Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture 2 — Gas Flow Measurement Gas Flow Measurement At the end of this module, you will: Be familiar with different types of gas meters: — Orifice Meters. — Critical Flow Prover. — Choke Nipples. — Pitot Tube. Orifice Mete — Be familiar with and be able to derive Eq. 3.8. — Be able to explain the basis and terms in Eq. 3.9 (and 3.10). — Be able to compute the C' factor (i-e., the orifice flow constant). — Be able to reproduce Example 3.1 in complete detail. Critical Flow Prover: — Be able to explain the "critical flow prover." — Be able to use Eq. 3.13 to compute the gas flowrate for a “critical flow prover." Choke Nipples: — Be familiar with and able to explain the "choke nipple." — Be able to use Eq. 3.13 to compute the gas flowrate for a "choke nipple." Pitot Tube: — Be able to explain the estimation of the gas flowrate using a "pitot tube." From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —1Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture Orifice Meter | — Gas Flow Measurement c. Pressure recovery after the orifice plate (the quantity “g" Is the "permanent pressure loss” due {5 the orifice plate obstruction. th “flange taps." Pipe (tl flo f995———__ eh Assuming ye = 14.73 psia, Tye = Ty = 520DegR, zy =l.and yg = I (air) gh = 338.17. a lo Sinn Tg Pf ~B Writing in a general form, we have the "basic orifice equation" Vwee C= Fy Fis Fr Fe Fy Fow Fite ¥ Fn Fi Fa From: Katz, D.L, Comell,R., Kobayashi, R., Posttmann, FH. Vary, J. A. Elenblass J.R., & Weinaug,C. . Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering (McGraw Hil, New York) (1959) ‘Leo, W.J. and Wattonbarger, R.A: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1896). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —2Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture 2 — Gas Flow Measurement Orifice Meter The general form of the "basic orifice equation" is Igh =Cfiypy C'= Fy Fon Fry Fg Fre Fpv Fre Y Fin Fi Fe Pressure differential across orifice, inches of water Flowing pressure (upstream), psia Basic orifice factor (see LW Tables 3.1 and 3.2) Pressure base factor (14.73/p,,) Temperature base factor (T,,/520) Specific gravity factor (117,)" Flowing temperature factor (520/T,)"2 Gas deviation factor (1/z,)"? Reynolds number factor [1+b/(h,p,)"?] (see LW Tables 3.3 and 3.4 for b) Expansion factor (see LW Tables 3.5-3.9 for Y) Manometer factor (manometer correction term — for sales) Gauge location factor (sea level and latitude corrections — for sales) EB = Thermal expansion factor (T,; > 120 Deg F or T, < 0 Deg F — for sales) Note that F,,, F,, and F, are usually assumed to be 1. From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —3Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture 2— Gas Flow Measurement Orifice Meter Example 3.1Orifce Meter Calculation, Colette gs fow caaian oes mar forthe flowing coniton hii. of water Py 13 psig (measured upstream). Haar Solution. 1. Determine the factors for the orifice constant. We use the ab- breviated form here, ignoring the last three factors. C=F FoF nF gFyF Pre where F,=460.79 (from Table 3.1), 14.73/14. 0229, 0 (because T;-=520°R), 1/0.7)95 = 1.1952, Fy =[520/(84+460)}95 =0.9777, Fp @(Y0s805=1010(¢=0:98 fom epi exits of Fpe=1-+D/(403(143+ 144)}95 = 1.0004 (6 0.0350 from Table 3.3), and Y=0.9971 (interpolated from Table 3.5). 2, Caleulate C” “FFs FF gy FpoFreY=(460.79)1.0229)(1.0)(1.1952) %(0.9777)(1.010)(1.0004)(0,9971)=554.90 3. Calculate dep Gen=C gp )9S =554.90[(40)(143 + 14,4)]05 = 030 seth, From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). ‘Tom BLASINGAME | -blasingame@tamu.odu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —4Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture 2 — Gas Flow Measurement Critical Flow Prover a Ovi eanir’ Critical Flow Prover: The critical flow prover is based on the assumption that critical flow velocity exists (i.e., the velocity of sound at the existing conditions). © Used if the gas is vented to the atmosphere. (i.e., testing conditions) © Not as accurate as an orifice meter. ® Gas flowrate is directly proportional to the absolute upstream pressure. @ Flowrate depends only on: — Upstream pressure, — Upstream temperature, — Gas gravity, and — Orifice diameter. From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —5Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lecture 2 — Gas Flow Measurement Critical Flow Prover Ign =C pf! ¥eT f Where: C = Coefficient (LW Table 3.10 [flow prover]). Pr Flowing pressure (upstream), psia. Ny Gas specific gravity (air = 1.0) 7 = Flowing Temperature, Deg R. "TABLE 3.10—COEFFICIENTS FOR CRITICAL FLOW 'PROVER AND CHOKE NIPPLE (AFTER REF. 1) Qgn_ = Gas Rate (14.4 psia and 60 Deg F), scf/hr. Vane of C ———————— Oriice size _Cilical Flow Prover mB “iPS Chote Nola Example 3.3—Critical Flow Prover Calculation, Calculate the 7 ans toe Doss 3.385, as flow rate through a critical flow prov. ve gas flow rate through a critical flow prover Yom ake i d=2 in oie aar wae O28 eer O20 2800 251 o3i3 | Sa77 38 oars 5.88 era 0498.09 5.13 0300 1018 ner Gees sao Wer Solution. G70 248 280.98 factors to calculate gyq- ears 3093 1. Determine the factors to calculate 4, oa a3 7 from Table i125 5208 (C=309.3 (from Table 3.10) is oe 13758078 2. Caleulate 4p, 137s ore (309.3)(150) 1750 en 2,408.7 seffhr. fom = ‘V(0.7)(70-+ 460) = om = 000 From: Lee, Wa. and Wattenbarger, RA.: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996), Slide — Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U.Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Choke Nipples Lecture 2— Gas Flow Measurement =~ We Diameter of choke Choke Nipple: an be used to control gas flowrates. @ Also requires critical flow criteria to be met. BE we Jo @ Same flowrate relation as Critical Flow Prover, just different coefficients. dgh = Pf !%e Tt : Coefficient (LW Table 3.10 [choke nipple]). = Flowing pressure (upstream), psia. = Gas specific gravity (air = 1.0) Ne t = Flowing Temperature, Deg R. gn = Gas Rate (14.4 psia and 60 Deg F), scffhr. TABLE 2.10 OEFFGENTS FOR CRTICAL FLOW ‘PROVEN AND CHOKE NIPPLE (AFTER fi From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A.: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Beam as ae eo stat te = Pn wis toe tare sims Ione mis arama ws ae | Ber as | fre fet | see bea un | Slde—7Petroleum Engineering 613 — Natural Gas Engineering Lex Pitot Tube ro 2 — Gas Flow Measurement Pitot Tube: +o —+| @ Estimates gas flowrate from velocity. @ Not commonly used in industry. @ Primarily used in the laboratory. ia @ Pressure at tip of tube is the "impact pressure." gh = 291.67 a Fa Fry [hy Pimp "ieee | Soe Where: d jiameter of external housing of pitot tube. F, = Specific gravity factor (1/7,)"? meer F;, = Flowing temperature factor (520/T,)"? Ign = Gas Rate (14.4 psia and 60 Deg F), scffhr. hy, = Pressure differential across orifice, in. of water Pimp = Impact pressure on pitot tube, psia. From: Lee, W.J. and Wattenbarger, R.A: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE (1996). Tom BLASINGAME | -basingame@tamu.edu |Toxas A&M U. Slide —8