4 tates | gon A polymer Aobid maderial contains entvemely age maleesten 0 that themselves ar bovalesd, geben dua fo entre Koy chaccelly bonsleek nits to fom a folic. eo howe Pokgmers have UN ve placet metallic corporets fy VoD apptertbors. Fillo oe eed characteristics !- - co Relebvely Lor cosh Gy CoO prlalon tegen etn ty cheer a Gy bee elechicn! ft fare comachily Oo lows clensity ay Hey gregh br Aadio , panhonlerky pton Asinfercul qi Nee Ra dneltion CU)! tide: clsica, Sp te 4 transporte, Guay Complanity act tulesbinlly impretor? polymers am Tee inapow! cay Plastics Y clastormrs oO, feds oe Leys & varied greed G fg th proved by footy or msbly == a el Acadia In pe AT 1, Alon ok: plastics Om forded rh chan types; Taman ple? camasaltcy HORS: Aeperctiy om fon chemically berotasl, Elastomasa eo O®@ « Plymers aun ag cbatn mateenhin thet ans. formal by ae ra by dinky € enti bebe oth A Se “On oF Oalee de f & polymer, dike « USF ete mahal dielashics 2 Raxroplaahes Mpeive —* mele am Gros P alten tod], palin te Aap Beg comm Horak a) prams mabsals Bo, ed A ee ge pewter EE tas, chon Agripatr Baga to Keke : posporkss Mest armsplasticn Commish Ap vag foy tar | cote atow covelertty bonelaal yeh Teta Taree) Thermos plardics formecl inh TE paamanact catepent get) av'ned! by @ chemerk Avecto conmot har Aamelted & Atfermed lok anche Hope bot agrarlan or cletercpote. dpe baty Leated fo tes Agh < temporsrtin. Thr, Hhararsralbing Plastics Connet hae Aecy cladl, The tem Irrpbes that heat] Aapuirell 49 patiman et the plishe, bor ham are, heuer meng So~ cubed —thanmasellig plates that tet or cons ab Aow temperahn 5 chewcek starter only, f Pabyreriznhon excl s a prepestipn op Peigress oleferis —_—_—_— Log capo te Birschur. ff Sncbricdand polymer tolecde, aes dope, Hite, + be carsrpemert of matectes fo fem ae polymer Airacher Pelgreer_eeecele au. chyachiizel by Heir Vo Auge nee Mak Hatiogeat from mest odkin organic chemicl Composifrrs j cxgane, matoonls, ech Carke ators a Br ately bonals With Of atoms (Ath co Ho. N,F,eb Si. S). Matt monomers anecovet boul pen eliglanm matacete * c Guy ib chentealty ye oe honk Yor © atoms by form Aight. Coalent borcls Ho te Cc AH atone, W ' =¢ 1 W xe-04= i urls + ak be, teal opel Pain , chanical poor Mone reek ee & faye maaenle Y \ abi! ace « polyrserieetien eg Jo mul latent! 4° age aie ee % opens sp dowbke ahanr borat b raplacel ty oe ef Mle oe angel gel eetenten ioe F fa. formar eltefare maleate ie ae icant iE aralv~ mslecitbes “This proc v U4 cham poly’ , The mew probuceel by te polymacizecton G ge colbert paly one (ETD fr pelt o —e-e- sachin hovble bord bos | oO Hee cw Ply D5 apt do te mabe 9p debuts pee - = i is eller. chan, To wy bP org be Ble ee tee abgo he 2Sees covnp ont to ory: molecto— ooo fo Fos, 080 Jmol(Co Abdtm) D —Contensehion folymoizchy @® cham, PoUjrmenization Steps ee eae okey ® @) Tritigdion Cy Prcpaga tion @ Fesminadon. Bika Sy fea rastenl CH bb 4 colelysh) (e°- ogre perowidssfi aan be elediml a om atom, offen parr of a forge Jrrp, dngt ben Gn Grpaired efecher C free elecho) det Gem covelenty band 1 on Unperad etechen cf arohi— chem or mdeute Berfagetion > The pecs Sf crobending che polymer chai by thm Tamceurive. adalition of monomer Unlts & GMal prepagatm, ie Polipmer eheinsg In chain Polymnerizaten Keo p py . om ca became dhe energy Of the chemcnk Azuten tb fowerd by de chain polymerizction process Terrineton 1 tiyptnebos com Occur by the adldlition of & tamindtas few Anabel or thin dvs chams Combine. Aroer porstillye ik Ma Bace dmout of bm purdo, eae He polymer chor, rq malecton GS for Thersnepletics Ce at feast Monte OE emacey mae hee gee achve chenol eh 1 o- bolypmenice The nw G active. borat ae renamey han 4 cabled te Finedionelit gan Sea pronomer, Bim chonal monamer — 22 fos hort ——— Etteylens) Tpit — CPlenl, Cleow), ee. =/ ( Bonoling In poymee “Stepan polymerization C ar Condensation Rlgmasect) ® Tn Conelensadion polymavizatton, ce opaer tnd eae weak vst, each Sitin oy cuit prolucadt Polymer of Aize: In this pra, a Amat molecke. ty pus, ar & bye poduct, duct w eye Neturnk polymerization ee ee ee a chemel weactant Wit, more dha \ ler. mentioned neturrk Fes ome Pi merization, ». % 4, Feackray, that nvelve dun reaction Bits, plerbe mR Com fs proclucast Ths type y Polymerization, Secu mn the, A st Hurmore berg Plastics Lect, Os Pheholics, eponies pohyesters. bonds ax Covalent ( dfs Pam monomers)» econo bonds (Vorplen- weal Ho eee tia mee ie Sle aies my a Capron € Texpalgmery so, er ee apart tons @ pSpmer a ee é a = Kean Stone ean yer Trenpelyrmer ctbstyms Conbatins Hen +t7pe, T RpiCen fas)Pan: Src, ena ope 1 I and wcthane) CHF 08 FOO poles ic reaction is sufficient i. exorherti Petjuct of the reaction Bey iyesten dyed by He Wetec Some thermoset (s¥ ature, beeause the heat prod reco eu asic, A typical thermoset yah 8 fon tieralme ethan Ati Ay ets HN oats phenol and frinokle ear an pa enerally t2 tly, kes place in two dad knobs on cooking pets 20 Pa iugsets Ii es for thermoset I ecules are partially Polym ae ‘The polymerization Drees ee Thc Preven athe chemi MM ring he Binal of pat producin ir each. The second 38 er nd pressure nolding andahsp, linkingiscompleted defined glass-transition a sharply defined 8 femper, ath and Hardness ofthe rent ian, lke those fo then mpermoseting POV TOE ey rally possess better mechanic nd dimensional stability thie whee ers fg pobre not ate as te nae of He bom Boor ated tye Pt dq ade Fei oe ore Sorbemonisice I resistant Plastics ith additives which 4h, color, weatherability, flamsma subsequent processing, Addis 7.5 Additives Polymers usually are compounded wi characteristics, such as stfiness, stn ‘eisnnee (for electrical applications), and ease 0 sites may consist of: flexibility and soft 1 Plascizers. ‘These are ad by lowering thir glas-transition femperature, Rusbn solvents wit high oling points (nonvolaility); they aeoeneondary bonds between the long-chain molecules, otymer eile am sot. The most comnion use of plasticizers oe euble daring its numerous uses; other applications a films, tubing, shower curtains, and clothing materials. a + Gara The idea ‘feolors avaiable in plastics is obrained by ad8e& Fonants whic are ether dyes (organi) or pignients (inorganic): +s Fillers. Because of their low cost, fillers are pine Ae ‘reacing the ove! aan isan, Denendingon tet yes filers may also improve he sue2E hardness, toughness, abrasion resistance, dimensional stability» OF $8 Plastics, These properties are greatest at specific percentages of cifferent YP (fine sae isin. PYG, which ein thin ses of polyimer-filer combinations. Fill of Fillers are generally wood flour a Siea Hour (fine silica powder), clay, powdered mica, talc, calcium catbOP="? and short fibers of cellulose, glass, or asbestos. cae yess # Flame Retardants. Ifthe temper ant Be . remperature is sufficiently high, most Pel oe pe bie Te ta bility ability co suppore combustion) of ppolymets Aa tate een Aa ‘on their composition (especially on their chlor 2S cv nm oan ed ian them fom abla atria ry ing ae bic polynct Vanabiliy. oy » and phosphorus, Cross liniB6 '# Other Additives. Most polymers (such as from sunlight) and by oxy bonds and cause the scission (split re affected adversely by ultravi vgen, which weaken and brealSect 7.6 General Properties and Applications of Thermoplastic en dees aed Becoes wif and rite A typeal example of protection inst utaviokt radiation is the compounding of certain plastics and rubber ei soot). Protection against deg iat tion lk oe ment akains ation cased by oxidation, wry is achieved by adding antioxidants co the poly ¢ General Properties and Applications Po characteristics and typical applications of major classes - of major clases of thermoplas- eral asthey relat themaneetringandserielife of plastic products pont, ae outlined in this section. General recommendations for vious ser nplatons are given in Table 7.3, and Table 7.4 lists some of the more aged names for thermoplastics. etl rom aetic an alcohol) have good strength and sifness, and good ve to creep, abrasion, moisture, heat, and chemicals, Typical applications Fade mechanical parts and components requiring high performance ove along i eg bearings, cams, gars, bushings, and roll), impellers, wear surfaces, Salve shower heads, and housings al applic Phastis strength ‘Gears, cams, rll, valves, fan blades, Acetals, nylon, phenolics, polycarbonates impellers, pistons polyesters, polypropylenes, epoxies Poy 5 resiance Gears, wear strips and liners, bearings, Acctals, nylon, phenolics, polyimides, brashings eller blades polyurethane, ultrahigh-moleculae-wel polyethylene onal properties Tires, nonsed sufoes, foorware, Elastomers, eubbers flooring Sliding sucaess, aif joints Fluorocarbons, polyesters polyimides ical esitanee ‘Alpe of ec componen and. Polmethyimehacrylte, ABS fluoro ‘equipment, appliances, electrical nylon, polycarbonate, polyester, polyPro fom ee reas Phenols, silieanes, rubbers ical resisance Containers for chemicals laboratory Acetal ABS, epoxies, polymethylmetha CQiipment, components for chemical uorocarbons, nylon, polycarbonate, po aici food and beverage containers polypropylene, urea, silicones ‘stance Appliances, cookware eletrieal Fluorocarbons, polyimides, silicones, ac components palplfones phenols, epoxies cian decoaine Has, knoicamera and baeey___ ABS ari cells, hens, Hands soetlinga ripe fitings, polyethylene, polypropylene, poysy vate polyvinyl chloride iol andieansparent Lens, goeghs safer laring signs, Aerie, plyeabonates,polytyrencs, eee rag eipment aboratory polsufonss sings and hollow shapes Powertools bousing, sport helmets, ABS, ellulosics, phenolics polearbons tsephone ese paletlens, polypropylene, poystyrePolymers: Structure, General Properties, and Applicavons TABLE T.4 Acct: Dekin, Doron, Lapital, Ukeaform = Aan Lc ete, Aesth Cyt, Dako, lps, Karax, Kor lig, Thar Apc plyinycoie Kye. Aatealede adecearrets Ce Th arma ae Torcatea Tew (operaareyen) i Polyamide: Capron, Celanese, Dtethan, Gril, Maranyl Nylon, Rilsan, Ulam ore), Ye, ye Polycarbonate: APLC, Calibre, Hyzod, Lexan, Makrolon, Merton Polen: Dacron, Faxpac, Flay Kode, Myla ite Polyetherimide: Utes Polyethylene: Aathon, Dovlex, Foray, Fortifex, Hostalen, Matlex, Petrothene Polyimide: Aurum, Avoid Fstamid, Envex, Kapton, Lensng, VTEC : Polypheny ene: Forton, Forton, Nor Rolypropslene:Forilene, leplate, Olevac,Pro-Fax Polystyrene: Dylene, Fosa Tubes, Fost, Syrofoamn olyslfone: Mindl, Uiel Tsoplst,Pallethane vin teroe, Geon, Saran, Sina, Tygon Polyvnytdeneforid: Focalton, Kynar oe Séyrenemethylmethaerylate: Zeon Delta, Denk, Magnum, Novodus Roya, Fostarene, Lustrex, Polystro, Styron, ‘Acoyis suchas PMMA) possess moderate strength, good optical propete and ‘weather resistance. They are transparent (but can be made opaque), are gene _ ‘estan co chemical, and have good eerie resiance. Typical sop __ includ optical lenses, lighted sign, displays, window glazing, skylights, automate | _ beadlgh lenses, windshield lightng ators and Ree on ae Acrylonitrile butadienestyrene is rigid and dimensionally stable, It has good spac, abrasion, and chemical resistance; good strength and toughness; ood low perature propre and high elec restance. Type applications inl pe, tings, chrome-plated plumbing spplis, helmets, rol handles, auntie Components, boat hulls telephones, luggage, housing, appliances, refrigerator ines, decorative panels Gilles havea wide range of mechanical properties, depending on ter Oe sition. They can be made rgi, strong, and tough; hoarever they weather po atc afeted by heat and chemi Typical applications ncade tol ba pens, knobs, frames for eyeglases, safety goggles, machine guards, helmets © and pipes, lighting Bxtues, rigid containers, seting wheel, packaging films illiard bals, toys, and decorative parts, | Fluorocarbvons possess good resistance thigh temperature e.g, melt (0f 327°C for Teflon), chemicals, weathes, and electricity. They also have ud © nonadhesive properties and low friction. Typical applications include li | chemical-processing equipment, nonstick coatings for cookware, electrical © ation for high-temperature wire and able, gaskets, low-friction surfaces b and seals.Section 7.6 Hons have good mechanical properties and abrasion resistances pe oben and ras Sees oe sec Pieere cals, All nylons ace hygroscopic orb ner) the moisture absorption Feces desirable mechanical aoe and increases part dimensions. Typical applications include gears, bearings, rolls, fasteners, zippers, electrical . i: I parts, combs, tubing, wear-resistant ses and surgical equipment ns tn weaeesnant AAamids (aromatic polyamides) hy ave very high tensile strength and stiffness. ‘Typical applications include fibers for reinforced plastics, bulletproof vests, cables, and radial tres, Polycarbonates are versatile; they have good mechan high impact resistance, and they can be made resistant to chemicals. Typical plications inchide safety helmets, optical lenses, bullet-resistant window glazing, ortes, food: proc essing equipment, windshields, load-bearing electrical com 5, electrical insulators, medical app: aratus, business machine components, ds for machinery, and parts requiring dimensional stability. olyesters (thermoplastic polyesters; see also Section 7.7) have good mechani: electrical, and chemical properties; good abrasion resistance; and low friction. al applications inchude gears, cams, rolls, load-bearing members, pumps, and. smechanical components al and electrical proper- Polyethylenes possess good electrical and chemical properties; their mechanical ies depend on composition and structure. Three major polyethylene classes f (1) low density (LDPE), (2) high density (HDPE), and (3) ultrahigh molecular # (UHMWPE). Typical applications for LDPE and HDPE are housewares, bot- s garbage cans, ducts, bumpers, luggage, toys, tubing, bottles, and packaging terials. UHMWPE is used in parts requiring high-impact toughness and resistance Pabrasive wear; examples include artificial knee and hip joints, Polyimides have the structure of a thermoplastic, but the nonmelting characteristic fa thermoset. (See also Section 7.7.) Polypropylenes have good mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties and ed resistance to tearing. Typical applications include automotive trim and compo- ais, medical devices, appliance parts, wire insulation, TV cabinets, pipes, fittings, Boking cups, dairy-product and juice containers, luggage, ropes, and weather ppg, Polystyrenes generally have average properties and are somewhat brittle, but Expensive. Typical applications include disposable containers; packaging; trays for Es, cookies, and candy; foam insulation; appliances; automotive and radio/TV iponcnts; housewares; and toys and furniture parts (as a substitute for wood). fr obsulfones have excellent resistance to heat, water, and steam; they have ic properties that remain virtually unaffected by humidity, are highly resis- to some chemicals, but are attacked by organic solvents. Typical applications elude stcam irons, coffeemakers, hot-water containers, medical equipment that its sterilization, power-tool and. appliance housings, aircraft cabin interiors, Slectrical insulators. 'olyvinyl chloride has a wide range of properties, is inexpensive and water resis- at can be made rigid or flexible; it is nor suitable for applications requiring Wh and heat resistance. Rigid PVC is tough and hard it is, used for sighs 12 Ne construction industry (eg in pipes and conduits). Flexible PVC is pressure flexible tubing and hoses, and in wa mitation leather, upholstery, records, gaskets, seal, trim, film, sheet, and mit Wire and cable coatings, in lov General Properties and Applications of Thermepolymers: Stuctre, General Properties, and Appliatons 7.1 General Properties and App of Thermosetting Plastics typical applications ofthe This section outlines the g thermosetting plastics. Tika iro afk meaning alcohol, ad did) possess good electrical ingly taistance, dimensional stability, and low water absonpi in electrical and electronic components. m. ‘Kaninos have properties that depend! on composition; generally, they are har righ and resistant to abrasion, creep, and clectrical ageing, Typical appliaon ade small appliance housings, countertops, toilet seats handles, and distribu, | ips, Urea typically is used for electrical and electronic components; and melanie for dinnerware Epoxies have excellent mechanical and electcical properties, good dimension, ihesive properties, and good resistance to heat and chemicals. Typ. ide electrical components requiring mechanical strength and cl clies, and adhesives. Fiber-reinforced epoxies have exc rocket-motor casings, ing properties, impact 1 Typical applications ave 0 stability, ical applications inclu high insulation, tools an Tene mechanical properties and are used in pressure vessels, tanks, and similar structural components. Phenolics are rigid (though brittle) and dimensionally stable; they have high resistance to heat, water, electricity, and chemicals. Typical applications include knobs, handles, laminated panels, and telephones; bonding material to hold abrane grains together in grinding wheels; and electrical components (such as wiring devices, connectors, and insulators). Polyesters (thermosetting polyesters; see al ‘chemical, and electrical properties; they generally are reinforced with glass (ar other) fibers and also are available as casting resins. Typical applications include boat Juggage, chairs, automotive bodies, swimming pools, and materials for impregnatog so Section 7.6) have good mechanical, cloth and paper. Polyimides possess good mechanical, physical, and electrical properties a de vated temperatures; they also have good creep resistance, low frition, and low swear characteristics. Polyimides have the non-melting characteristic of a thermos but the structure of a thermoplastic. Typical applications include pump component seals, valve seats, retainer rings, and piston rings), electrical conneclos (bearings, hrstrength impact-resistant structures for high-temperature use, aerospace parts hi sports equipment, and safety vests. Silicones have properties that depen ‘weather well, possess excellent electrical properties over a temperature, and resist chemicals and heat (Section 7.9). ‘Typical applic Sichrical components requiring strength at elevated ernperacures, oven gasket seals, and waterproof materials. 1d on their composition; generally, tbe range of humidity cations include 5, heat Health Hazards. There is increasing concern that some ‘of the chemicals we polymers may present health hazards, especially in such products a6 polyearbonat aoe aaer nainers and baby bottles, and also medical devices, sports safe equ "hemical that is of particular concern is bisphenol AU, eral workdwide investigations are being conducr™ Tink to human diseases, specifically heart diseas¢ and eating utensils. The a widely used chemicals se determine whether there is any diabetes