Determination of Maximum Wavelength

The spectrophotometer was used; the cell to be used for the UV/visible was washed thoroughly

with distilled water. Distilled water was used to calibrate the instrument at the wavelength of

400mm. therefore 0.001ml at the extract was diluted with 10ml of distilled water and 5ml of the

extract was measured and placed in the cell. The absorbance of the extract was determined

within the visible region (400-750nm) and the wavelength of maximum absorption ( γ max) of the

extract was extrapolated from the graph.

Determination of Melting Point

The melting point of the powdered flower was determined where small quantity of the powdered

flower was introduced into a capillary tube and the capillary tube is placed in melting point

apparatus to notice the temperature range.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (Retention Factor)

The powder of the sun flower (Helicullum was dissolved in a beaker using methanol as a solvent

and 15ml of acetone and n-Hexane in ratio of 2:1 were mixed as the solvent mixture. Then the

dye was spotted unto the plate and allows it to run by capillary activities which the distanced

moved by the solvent is 8.0cm while the distance mixed by the solute (dye) is 0.8cm and the

retent factor was calculated by dividing the distance mixed by the solute over the distance mixed

by the solvent then finally the retention factor Rf of the sun flow was found to be 0.1

Determination of Percentage Yield (% yield)

Ten (10) grams of the powder of sun flower was weighted using weigh balance and transferred

into a clean and dry beaker (250ml) size containing 50ml of methanol. The content was shaken

gently and the top was covered with aluminum foil and kept at room temperature for 24 hours (p
day) and filtered off using what man filter paper (cat no 1442 110) of pore size 110 mm. the

filtrated was concentrated by drying in a water bath until a brownish residue was allow to cooled

at room temperature for 1 hr before weigh the percentage yield at the calculated as:

weight of extract
Percentage yield= x 100
weight of sample

Determination of pH of Extract

Preparation of Extract Calibration of pH

 10ml of extract was measured using measuring cylinder and transferred into a 50ml

standard volumetric flask. Distilled water was used to make the final volume. It was then

transfer into the sample bottle for pH analysis. The instrument used is multi-meter. HI

9813-3 and it was calibrated with small quantities of pH 7.01 solution.

pH Measurement

 The measurement was done simply successfully by submerged the tip of the probe into

the sample to be tested.

 The pH mode was pressed it was then stirred gently and waited to read and stabilized.

The value showed was taken as the pH of the extract.

3.9.2 Titration with extract as acid-base indicator

 Exactly three 3 drops of the extract was added as an indicator for each titration types:

(0.1M NaOH and 0.1M HCl) for strong acid-strong base titration, (0.1M CH 3COOH and

0.1M NaOH) for weak acid strong base titration and finally (0.1M HCL and 0.1M Na 2CO3)

for strong acid weak base titration. The accuracy of the end point for the experimental

sample and trial was repeated three times to check the precision and reliability. The

titrations were again performed using phenolphthalein indicator as standard and the

results obtained were compared with the results of titrations using the flower extract
indicator. The end point of the titrations using the extract was reached when the colour

changed from yellow to colourless. The results of the titrations were shown in the table

2.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

TABLE 1: Characterization of Sun flower:

Parameters Values

Percentage yield 29%

Melting point 248 – 2500C

Wavelength 450nm

pH 6.51

Retention Factor (Rf) 0.1

TABLE 2: Flower sample in different solvent (acidic and basic media) its color:

Extract in different media Sample and Solvent Color

Crude Extract/Indicator Methanolic Extract Brown

Extract in acidic media Hcl + Mehtanolic Extract Golden Brown

CH3COOH + Methanolic Extract Golden Brown

Extract in basic media NaOH + Mehtanolic Extract Yellow

Na2CO3 + Methanolic Extract Yellow

Note: the pH of crude extract is 6.51

the pH of synthesized phenolphthalein
Table 3: Result of acid-base titration with both extract and synthetic indicator:
INDICATOR HCL vs HCL vs Na2CO3 CH3COOH vs CH3COOH vs
NAOH NaOH Na2CO3
Phenolphthalein 25.65+0.070 8.65+0.070 16.05+0.070 5.65+0.070
Crude extract 26.65+0.00 8.65+0.070 16.16+0.070 6.65+0.000
indicator
Key: Avt = average titre value, SD = standard deviation