ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1)
Alan D. Lopez & Colin D,” Measuring the Global Burden of Disease
and Risk Factors”, WHO Report Of International Disease
Burden, Year 1990 — 2001 Pages- 13

In an era when most societies are coping with greater demand for health
resources, choices will have to be made about the provision of health
services. Strategic health planning must take into account the comparative
burden of diseases and injuries, and the risk factors that cause them, and how
this burden is likely to change under various policies and interventions.

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework is the principal, if not the
only, framework for integrating and analyzing information on population
health and making it more relevant for health policy and planning purposes.
The comprehensive findings of the 2001 GBD study represent a major
update of the effort launched with the 1990 GBD study.

The 1990 GBD study was a major advance in the quantification of the
impact of diseases, injuries, and risk factors on population health globally
and by region. Government and nongovernmental agencies alike have used
its results to argue for more strategic allocation of health resources to
programs that are likely to yield the greatest gains in population health.

Publication of the 1990 results led to improvements in analytical methods

and mortality data in a number of countries. In addition, critiques of
methodological approaches used in the 1990 study prompted a new
framework for risk factor assessment along with systematic attempts to
quantify some of the uncertainty in national and global assessments of
disease burden. The 2001 GBD provides a new and improved baseline for
measuring progress in global health.
 (2)

BRADLY Condon & Tapen Sinha,”Global Diseases,Global Patients

And Differential Treatment In WTO Law,” WHO Report Of
Global Burden Of Disease,Vol-40,January-2005,P.No-58-62

As of January 1, 2005, all developing country members of the WTO are

required to implement the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS). We analyze the issue of access to patented
medicine to treat global and neglected diseases in developing countries in
the context of WTO law. We present legal and economic arguments that
support balancing the rights of producers and users on a market-by-market
basis and argue against taking a uniform approach globally. We conclude
that global patent rights are not necessary to provide research incentives to
pharmaceutical firms to invent treatments for global and neglected diseases.
We develop an analytical framework for assessing special and differential
treatment of developing countries in WTO law and apply this framework to
TRIPS. We then propose a formula for assessing the correct balance
between the rights of producers and users on a market-by-market basis.

(3)

Colin D. Mathers & Alan D,” The Burden Of Disease And

Mortality By Condition: Data, Methods, And Results”,
WHO Report Of International Disease Burden,
Pages: 49`

An analysis of the Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries

(DCP2) global and regional results confirms the original Global Burden of
Disease (GBD) study conclusions on the need to include nonfatal outcomes
in assessing global health and the importance of noncommunicable diseases
in low– and middle–income countries.

Some dramatic changes have occurred in population health since 1990.

These include the rise of HIV/AIDS to become the fourth leading cause of
burden of disease globally (and the leading cause in Sub–Saharan Africa),
and a 40 percent increase in the per capita disease burden in Europe and
Central Asia, chiefly due to increases in alcohol abuse, suicide, and violence.
The 15–year–old burden of disease framework still offers the best, and only,
approach for comprehensively assessing the impact of adverse conditions
and exposures. Much comment on the original GBD study focused on social
value choices incorporated into the disability–adjusted life year (DALY)
measure. However, the lack of information on disease epidemiology has
much greater consequences for policy. Substantial uncertainty remains about
the comparative burden of diseases and injury in many parts of the world as
well as the true levels of burden from major chronic diseases, mental
disorders, and other causes.

For the burden of disease framework to be even more useful in the future,
there must be a more concerted effort to obtain and critically assess data sets
on the health of populations in all countries.

(4)

Elena S. Craft, Kirby C. Donnelly,” Prioritizing Environmental Issues

Around The World: Opinions From An International Central And
Eastern European Environmental Health Conference”,
Environmental Health Perspect, Vol-114,Dec-2006,P.No-12

Background
As the next generation of scientists enters the field of environmental health,
it is imperative that they view their contributions in the context of global
environmental stewardship. In this commentary, a group of international
graduate students facilitated by three experienced environmental health
scientists present their views on what they consider to be the global
environmental health concerns of today. This group convened initially in
October 2004 at an international health conference in Prague, Czech
Republic.
Objectives
In this report we identify perceived environmental health concerns that exist
around the world, with a focus on Central and Eastern Europe. Additionally,
we address these perceived problems and offers some potential solutions.
Discussion
At the meeting, students were invited to participate in two panel discussions.
One group of young international scientists identified several significant
global environmental health concerns, including air pollution, occupational
hazards, and risk factors that may exacerbate current environmental health
issues. The second panel determined that communication, education, and
regulation were the mechanisms for addressing current environmental
challenges.
Conclusions
In this commentary we expand on the views presented at the meeting and
represent the concerns of young investigators from nine different countries.
We provide ideas about and support the exchange of information between
developed and developing countries on how to handle the environmental
health challenges that face the world today.

(5)

Jamot, C.” The Characteristics Of Health Tourism; The Example Of France,

“Medical Tourism, France, DEC-2005

Health tourism in France, travelling to spas or thermal springs, is a unique

form of tourism with specific characteristics. For example, the clientèle are
generally female and come from the older age groups. Its popularity is thus
dependent to a great exent on social welfare. Further, health tourism
destinations are often traditional in character and tend to be integrated into
larger urban areas. In France, there are around 100 thermal resorts which
create nationally some 80 000 temporary and permanent jobs, thus
representing around 10% of total employment in the French tourist industry.
Health tourism has turnover of over F3000 million. For specific regions such
as the south-west of Vosges, Sancy in the Auvergne and the central Pyrénées
where spas and thermal springs are generally concentrated, this form of
tourism can account for between 60% to 100% of the communal budget.
Consequently, thermal or health tourism plays an important role in French
tourism.
 (6)

Ketefian, S,” The Critical Elements Of International Nurse Practionar,”

International Nursing Review,VOL- 48, September 2001,

P.NO-152-163

This article examined the critical elements that have been identified in the
development of advanced practice roles of nurses in four countries: Brazil,
Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Several
socio-political and professional forces were examined for possible insights
and ways in which they may have shaped the development and evolution of
the roles of advanced practice nurses (APNs). These forces were: the socio-
political environment; the health needs of society; the health workforce
supply and demand; governmental policy and support; intra- and
interprofessional collaboration; the development of nursing education; and
documentation of effectiveness of the advanced role. The development of
APN roles in the four social systems was reviewed to illustrate how socio-
political and professional forces may have shaped nursing roles in each
health care delivery system. Commonalities and distinguishing features
across the four health and social systems were analysed to assess the
predictive forces that may be identified as advanced roles in nursing have
evolved in the global community.

(7)

Kline S ,”Push and Pull Factors in International Nurse Migration”.

Journal of Nursing Scholarship. VOL-35,July-2003,
P.NO-107-111,

Purpose: To describe the push and pull factors of migration in relation to

international recruitment and migration of nurses.

Organizing Construct: Review of literature on nurse migration, examination

of effects of donor and receiving countries, and discussion of ethical
concerns related to foreign nurse recruitment.

Findings: The primary donor countries are Australia, Canada, the

Philippines, South Africa, and the United Kingdom (UK); the primary
receiving countries are Australia, Canada, Ireland, the UK, and the United
States (US). The effects of migration on donor countries include the loss of
skilled personnel and economic investment; receiving countries receive
skilled nurses to fill critical shortages with less economic investment.
Ethical concerns include the potential for exploitation of foreign nurses.

Conclusions: Nurses migrate to seek better wages and working conditions

than they have in their native countries. Given the current conditions,
developed countries continue to actively recruit foreign nurses to fill critical
shortages. Migration is predicted to continue until developed countries
address the underlying causes of nurse shortages and until developing
countries address conditions that cause nurses to leave.

(8)

Michael D.,” Medical Tourism: Globalization of the Healthcare

Marketplace ,”Medscap Publisher,November-2007

The citizens of many countries have long traveled to the United States and to
the developed countries of Europe to seek the expertise and advanced
technology available in leading medical centers. In the recent past, a trend
known as medical tourism has emerged wherein citizens of highly developed
countries choose to bypass care offered in their own communities and travel
to less developed areas of the world to receive a wide variety of medical
services. Medical tourism is becoming increasingly popular, and it is
projected that as many as 750,000 Americans will seek offshore medical
care in 2007. This phenomenon is driven by marketplace forces and occurs
outside of the view and control of the organized healthcare system. Medical
tourism presents important concerns and challenges as well as potential
opportunities. This trend will have increasing impact on the healthcare
landscape in industrialized and developing countries around the world.
 (9)

POPLINE ,” Exchange of experience on primary health care”, WHO

Chronicle,VOL-38,YEAR-2006-2007, P.NO-187-189

Objectives of the interregional Conference on Primary Health Care,

organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for
Southeast Asis together with the government of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, were as follows: to exchange country experiences in the
organization and implementation of primary health care; to assess primary
health care development vis-a-vis national socioeconomic development and
national health systems; to define alternative approaches to the development
of the health infrastructure for inntegrated implementation of the 8 essential
elements of primary health care; and to define the coordinating role of
governments and international organizations in supporting and mobilizing
resources in support of primary health care to to formulate recommendations
for the organization and furthr development of primary care. The conference
was attended by 35 participants from 18 countries in all 6 WHO regions and
by representatives of 5 UN agencies. Conference recommendations include:
a program of public information and health education should be launched to
create and strengthen the desired awareness and commitment among the
people and their representatives; the national health policy on primary health
care should be broadly disseminated among all professional groups and
functionaries involved in community development activities both in the
health sector and outside it; concerted action by all health related
development sectors should be initiated and strengthened to support the
health sector in acheiving the goal of health for all; appropriate mechanisms
relevant to the local situation should be evolved to give suitable training,
orientation, and motivation to the community and opinion leaders in order to
ensure their total involvement in the implementation and management of
their own health care; governments should ensure the allocation of adequate
funds for the smooth implementation of the program and that preferential
allocation of resources be made for activities in the underserved areas; more
rapid measures should be taken to extend primary health care services to all
segments of the community that are still not covered; and the shortage of
personnel available for providing primary care should be made up by
reorienting existing personnel, accelerating the pace of basic training for
primary health workers, and possibly also by inducting the health manpower
available under traditional systems of medicine.
 (10)

Soares, Christine,” Polio postponed: Politics slow polio's eradication-

and cause it to spread,” Scientific American, YEAR-2005

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative program in Geneva was announced

by the health ministers to halt all transmission of the polio virus in last six
countries where it exists that is Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria
and Niger. This halt was called as some of the politicians and clerics claimed
that the polio vaccine was a 'Western ' ploy, tainted with HIV or with
hormones meant to render Muslim women infertile.
COLLEGE OF NURSING
CIVIL HOSPITAL
AHMEDABAD

SUB:COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING-II
TOPIC:ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

SUBMITED TO,
MR.B.N.SANADIA
LECTURER
COLLEGEOF NURSING
CIVIL HOSPITAL SUBMITED BY,
AHMEDABAD MISS MIRA J PATEL
S.Y.MSC NURSING STUDENT
COLLEGE OF NURSING
ROLL NO – 08