GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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LECTURE 4
SPATIAL ANALYSIS (VECTOR)

Roseanne V. Ramos
Assistant Professor
Department of Geodetic Engineering
University of the Philippines
rvramos@up.edu.ph

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TOPIC OUTLINE

1) Spatial analysis workflow

2) Analytical functions for vector data
3) Examples and applications

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Spatial Analysis
 Spatial analysis is a set of techniques for
analyzing spatial data
 The results of spatial analysis are dependent
on the locations of the objects being analyzed
 Software that implements spatial analysis
techniques requires access to both the
locations of objects and their attributes
-Goodchild

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Spatial Analysis
In GIS, spatial data normally follows this sequence of operations:

Applied to the Real World Decision

/ Evaluation / Validation Making /
Planning

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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GIS Analysis Functions

 Querying
 Distance/Proximity Analysis
 Overlay Analysis

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GIS Analysis Functions

Intravariable - performed on a single data set

Intervariable - performed on two or more data sets

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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RECALL: Querying
 Method of data retrieval
 Can be performed either on data that are part of the GIS database
or on new data produced as a result of data analysis

Spatial query functions 7

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Buffer
Creation of a zone of interest or new layer
boundary (buffers) at specified distance from
input layer

• Point entity: circular buffer zone

• Line entity: elongated buffer zone
• Polygon entity: buffer zone has the same
shape as original polygon, but larger
© ESRI

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Buffer

ESRI (2020)

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Buffer

ESRI (2020)

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Point distance tool
 Calculation of distance from each point in one feature class to all
points given a search radius to another feature class

ESRI (2020) 11

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Point distance tool
 Calculation of distance from each point
in one feature class to all points given a search
radius to another feature class
© ESRI

EXAMPLE:
Crime incidence vs Police stations

This table can be used for statistical analyses

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Near tool
 Adds attribute fields to a
point feature class
containing distance, feature
identifier, angle and
coordinates of nearest
point/line

ESRI (2020)
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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Near tool
Adds attribute fields to a point feature class containing distance,
feature identifier, angle and coordinates of nearest point/line

EXAMPLE:
Find the closest
established benchmark
from the river network

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© ESRI

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Distance/Proximity Analysis
Thiessen polygons
 Creates a polygon of the areas closest to each feature for a set of input feature
• target’s zone of influence or “catchment area”
• partitioning of the plane into polygons that have this characteristic, that is
containing all the locations that are closer to the polygon’s ‘midpoint’ than
to any other ‘midpoint

ESRI (2020)

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Vector Overlay Analysis

 New spatial data layer from two

or more old data layers
 Can be done within vector and
raster
 Should be georeferenced in the
Basic principle : Compare the properties of
same coordinate system; and the same location in both data layers, and
 Should cover the same area of to produce a new characteristic for that
interest location in the output layer.

Individual data layers to be overlaid have

to be topologically correct
lines should meet at nodes and polygon
boundaries are closed
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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Vector Overlay Analysis

Point-in-polygon

Line-in-polygon

Polygon-on-polygon

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Vector Overlay Analysis

• A spatial join involves matching rows from the join layer to the
target layer based on a spatial relationship and writing to an
output feature class.

• When a match is found during processing, a row is added to the

output feature class containing the shape and attributes from the
target layer and the matching attributes from the join layer.

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Vector Overlay Analysis

Union Clip/Cookie-cutting Intersect

© ESRI

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Vector Overlay Analysis

Update
Erase
Symmetrical Difference

Identity

© ESRI
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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Vector Data

Epidemiologists collect data about the

occurrence of diseases.
- Does the distribution of cases of a Sample illustration
disease form a pattern in space? (i.e.
respiratory disease)
- Is there any association with any source
of pollution? (i.e. smoke-emitting
factories/establishments)
- Did it vary with time?
(daily?seasonally?)

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Vector Data
GEs collect topographic data to produce terrain models (in 2D or 3D forms)

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Vector Data

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Vector Data

• How many evacuation

sites lie within 5
kilometers of this
river?
• What structures are
within 10 kilometers
from high erosion risk
areas?

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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Examples of Spatial Analysis

using Vector Data

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Examples of
Spatial Analysis
using Vector Data

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GIM 165 Lecture 4 15/03/2023

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END OF LECTURE 4

Next Lecture: Spatial Analysis (Raster)

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