sale for 40% off, has an price is 25% more than the sale price. Is the new additional discount of 20%. What percent is the price less than, more than, or the same as the total discount for the item? original price tag? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher162 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions 9. During a sale, a store marked down the sale of a $80 dress by 40%. Afier three weeks, the dress was ‘marked down an additional 60%. What percent of the original price was the sale price after the second discount, and what was the sale ps 11, In 2009, an investor lost 25% of her investment. In 2010, she made a profit of 30%. What is her percent increase or decrease on her initial investment over the last two years? 13. A family invests $6000 in an account paying 6% interest compounded yearly. If the account is left untouched, how much does it have after 3 years? 15. The Sidhus want to have $5000 at the end of two ‘years. How much must they invest in an account paying 8% compounded yearly? 10, Tax on a restaurant meal is 12%, and a 15% tip fn the total meal plus tax is left for service. If the total paid for the meal was $128.80, what was the cost of just the meal? 12, Tina collects hockey cards. She had two cards that sold for $200 each. On one of the cards, she made 12 25% profit, and lost 25% on the other card, Did Tina make or lose money on the sale of both cards? 14, A couple invests $5000 in an account paying 4% compounded yearly. If the account is left untouched, how much does it have after 3 years? 16. ‘The Chows want to have $10 000 at the end of three years. How much must they invest in an account paying 6% compounded yearly? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherLZ lar eaiics Section 4.1 1. Write each ratio in simplest form. a) 121015 9 i ©) 40 see : 2 min 2. Write each rate in simplest form, a) $937.50 for 25 m? of tile ©) Running 6 miles in 40 minutes 3. Determine the unit rate. a) $937.50 for 25 m? of tile ©) Running 6 miles in 40 minutes Section 4.2 4, Find the best buy. a) Sandwich meat: Package A is 500 g for $6.29. Package B is 900 g for $10.95. ©) Oranges: Bag A has 12 oranges and costs $6.50, Bag B has 8 oranges and costs $4.50. b) a) ») 4 »b) a) ») a Section 4.7 - Chapter Review ¢ 163 27:18 24 tos Be 85e Ces Reading 14 books in 6 weeks 570 calories in 12 oz of soda Reading 14 books in 6 weeks 570 calories in 12 oz of soda Cookies: Box A is 12 oz and costs $1.98. Box B is 18 oz and costs $3.48. ‘Tea: Box A contains 120 tea bags and costs $6.95. Box B contains 200 tea bags and costs $10.95. Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher164 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Propo 5. Determine the final price of a blouse originally 6. What total percent discount is there on a $95.00 priced at $49.95 that was marked down 25% plus item, on sale for 30% off also with a coupon worth coupon worth $5.00 off the sale price. $15.00? Section 4.3, 7. Determine if the statement is true or false » Ta8 re 5.20 we ©) 18isto 24-as 70is to 10 TIF d) 2isto7asdisto42 TIF 8. Solve, nat oe o f=5 — on det 9. The ratio of wins, to ties, to losses of a hockey team 10. The ratio of sunny days to overcast days in is 11:2: 8, Ifthe team wins 44 games, how many Vancouver is 3 : 5. To the nearest day, how many games are there in the whole season? sunny days are in Vancouver each year? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No par ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisherSection 4.7 - Chapter Review ¢ 165 Section 4.4 11. Use percents to name the shaded portion of each drawing a) 12, Write as a fraction and a decimal, a) 8% ©) 0.05% 2 9 5% hy 3% 13. Write as a percent. a) 0.035 9 35 ® 3¢ b) ») a) hb) » a) hy Aly 10% 125% 674% 4% 100 Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher166 ¢ Chapter 4 - Percents, Ratios, and Proportions Section 4.5 14, Translate into an equation and solve. a) 48 is 16% of what number? ©) What percent of 200 is 250? 15, Translate into a proportion and solve. a) What percent of 18 is 4? ©) What is 120% of 10? Section 4.6 16. Pat's salary before two 10% raises was $60 000, ‘What is Pat's salary after the two raises? 18. What single discount is the same as two 15% discounts? 1b) 40 is what percent of 16? d) What is 9.5% of 12.47 b) $120is 124% of what number? d)_ 25% of what number is 40? 17. Tom's salary after two raises of 10% was $48 400. What was his salary before the raises? 19, What single increase isthe same as two 15% increases? Copyright © 2009 by Crescent Beach Publishing. No part of tis publication may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher.