608 Chapter 22 Electric Fields ummary The lecuie Bld Ha sone pe point dived hy the magnitude q of the text charge: Electric charges have the following important propertis: + Charges of opposite sign attract one another, and charges of the same sign repel one another The total charge in an isolated system is conserved + Charge is quantized. Conductors are materials in which electrons move freely Insulators are materialsin which electrons do not move freely. Coulomb's law states that the electric force exerted by a point charge 4, ona second point charge 4,8 ‘ the distance between the two charges unit vector directed from q, toward q The constr js called the Coulomb constant, has the vale, 10"N- mic Ihewhieh Sigs > ntin apace is defined ws the ceeirc free F, chat act on a small pine tent charge placed at that ean Ata distance r from a point charge g, the electric field due to the charge is (223) ‘a unit vector directed from the charge toward the point in question. The electric field is directed radially out ‘ward from a postive charge and radially inward toward a negative charge where # ‘The electric field due t a group of point charges ean be ‘obtained by using the superposition principle, That is, the total electric field at some point equals the vector sim of| the electric fields ofall the charges: (22.10) Particle ina Field (Electr) A source particle with some electric charge establishes elect field E through [x ‘out space. When a particle with charge qis placed in that Field, experiences an electric force given by é See the Preface for an explanation ofthe icons used in this problems se. For additional assessment items for iis sction, go 0 1. You and your fellow students form an inte ‘technology company, The company is having trouble mar lufacturing nanoparticles of uniform mass and your group hhas been asked to devise a system that will determine the ‘mass ofa charged nanoparticle by having ie pass through a uniform electre field between parallel plates in a manner identical to that of the electron in Figure 22.21. The entire (228) a soe CL system is located in an evacuated glass chamber so that air resistance is not a factor. The mass can be determined by the amount of deflection of the nanoparticle as it passes through the field after having heen projected into the field just under the left edge ofthe top plate with an initial eloc- ity in a direction parallel to the plates. Your group works ‘well together and designs a pair of parallel plates of Fength €= 1.00 m, with the negative phate situated a distance d = 8.00 mm vertically above the positive plate, with a uniform oy 2019 Cengge Learig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned of uptctd a whol arn pat. W220 203clectre field of magnitude £ = 2.00 x 10! N/C between them directed perpendicular to the plates. You arrange to Ihave nanoparticles with mass m = 6.50 % 10° g, carrying, a change of ~¢, to be projected into the Field ata speed of 17 30,0 m/s. Your deadline is approaching as you Finish the construction of the device and you don’t have time to test, it hefore you are called in to demonstrate the device to the research group leaders. When you demonstrate the device, why is your group embarrassed? Figure TP222 shows the tibectrie sre, Wis {sed WHI regard fo the rubbing experiments described in Section 221, Ifa material from high on the Tis fs rubbed agains a material from a lower portion, each material wll become electrically charged according to the signs atthe {op and bottom of the lt. The farther apart two materials are on thelist, the greater will be the amount of electric change when the materials are rubbed together Avan exan- Dle, consider the glass rod rubbed with sk in Figure 22. Based on the triboetecric series shown, do we expect the sik to become negatively charged and the glass to become Positvely charged? Although both are on the pose side ofthe seriey, the glass ie much higher, 3 it takes on a pos tive charge and the silk becomes negatively charged. For the objects rubbed together below, entity the ign ofthe charge on the rod pipe, fork, or balloon after Its rubbed with the other materia: {@) A glass rod is eubbed with a wool cloth. (b) A glass rod is rubbed with eat fur, (6) APVC pipe is rubbed with a paper towel (@) A Sterling silver fork is rubbed with a nylon cloth. (6) Asilcone rubber rod is rubbed with a cotion cloth (0) A hard rubber rod is rubbed with a paper towel (@) A copper pipe is rubbed with cat fi (1) Am aluminum rod is rubbed with a polyester shirt. (i) Alead pipe is rubbed with a paper towel. () Arubber balloon is rubbed on your hair, See the Preface Jor an espanaton of the ions used in this problems st For additional assent ito for his section, go 10% WEBASSIGN ‘SECTION 22.1 Properties of Electric Charges 1. Find to dee significant digits the change and the mass ofthe following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of ‘ancutral atom on the periodic table ofthe elements in Apper dix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as HW" (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na’ (¢) a chloride ion C1 (@) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca** = Ca** (e) the center of An ammonia motecule, modeled as an N?- ton (f)quacdruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N', found in plasma in a hot ste (q) the nucleus ofa nitrogen atom (bh) the molecularion H,O- SECTION 22.3 Coulomb's Law 2. (a) Find the magnitude of the electric force between a Na* fon and a CI” ion separated by 0.50 am. (b) Would the answer change if the sodium ion were replaced by Li? and the chloride ton by Br? Explain, 3. Ina thundercloud, there may be electric charges of +40.0 C near the top of the cloud and ~40.0 C near the bottom of L. Nobel Problems. 609 (0) From the ten choices in Parts (a)=(j), which do you think represents the greatest transfer of charge? Air ‘Skin (try) Leather bit ur Glass Human hair Mica Nylon Woot Catfur Lead silk Alvin Hard rubber Nickel Copper siker Gold, platinum Polyester Pabst Aerie Plastic foo! wrap Polyurethane Polythene Polypropslene pve Tellon Silicone Rubber Figure TP22.2 the cloud. These charges are separated by 2.00 km, What is the electric force on the top charge? Richard Feynman (1918-1988) once said that if two persons stood at arm's Tength from each other and teach person hael 1% more electrons than protons, the force ‘of repulsion between them would be enough to lift “weight” equal to that of the entire Earth, Carry out an order-of ‘magnitude calculation to substantiate this assertion, A. 7.50-nG point charge is located 1.80 m from a. 4.20-n€ point chanye. (a) Find the magnitude ofthe eleetic force that one partile exerts on the other. (b) Is the force attractive or repulsive | This afternoon, you have a physics symposium class and you are the presenter. Yo will he presenting a topie to physics ‘majors an faculy. You have heen so busy that you have not hnad time to prepare and you don't even have an idea for a topic. You are frantically reading your physics textbook look: ing for an idea. In your reading, you have learned that the Earth carries a charge on its surface of about 10°C, which resulisin electric eldsin the atmosphere, This gets you very excited abouta new theory. Suppose the Moon also carries a ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203610 10. | Review. In the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom Chapter 22. Electric Fields charge on the order of 10°C, with the apposite sign! Maybe the orbit of the Moon around the Earth is due to electri cal attraction between the Moon and the Earth! There's an idea for your symposium presentation! You quickly jot down afew notes and run off to your symposium. While you are speaking, you notice one of the professors doing some cal- ciilations on a scrap of paper, Uh-oh He has just raised his hhand with a question. Why are you embarrassed? ‘Two small beads having positive changes q, = 3p and ‘4, gare fixed at the opposite ends of horizontal insulating rod of length d = 1.50'm. The bead with charge q i at the drigin. As shown in Figure P227, a third small, changed head is free w slide on the rod. (a) At what position xis the third bead in equilibrium? (b) Can the equilibrium be stable? 0 e o— _9 ure P22.7 Probiems 7 ands ‘Two small beads having charges q, and q, of the same sign are fixed at the opposite ends of a horizontal insulating, rod of length d. The bead with charge g, is atthe origin, As shown in Figure P22, a third small, charged bead is free to slide on the rod. (a) At what position xis the third bead in ‘equilibrium? (b) Can the equilibrium be stable? an elec: tron moves in a circular orbit about a proton, where the radius of the orbit is 5.29 > 10-!' m, (a) Find the magni tude of the electric force exerted on each particle. (b) I this force causes the centripetal acceleration of the electron, what isthe speed ofthe electron? ‘Three point charges lie along a straight line as shown in Figure P22.10, where 4, = 6.00 4C, q, = 1.50 4C, and 4, = 2100 nC. The separation distances are dy = 300 cm and 4, = 200m. Caleulate the magnitude and direction of the net electri Force on (a) gy. (b) gy ane () a % tata A point charge #2Q is at fhe origin. anda point charge ~Qis located along the xaxis at x= das in Fig lure P22.11, Find a symbolic expression forthe net force fm a thied point charge +Q located along the y axis at yaa +“ -@ Particle A of charge 300 Figure 22.11 10-1 Cis at the origin, par cle Bof charge ~6.00 X 10-*Gisat (4.00 m, 0), and particle Gof eharge 1.00 % 10 C sat (0, .00-m). We wish to find +Q Mu SECTION 22.4 Analysis Model: 15. the net electric force on G. (a) What isthe x component of the electric force exerted by A on C2 (b) What isthe y com ponent of the force exerted by A on C? (@) Find the mag nitude of the force exerted by Bon C. (@) Caleulate the component of the force exerted by Bon C. (e) Calculate the yeomponent ofthe force exerted by B on C. (f) Sum the evo ‘xcomponents from parts (a) and (@) to obtain the resultant ‘xcomponent of the electric force acting on C. (g) Similarly, find the y component ofthe resulian force vector acting on . (hy Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant clectie force acting on C Review wo. etal price, i nia ase onthe pepe Mar kc a hee Bed does ite Sen ie Se nace tin ars ti ria cy sw a Song pepe bees: igure 2233 i Barone he pro ti Ha he ge Qe ving en Tare bene ee ac hag na Why isthe following situation imposible? Two identical dust par- ticles of mass 1.00 jg are Floating in empty space, far from any external sources of large gravitational or electric fies, and at rest with respect to each other: Both particles carry electric charges that are identical in magnitude andl sign, ‘The gravitational and electric forces hetween the particles hhappen to have the same magnitude, so each particle expe riences zero net force and the distance between the parti= cles remains constant. Field (Electric) What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field that will balance the weight of (a) an electron and (b) a pro- on? (You may use the datain Table 22.1) Consider nequat positively charged particles each of magni- tude Q/n placed symmetrically atound a Calculate the magnitude of the electric field at point a dis tance x from the center ofthe eircle andl on the line pas. ng through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the circle, ircle of Teo equal positively charged particles are at opposite cor- hers ofa trapezotd as shown, in Figure P2217. Find sym- bolie expressions for the total electric Field at (a) the point Pand (b) the point P 10g —t a? Kiser 150 > a +g Figure P22.17 ‘Two charged particles are located on the x axis. The first isa charge *Q at x = ~« The second is an unknown charge located at x = +3. The net electri field these charges produce at the origin has a magnitude of 2h Q/e2 Explain how many values are possible for the ‘unknown charge and find the possible values. ‘ony 019 Cengage Leaig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatd in whole orn pan WN 6220020319, ‘Three point charges are located on a circular arc as shown, in Figure P22.19. (a) What isthe total electric field at P the center of the arc? (b) Find the eleette force that would be exerted on a ~5.00nC point charge placed at P 2.00 nc “son nc Figure P22.19 20. Two 200-4C point charges are located on the x axis, One is atx = 100 m, and the other is at x = —1.00 m. {@) Determine the electric field on the axis at y= 0.500 m. (b) Calculate the electri force on a ~8.00-6 charge placed fon the yaxis at y= 0.500 m, 21, Three point charges are arranged as shown in Fig: lure P2221. (@) Find the vector eleetric field that the 6.00-nCand —8,00-n6 charges together ereate atthe origin, (b) ind the vector force on the 5:00-nC charge. -s.00 nc Figure P22.21 22. Consider the electric dipole shown in Figure P22.22, Show that the electric field at a distant point on the “taxis is B= 4hga/s" “4 4 20 Figure P22.22 SECTION 22.5 Electric Fld Lines 23. Three equal positive charges q Ry are at the corners of an equilat ral triangle of side @ as shown ing a Figure P2298. Assume the three changes together create an electric field. fa) Sketch the field Lines in the plane of the charges. (b) Find the location of one point (other than =) where the electric field is zero, What 611 Problems are (6) the magnitude and (A) the direction of the electric field at Paue to the two charges at the base? ‘SECTION 22.6 Motion ofa Ch ina Uniform Electric Field 24. A proton accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. ALone later moment, its speed is 1.20 Mm/s (non relativistic because v is much less than the speed of light), {a) Find the acceleration of the proton. (b) Over what time interval does the proton reach this speed? (¢) How far does ove in this ime interval? (@) What sits kinetic energyat the endl ofthis interval? 25, A proton moves a 4.50 % 10" m/s in the horizontal dire Gon temersa uniform vertical electri ick with a magni de of 9.60 % 10" N/C. Ignoring any gravitational effects, find @ the time interval required forthe proton to travel OD cm horizontal, (0) is vertical displacement during the te intereal in which ic traels 00 em horizontally and () the horizontal and erica components ofits velo ityalterithastrncled 300 em horizontally 26, Protons are projected with an initial speed, THY 0.55 km/s from a ficldtree region chrough a plane pd into a region where a uniform electric field E = —720]N/C ts. present above the plane as. shown in Figure 22.26, ‘The initial velocity” vector of the protons makes an angle 8 with the plane. The protons fre to hit a target that les at a horizontal distance of = 137 mm from the point where the protons cross the plane and enter the electric field. We wish to find the angle @ at which the protons must pass through the plane to strike the target. 4) What analysis model describes {he horizontal motion of the protons abore the plane? (D) What analysis model describes the vertical motion of the protons above the plane? (@) Argue that Equation 4.20 ‘ould he applicable to the protons in this situation () Use Equation 420 to write an expression for Min terms of -E,the charge and mass of the proton, and the angle 8. €) Find the wo possible values of the ange 0 (0) Find the time interval during which the proton is above the plane in Fig te P2226 foreach of the two posible values o 0 720) N/e Proton beam. f E = Obelow the plane Figure P22.26 You are still fascinated by the process of inkjet printing, as described in the opening storyline for this chapter. You convince your father to take you to his: manufacturing, facility to see the machines that print expiration dates on ‘eggs. You strike up conversation with the technician oper- ating the machine, He tells you that the ink drops are ere- ated using a piezoelectric crystal, acoustic waves, and the612 Chapter 22. Electric Fields Plateau-Rayleigh instability, which creates uniform drops fof mass m = 1.25 % 10 g. While you don't understand the fancy words, you do recognize mass! The technician also ells you that the drops are charged © a controllable walue of gand then projected vertically downveatd between | parallel deflecting plates at a constant terminal speed of 185 m/s. The plates are € = 2.95 cm long and have a uniform electric field of magnitude £ = 6.35 X 10' N/C between them, Noting your interest in the process the tech nieian asks you, “IF the position on the egg at whieh the drop is to he deposited requires that its deflection atthe bottom cen ofthe plates be 0.17 mm, what i the required charge on the drop" Vou quickly get to work to find the answer, __ You are working on a research project in which you must control the direction of travel of electrons using deflec- tion plates. You have devised the apparatus shown in Fig- lure P22.28. The plates are of length € = 0.500 m and are separated by a distance d = 3,00 em. Electrons are fired at 4, = 5.00 % 10° mvs into a uniform electric field from the left edge of the lower, positive plat, aimed directly at the right edge of the upper, negative pate, Therefore, if there is no electric field between the plates, the electrons will follow the broken line inthe figure. With an electric field existing between the plates, the electrons will follow a curved path, bending downward. You need to determine (a) the range of angles oxer which the electron can leave the apparatus and (b) the electric field requited to give the maximum possible deviation angle. 7 SLL Figure P22.28 ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS. 20, 30, 31 Consider an infinite number of identical particles, each with charge g, placed along the xaxis at distances a, 20, 3a, 4a. from the origin. What isthe electric field at the oF gin due to this distribution? Suggrston: Use A particle with charge 800 nC is at the origin, and 1 particle with negative charge of magnitude @Q is at x= 50.0 om. A thitd partile with a positive charge is in ‘equilibrium at x= 20.9 em, What is @ A small block of mass m andl charge Qis placed om an inst lated, frictionless, inclined plane of angle @ as in Figure 22.51. An electric Field is applied parallel tothe inline. (a) Find an expression for the magnitude of the electric Field that enables the block to remain at rest. (b) If m = 50 g, 3. Be Gs 38, Q= 700 nC, and 6 = 25.0% @ determine the magnitude and the direction of the elec rie field that enables. the block to remain at rest on the incline, A. smmall sphere of charge 4 = 0.800 WC hangs trom the end of a spring asin Fig re 22,524. When another small sphere of charge 4 =0.600 2G is held beneath the fist sphere as in Figure 122,82}, the spring stretches by d= 3.50 em from its orig: nal length and reaches a new equilibrium positon with separation between the charges of r= 5.00 em. What is the force constant ofthe spring? Figure P22.31 © GW babs te 6 o Figure P22.32 [A charged cork all of mass 1.0 is suspended on a Fight string inthe presence ofa ni form clectre field as shown in Figure 22.38. When E = (6.001 + 5.00) x 10°N/C, the ball sin equibrium at 8 370%, Find (@) the charge on the ball and (b) the tension the string [A charged cork ball of mas suspended om alight string in the presence of a uniform electric Field as shown in Figure P22.38, When E = ai + 5}, ‘where A and Bare positive quantities, the bali in equilid- ium atthe angle @ Find (a) the charge on the ball and (b) the tension in the string. Figure P22.33 Problenis 93 and 34 Three charged particles are aligned along the x axis as slows in Figure P22 35. File elects Gel at (a) ce posi ‘ion (2.00 m,0) and (b) the postion (0,2.00 m). 800 | 3.00 n¢ =4.00 ne Figure P22.35 ‘ony 019 Cengage Leaig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatd in whole orn pan WN 6220020336, Two point charges q, = ~12. pC and gy = 45.0 uC and a BEG hi parice with unknown change gave located on the = axis. The particle q,isacthe origin, and 4, isat += 15.0can. The third particle so be place so that ach partic fs in esqlibruin under the action ofthe electric fores exerted bythe other two particles.) Is thissituation porble? Ifo, init pore in more than one way? Explain. Find (b) the required loation and (the magnitude and the sign af the charge of the third particle. 37, Two small spheres hang in equilibrium at the bot tom ends of threads, 40.0 cm long, that have their top ends tied to the same fixed point. One sphere has mass 240 g and charge +300 nC. The other sphere has the same mass and charge +200 nC, Find the distance between the centers ofthe spheres, 38. Four identical charged particles (= +10.0 4G) ate located fon the corners of a rectangle as shown in Figure P22.38, ‘The dimensions of the rectangle are L = 60,0 em and W= 15.0 em. Calculate (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of the total electri force exerted om the eharge atthe lower left corner by the other three charges. 1 4 a lw é T q Figure P22.38 59, Review. Two identical blocks resting on a frictionless, horizontal susface are connected by a light spring hav- ing a spring constant & = 100 N/m and an unstretched length L, = 0400 m as shown in Figure P22.39a, A charge’@ is slowly placed on each block, causing the spring to stretch to.an equilibrium length 1. = 0.500 m as shown in Figure P22.39b. Determine the value of Q, model- ing the blocks as charged particles. re 4 8 m A e Baw a Figure P22.39 Problems 39 and 40 fot certeet eet eter entegeeet ieee eral t cts toring constant and an unstretched length Cas shown in Frgure P2299, Achange Qi slowly place on each block, Sse ese a te mere TT Shown n Figure F228 Determine the value of Gy mod. thing the blocks ax charged parties al. 2. 43. 613 Problems Three identical point charges, each of _mass_m 10.100 hg, hang from three strings as showin in Figure P22.41 Ifthe lengths ofthe left and right strings are each L = 30.0 ‘mand the angle # 615.0", determine the vale of Figure P22.41 Why isthe following situation impossible? An electron enters region of uniform electric field between two parallel plates, The plates are used in a cathode-ray tube to adjust the post sion of an electron beam on a distant fluorescent screen, The magnitude of the electric Field between the plates is 200.N/C. The plates are 0.200 m in length and are separated by 1.50 cm. The electron enters the region at a speed of 3.00 X 10° m/s, traveling parallel to the plane of the plates in the direction oftheir length. It leaves the plates heading correct location of the fluorescent screen, Two hard rubber spheres, each of mass m = 15.0 g, are rubbed with fur on a dry day and are then suspended with to insulating strings of length L = 5.00 em whose sup: port points are a distance d = 3.00 cm from each other a8 shown in Figure P22.43. During the rubbing process, one sphere receives exactly twice the charge of the other. They are observed to hang at equilibrium, each at an angle of = 100° with the vertical, Find the amount of charge on each sphere: Figure P22.43 Tivo identical beads each havea mass mand charge g. When placed in a hemispherical bowl of radius with frictionless, honcondueting walls, the heads move, and at equilibrium, they are a distance dapart (Fig. P22.4%). (a) Determine the thaage yon each bead (b) Determine the charge requited for dio become equal to 2R. Figure P22.44 ‘ony 019 Cengage Leaig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatd in whole orn pan WN 62200203614 Chapter 22 Electric Fields 445, To small spheres of mass m are suspended from strings of length ¢ that are connected aa common pint, One sphere TED has charge Qand the other charge 2@. The stings make angles, an wit the verte (a) Explain hove 8, nd are related, (9) Assume 8 and 8 ae smal, Show that the distance rbetween the spheres is approximately (“ey 146, You are working as an expert witness for an inventor. The inventor devised a system that allows an 85.0-kg human to hhover above the ground at the surface of the Earth dc to the repulsive force between a charge q applied to his body and the normal electric charge on the Earth, The normal charge on the Farth iy such that the electric field is uni form neat the Earth's surface, directed downward toward the surface, and is of magnituce 180 N/C at the location of the engineer's experiments, Everything went well until the ‘engineer tried « new experiment. He attempted to transfer the same amount of charge q to each of two experimental subjects standing next to each other, so they could hover and work close together on a task. The charged, hovering, ‘experimental subjects repelled each other and were injured as they flew away in opposite directions, Both experimental subjects are now sing the inventor for their injuries. The inventor x claiming that iti not his Fal if the subjects find cach other repulsive. To find out whether the inventor has ‘good defense, determine the initial acceleration of each subject if they are working 1.00 m apatt. Review. A 1.00-g cork ball with charge 2.00 wCissuspended vertically on a 0.500-m-long light string in the presence of uniform, downward-directed electric field of magnitude = 1,00 % 10° N/C, If the ball is dispkaced slightly from the vertical, it oscillates lke a simple pendulum. (a) Deter imine the period of this oscillation. (b) Should the effect of gravitation be included in the calculation for part Explain. (CHALLENGE PROBLEMS 48. Eight charged particles, each of magnitude gare located on the corners of a cube of edge sas shown in Figure P2248. {@) Determine the x, , and = components of the total force exerted by the other charges on the charge located at point A. What are (b) the magnitude and (¢) the direction of this total force? 50. a oe Point} .t Figure P22.48 ‘Two particles, each with charge 58.0 n€, are located on the yaxis at y = 25.0 em and y = ~25.0 em. (a) Find the vector tlectric field at a point on the x axis as a function of x. (b) Find the field at x= 36.0 em. () At what location isthe Field ‘You may need a computer to solve this equa tion. (d) At what location is the field 16.05 KN/C: Review. An electric dipole in a uniform horizontal electric ficld is displaced slightly from its equiibritm position as shown in Figure P22.50, where # is small. The separation of the charges is 2a, and each of the two particles has mass. {@) Assuming the dipole is released from this position, shove that is angular orientation exhibits simple harmonic ‘motion witha frequency fz I> on Vina ‘What IF (b) Suppose the masses ofthe ovo charged particles n the dipole are not the same even though each particle com tinues to have charge g Let the masses ofthe particles be m, nel m,. Shove thatthe frequency ofthe oscillation in this casei Figure P22.50 ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203630 Chapter23 Continuous Charge Distributions and Gauss's Law ummary Electric flux is proportional tothe number of electric field lines that penetrate a surface. Ifthe electric field is uniform and makes Aan angle 8 with the normal toa surface of area, the electric flux through the surface is % In general the electric fax through a surface is (23.3) o, { Eedk (23.4) Gause's law says that the net electric flux ¢, through any coved gaussian surface is equal tothe ne charge inside the surface divided bye: a =fE a4 (237) Using Gaus aw, you can caleulate the electc fel de tovariows symmetric earge distribution ‘The electric field at some poi bution is where dy is and ris the distance from the element tothe point in question ‘due to-a continuous charge distri E [fe a he charge on one element of the charge distribution Ba) oc ee LAELIA) See the Preface for an explanation ofthe icons used in this problems se. For additional assessment items fortis section, go to [An early (incorrect) model of the hydrogen atom, sug- ested by J.J. Thomson, proposed that a positive cloud of charge te was uniformly distributed throughout the vol- lume of a sphere of radis a with the electron fa particle of zero size and charge ~¢ at the center. Imagine the elec tron is displaced a small distance rfrom the center of the cloud of postive charge. Part (b) of Example 28.5 gives the magnitude of the electric field of the cloud at a distance ‘rfrom the center.) Discuss in your group a method 10 show mathematically that the displaced electron would exhibit simple harmonic motion through the eenter of the cloud if released and carry out your method. (b) Find an expression for the frequeney fof simple harmonic oscilla tions that an electron of mass m, would make. (e) Caleulate ‘numerical value for a that would result in a frequency of 247 10 Hy, the frequency of the light radiated in the ‘most intense line in the hydrogen spectrum, (€) Is this value consistent with estimated size of a hydrogen atom? EEEIEIGY spore you arin orbit around the Earth on the Trcgrnetet ee are eae set et eet ae ete er seers ‘pass the time. You attach a tube to the water supply in your {atin and mount the qpen end ofthe tbe fn aed potion iets eee eee Ne eee es cee eee tereele ree te Tea "water coming out of the endl of the tube to spread out with spherical symmetry in all directions. You turn the water on at 4 Tow volume Flow rate J, (see Section 14.7), so that the water exits the sponge atthe open end and joins the water that has already left the end of the tbe, Because you are in freefall, you are in a reference frame in which there is no effective sravity, so the water collects at the end of the tube in an expanding sphere centered on the end of the tube. ll of the ‘water in the sphere is moving radially outward, The veloc- ity of the water has a value at every point within the sphere, $0 the velocity can be represented as a vector field, (a) Show thatthe magnitude ofthe water velocity Field falls fT as 1/2, () Imagine a nonspherical closed surface in the water and ssurroneling the end of the tube, Draw a diagram showing a two-dimensional version of the tube delivering the water, the outer surface of the sphere, the spherical surface in part {@), the nonspherical closed surface suggested here, and sectors Vani WA ac sonne poi on tte nonsplerical sur ace, Where isthe velocity vector field, andl dA isa small area ele- ‘ment on the nonspherical closed surface. (c) Show that nade ak where 8 the flow rate of water coming from the end of the tube. (a) Discuss the similarities between this equation and Gauss's law, What isthe analog to the electric field? What is the analog tothe enclosed charge? oy 2019 Cengge Learig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned of uptctd a whol arn pat. W220 203See the Preface for an explanation of the ians used inthis problems set For aditionalasesoment toms for ths section, go ‘SECTION 23.1 Electric Feld of a Continuous Charge Distribution 1. A negatively charged rod of finite length carries charge with ‘uniform charge per unit length. Sketch the electric Field Tines in a plane containing the rod, 2. Appostively charged disk has a uniform charge per unit area 1 as described in Example 23.3. Sketch the electric field Tines ina plane perpendicular tothe plane ofthe disk past- ing through its centr. 3. A uniformly charged ring of radius 10.0 cm has a total Bh charge of 75.0 WC. Find the electric field on the axis of the ring at (a) 1.00 em, (b) 5.00 em, () 300 em, and (2) 100 em from the center ofthe Fin 4, The electric fel along the axis of uniformly charged disk of radios and eral eharge Q was calculated in Example 255. Show thatthe electri ie at dstances vthatare large Compared with approaches that of particle with charge a, Suggestion Fis show that ¢2 + R= (Le f°" and ave the binomial expansion (1+ "= 1+ nBvwhen d= 1 5. Example 28: derives the exact expression forthe electric GEG etd as point on the axis of a uniformly charged disk. Com sider dik of radius R= 8.00 em having a uniformly d= tributed charge of +520 uC. (a) Using the result of Exann- ple 28.3, compute the elecric field ata point on the axis ind 3.00 mm fom the center. (0) What TI? Expl how the answer to part (a) compares with the Field computed from {he nearfield approximation E = 0/2, (We derived this expression jn Example 2.8) (c) Using the result of Exam ple 283, compute the electri fed ata point on the axis nd 30.0 cm from the center of the disk. (Q) What If? Explain how the ansver to part (€) compares with the elec- wie field obtained by treating the dik as a 45.2 charged particle ata distance of 9.0 em 6, Avvnitormly charged rod of y GB engin Land coral charge Q 7 Ties’ along. the x axis as shown in Figure P236, @) Find the components 4 of the electric field at the point Pon the yaxis a dis- + tance d from the origin. 7 (b) What are the approx: imate values of the field ‘components when d >> L? Explain why you would expect these results. Figure P23.6 7. A continuous line of charge les along the x axis, extending ED fiom + = +5, 10 positive infinity. The line caries positive charge witha uniform linear charge density, What are (3) the magnitude and (b) the direction of the electric eld at the origin? 8. A thin rod of length € and uniform charge per unit length Eh A lies atong the + axis as shown in Figure P23.8. (a) Show that the electric field at P, a distance dfrom the rod along its perpendicular bisector, has no x component and is given by 631 Problems ected = 2kA sin 6 (b) What If? Using your result to part (a), show that the field ofa tod of infinite length is B= 2kA | Figure P23.8 8. (a) Consider uniformly charged, thin-walled, right circular ‘indica shell having total charge Q, rads Rael length €, Determine the electric field at a point a distance d from the right side ofthe cylinder as shown in Figure P2839. Suggestion Use the result of Example 23.2 and treat the eylinder a acol- lection of ring charges. (b) What If? Consider now a slid ey inder wit the same dimensions and carrying the same charge, uniformly distributed through its volume, Use the result of Example 28:30 find the field it creates tthe same point = Figure P23.9 SECTION 23.2 Electric Flux 40, A vertical electric field of magnitude 2.00 X 104 N/C exis above the Earth's surface on a day when a thunderstorm isbrewing. A car with a rectangular sizeof 6:0 m by 300 mis twavelngalonga dry gravel roadway sloping downward at 1007 Determine the electric flux through the bottom of the er. 11, A flat surface of area 8.20 m* is rotated in a uniform elee- Wie field of magnitude £ = 6.20 % 10° N/C. Determine the electric flux through this area (a) when the electric field is perpendicular to the surface and (b) when the electric Field isparalll tothe surface Anonunitorm electric fied is given by the expression Ee@ithjtok where 0, andl care constants. Determine the electric fix through a rectangular surface in the ay plane, extending from ¥= 010 x= wand from y= 010y= h SECTION 23.3 Gau 18. An uncharged, nonconducting, hollow sphere of radius 100 em surrounds a 10.0-uC charge located at the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. A drill with a radius of 1.00 mm isaligned along the : axis, and a hole is drilled in the sphere, Calculate the electric flux through the hole. Law ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203632 Chapter 23 Continuous Charge Distributions and Gauss’s Law 14, Find the net electric flux through the spherical closed sur face shorn in Figure P23.14, The two charges on the right are inside the spherical surface symmetrically around Qas shown in Figure P23.19, Deter- mine the electric ux through one face ofthe cube. Figure P23.14 15, Four closed surfaces, §, through 8, together with the EE charges “20, Q, and —Q ate shetchéd in Figure P25.15, EA The cotored tines are the intersections ofthe surfaces with {he page) Find the electri Mux through each surface igure P2319 Problems 19 and 20 A particle with charge Qis located atthe center ofa cube of EB age fn ition, sx other ential charged patics ¢are pontioned symmetrically around Qas shown in Figure P2819. eet eee tered ecened eee eee eee ee ) A pate wth charge gis oat a distanced fom an nb lane Deter ee dec ax ough he ple dae wo fo charged puri (i) What UA ter charge 4s toca a Loy om ance fom te center 04 tty lnbaguareon the he perpendicular the square and soing rough tscemer Detrmne te approximate lee - froth the quae dc the caret parle (Howe Figure P23.15 ee ets 22, Find the net electric fx thronigh (a) the closed spherical surface in uniform electric fll shown in Figure P2522 TEE ana) the closed eyindrical surface shown in Figure 25.22, (e) What ean you conclude about the charges, i any inside the eyindieal surface? 16, A charge of 170 uCis at the center ofa enbe of ege 800 en HG No other charges are near (a) Find the Thx through each face ofthe cube. (b) Find the fax through the whoe surface othe cube. (¢) What If Would your answers to ether part (a) or part () change i the charge were not atthe center? Explain v. {@) Find the net electri flax through the cube shown in Fig E ture P23.17(b) Can you use Gauss law to find the electric field on the surface ofthis eube? Explain, @ a a ~s00 nc Figure P23.22 25, Figure 728.28 represe- ol \e Figure P2917 ae the top view of 8 Cubic gaussian surface ina aniform electric field E oriented paral tel wo the top and bor tom faces of the cube The field makes a angle 0 with side , A panicle with charge of 12.0 Cis placed a the center of HG a sprict sell of racius 22,0 cn, What is he total electric fx through (a the surface ofthe shell and (b) any hemi spherical surface of the sell (€) Do the results depend on the radius? Explain, 19, A particle with charge = 5.00 jis located at the center and the area of each ‘of a cube of edge 1. = 0.100 m, In addition, six other iden- face is A. In symbolic tical charged particles having q = —1.00 uC are positioned form, find the electric fluxthrough (a fice, Figure P23.23 ‘ony 019 Cengage Leaig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatd in whole orn pan WN 62200203() face ®, (©) face ®, (€) face ®, and (6) the top and bottom faces of the cube. (f) What is the net electric fax. through the cube? (g) How much charge is enclosed within the gaussian surface? ‘SECTION 23.4 Application of Gauss's La taVarious Charge Distributions 24, Determine the magnitude ofthe eletrc field atthe surface of a leac-208 nucleus, which contains 82 protons and 126 neutrons. Assume the lead nucleus has a volume 208 times that of one proton and consider a proton to he a sphere of radius 1.20 % 10° m, 25. In nuclear fission, « nucleus oF uraniun.238, 92 protons, can clvide into two smaller spheres, exch have ing 46 protons and a radius of 5.00 10" ma, What is the iagnitude of the repulsive electric force pushing the two spheres apar? 26. Suppose you fill wo rubber balloons with ai, suspend both ‘of them from the same point, and let them hang down on. strings of equal length. You then rub each with woo! or ‘on your hair so that the balloons bang apart with a notice: able separation between them, Make orderofmagnitide estimates of (a) the force on each, (b) the charge on each, (@) the field each creates at the center of the other, and (@) the total flux of electric field ereated by each balloon. In your solution, state the quantities you take as data and the ‘values you measure or estimate for them. 27. A large, Mat, horizontal sheet of charge has a charge per unit area 0f 9.00 4C/m?. Find the electric Field just above the midalle ofthe sheet. 28, A somconducting wall carsiea change with uniform d A igor 8.50 Cem? () What isthe electri ld 7.00 era infront of the wall 7.00 cm i small compared with the dimensions ofthe wall? (b) Docs your rest change as the distance fom the wallsaries Explain 29. \ uniformly charged, straight Filament 7.00 m in length has ‘total postive charge of 2.00 4C. An uncharged cardboard ‘ylinder 2.00 em in length and 10.0 em in radins surrounds the filament at its center, with the filament as the axis of the cylinder. Using reasonable approximations, find (a) the lectrc field atthe surface of the eylinder and! (b) the tol ‘electric lux through the cylinder, 30, You are working om a laboratory device that includes smal sphere with a large electric charge @ Because of this charged sphere, there is a strong electri field surround ing your device: Other researchers in your laboratory are complaining that your electric Field i affecting their equip ‘ment. You think about how yo can obtain the large cle tea eee eee er eres at field from reaching your colleagues, You decide to surround your device with aspherical wansparent plastic sell. The nonconducting shel # given uniform charge distribu tion, (a) The shells placed so that the all sphere iat the ‘exact center of the shell. Determine the charge that must be placed on the shell o completely eliminate the electric fiekd outside ofthe shell. (b) What if the shell moses? Does the small sphere have tobe atthe center ofthe shel for thi scheme to work? 633 Problems 81, Consider along, eylindrical charge distribution of radius with a uniform charge density p. Find the electric field at distance rfrom the axis, where ¥ R. 32, Assume the magnitude of eld on each face of the cube of edge £1.00 m in Figure P23.82 i uniform and we directions ofthe fields on each fae are as indicated. Find (a) the net electric flux through the cube and (b) the net charge inside the eube. () Could the net charge be a single point charge? .0N/C 2ON/C, 1B0N/C Figure P23.32 88, A sol phere of aus 400 cm has toa postive charge of 260 nC: uniformly distributed throughout it volume Cateuiate the magnitude of the ceri fed (3) 0 cm, {b) 19.0 em, (0) 40.0 cm, and (8) 60.0 cm from the center of the sphere SA. A cylindrical shell of radius 7.00 em and length 2.40 m Ei has ts charge uniformly distributed on its curved surface, The magnitvde of the electric field ata point 19.0 em radi ally outward from its axis (measured from the midpoint of the shell) is 36.0 KN/C. Find (a) the net charge on the shell and (b) the electric field at a point 4.00 em from the axis, measured radially outward from the midpoint of the shell, 45, You are working for BI thesummerata research @ laboratory, Your research director has | devised a scheme for holding small charged particles at fixed postions. The scheme is shown in Fig le P23.85, A arge in lating sphere of ras carries a total postive ‘charge Qwith uniform ‘volume charge density. A verythin cunnelisdrilled hough a diameter of the sphere and two small spheres with charge gare placed in the tunnel. These spheres are represented by the blue dots in the fig- ture. They find equilibrium postions at a distance of ron ether side ofthe center of the sphere. Your research director has had reat succes with tis scheme, f) Determine the specific value ff rat which equim exists. (b) Yur researc dicctor asks Figure P23.35, ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203634 {you to see if he can extend the system as follows, Determine if ici posable to add transparent plastic tes as extensions of| the tunnel and have the small spheres be in equilibrium at a onion forsehich r > a 36, You are working for the summer ata research laboratory. Your research director has devised scheme for holding tall charged particles at fixed ponons The scheme it shown in Figure P2336, An inwulting cinder of racis « et etter aes ieee eet reales etneresl cri) through a diameter of the elinder and two small spheres with charge gare placed in the wel, These apheres are represented by the bine dots in the igure. They find equ ee eared etree ed eee eee eee secs with thin scheme. (a) Determine the specific ale of eee ee eer a eee esate Son se ithe ean extend the item as follows, Determine ici ponsible co add transparent plastic tubes as extensions of the tannel and ave the sal mperes bein equilriam ata \ Figure P23.36 ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS. 337, Find the electric flux through the plane surface shoven in Figure P23.87 if @ = 60.0", = 350 N/C, and d= 5.00 cm, The electric field is uniform over the entire area of the surface. : H E Le @ a Figure P23.37 38, Three solid plastic cylinders all have radius 2.50 em and length 6.00 cm. Find the charge of each cylinder given the following additional information about each one. Cylinder {@) carries change with uniform density 15.0 every where on its surface, Cylinder (b) carries charge with uni- form density 15.0 nC/m# on its curved lateral surface only. Grinder (e) carries charge with uniform density 500 nC/m* throughout the plastic. 30, A line of change arts at x = +, and extends 0 postive EB infinity The linear charge densiy nk = Ay’ here Ay is 2 constant, Determine the clectrie fick at the origin Chapter 23 Continuous Charge Distributions and Gauss’s Lew Shove that the maximum magnitude £,,, ofthe electric field slong the axis of a uniformly charged ring occurs at 14/2 (ee Fig. 28.3) and has the value Q/(6V3 26, ran x Figure P23.41 AL A Tine of positive change is formed into a semicircle of radius R = 60.0 cm as shove in Figure P23.A1. The charge per unit length along the semicirle is given by the expression A = cos 6, The total charge on the semicir cle is 12.0 nC, Calculate the total force on a charge of $3.00 wC placed a the center of curvature P: 42, very large conducting plate ing i the ay plane cartes a EB charge per uniearea ofA second such plate located abore the first plate at: = +, and oriented parallel to the sy plane carries a change per unit area of 20 Find the elect eld for @) <0, (b) 02 2y.and @) => 2, Ne , Q Figure P23.43, Problems 43 and 44 x Figure P23.45 Probes 45 and 49, 43. A sphere of radius R= 1,00: sur. rounds a particle with charge Q= 50.0 jC located at its center as shown in Figure P23.43, Find the electric flux through a circular eap of half-angle @ = 43.0". 44. A sphere of radius A surrounds a IB particte with charge Qtocated at its center as shown in Figure P23.43. Find the electric flux through a circular cap of halfangle @ CHALLENGE PROBLEMS 45, A sla of inslating material has a EE nonuniform postive charge densiy p= Ge, where xin measted from the center of the slab as shown in Fig tie P23 and Cis aconsant. The sla is infinite inthe y and = rec tions. Derive expressions forthe elec tre Field in (a) the exterior regions (x| > d/2) and (b) the rior region ofthe sab (-A/2 = x= o) 46. A sphere of radius 2a is made of nonconducting” material chat has a uniform volume charge density p. Assume the material does not affect the electric Feld A spherical now removed from the sphere as shown in Figure P23.46, Show thatthe electric field within the cavity is uniform and is given by E, = O and F, Figure P23.46 42, An infinitely long insulating cylinder of rains has Es volume charge density that varies with the radius at von(e-!) cavity of radinn a is ‘ony 019 Cengage Leaig Al Fights Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatd in whole orn pan WN 62200203where p,, a and b are positive constants and ris the dis- tance from the axis of the cylinder. Use Gauss’ law to deter ‘mine the magnitude of the electric field at radial distances G@) r= Rand () r> R. 48. A particle with charge Q is located Eh on the axis of a circle of radius Rat a distance b from the plane ofthe circle (Fig. P28.48). Show thatif one-fourth of the electric lux from the charge passes through the circle, then R= V30 4 49. Review. A slab of insu Bi (infinite in the y and = ditections) ——@ has a thickness d and a uniform pos gy ive change density An edge view FU P23.4B fof the slab is shown in Figure P3345, {@) Show that the magnitude of the electric field a dis: tance x from its center and inside the slab is E = px/e, (b) What IF Suppose an electron of charge ~e and mass 'm, can move freely within the slab, It is released from rest at a distance x from the center. Show that the elec ton exhibits simple harmonic motion with a frequency king material a = Ving 635 Problems Mental thin rods of length 24 carry equal charges +0 uniformly distributed along their lengths. The rods lie along the x axis with their centers separated by a dis tance 6 > 2a (Fig. P28.50). Show that the magnitude fof the force exerted by the left rod on the right one is ba Figure P2350 A solid insulating sphere of radius R has a nonuniform charge density that varies with raccording to the expression p= Av, where Aisa constant and 7< Ris measured from the center of the sphere. (a) Show that the magnitude of the leer field outside (r> R) the sphere is B= AR*/5¢,7. (b) Show that the magnitude ofthe electric field inside (r= R) the sphere is E= AP/5e,, Note The volume element dV for a spherical shell of radius rand thickness dris equal to rd ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems Chapter 22 ‘Answers to Quick Quizzes 1 2 3. 4. 5. = (ab (), (©) fe) ) (a) ABC Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 13, 15, 19. a. 23. 25. 14.52 X 10-4. 29. 3. 33. 35. @) +1.60 x 10°, (b) £1.60 x 10-6, 3.82 10-* kg (6) “1.60 x 10° G, 5.89 X 10° kg (@) +3.20 % 10" C, 6.65 > 10 kg (€) ~4.80 x 10-6, 2.38 x 10 (© +640 x 10, (g) #112 x 10°C, (hy =160 x 10" 33 x 10° kg 99 x 10 kg. 3.60 X10" N downsrate 5. (a) TAX 10 N (a) 0.95 1 (a) 824 X SN (b) 2.19 X 10% m/s el () repulsive 1m (b) yes, ifthe third bead has positive charge aia ni FF Vig O% ise @ 2 ae eo N/Q_ (b) (.02 « 10° N/O @ a Vai+ Vail ) su + AvOi + 4Vv2j {@) 180% 10°N/Cto the right. (b) 898 X 10-*N othe leh (2) (0.5904 ~ 2.709) KN/G_ (0) (-3.004 ~ 13.5}) uN @ Wartecomer @1.7bS (@) upward in the plane of the pa (@) 111 ns (b)5.68mm_ (6) (4501 + 1099) km/s akg. we phate Tneestiesn comme iene lal (@) 1.09 x 10-9G_(b) 5.44 10°N (@) 2425 N/C_ (by (4.214 + 8.499) N/C a 39. 4 43. 45. a. A-39 25.9em 1.67 x 10°C - 1.98 uC 114 X 10-7 Con one sphere and 5.69 10°* Con the other 0, = 0, {@) 0.307 $ (b) Yes: the downward gravitational force is not negligible in this situation, so the tension in the string depends on both the gravitational force and the electri force, - 88x . 49, 0) B= ggg yet where in evtons pe coulomb and xis in meters (b) 4.001 KN/C_ (+= 00168 mand x= 0916 m {@) nowhere isthe field as targe as 16 000 N/C Chapter 23 Answers to Quick Quizzes Le 2. (by and (@) Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems nu 18, 15 1 19, a 23. Oe = (a) 6.64 X 10 N/C away from the center of the ring (b) 241 107 N/Caway from the center of the ring (6) 6.89 X 108N/C away from the center of the ring (4) 6.64 X 10° N/Caway from the eenter of the ring - (a) 9.85 X 107 N/C away from the center of the disk (b) 104 X 10° N/Cavsay from the center of the disk (about 11% higher) (6 5:5 X 10° N/Gaway from the center of the disk {@) 519 X 10° N/Gaway from the particle (about 0.27% higher) do 4) co the ete 4a 1 1 (as mes we ‘| 244 P+ Rye 2 + Rep © ia + RI ((d-+ Hy? + BP i (a) 198 10°N- me (0 BBN m/c Oe, for 81 for S: ~9Q/e, for 8 for 8, (@) 389 N-'m'/G_ {b) No. The electric field is not uni- form on this surface, so the integral in Equation 28.7 cannot be evaluated. “IBSEN @ a Cy ea the square look the same to the charge. ) EAcos® (b) ~EASin® (©) () Ofor both faces (0 (g) 0 ON (6 The flusesare the same. The planeand cos @ (d) EAsin @ ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203A-40 27, 508KN/Cup 29. @) SLA KN/Contward (0) 85 N- my 31, E = pr/2e, = 2k pr aay from the axis 38.) 0" (0) 365 x NIC. (@) LAB x WPN/C (a) 649 x 108N/C 31. 0A38N- m'/G _2e % Chapter 24 Answers to Quick Quizzes 1. @) ()_ GH @) 2 O.wG, O10, G08, 00® Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 1. 1.35 Mj 3. (@) L13 x 10° N/G_(b) 1.80 X 104 5. (a) 0.400 m/s field is unio (437x107 (b) Iris the same, Because the electric each bit of the rod feels a force of the same size as before. navn? wivn,2 15.) nopoins ¢ 1 108 wa m/s _(b) They would be greate 16 spheres will polarize each other, with most of the positive charge of one and the negative charge of the other on their inside faces. Immediately before the spheres collide, their centers of charge will be closer than their geometric centers, so they will have less clecttie potential energy and more kinetic energy. 19, 228k, 21. E, 23. (a) E, > E, The electric field can be interpreted asthe rate of change of electric potential in space. The equipotential surfacesare closer together at A than at B, so the potential 25. 7 29. 3. 33. 35. a 39. a1 48. 45, ah, 4Q ‘Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems is changing more rapidly in space at A. (b) The magni- tude of the electric field at Bis approximately 200 V/m based on the rate of change of the electric potential in space and Equation 24.16, wat wre[e-enlr+4)] No. A conductor of any shape forms:an equipotential sur- face. However, ifthe surface varies in shape, there is no clear way to relate electric field at a point on the surface to the potential of the surface, 5 (2), 167 MV (b) 5.84 MN/Gaway, L17 MV (6) 11.9 MN/Caway, L67 MV Using Equation 2113 for the potential energy of the atom and using the numerical values provided, m does nnot turn out to be an integer. Therefore, the problem does not describe an allowed state of the atom, (a) ~ (2) The approsimate expression 2h ga/st ives —hg/4.5, which is different by only 11.1%. at b+ V@EDFE at Varo (@) 407 KV/m_(b) A88V_ (@) 782 X 10°] @) 806 km/s (6) 889 X 10! m/s* toward the negative plate (0 6.51 X 10-'N toward the negative plate (g) 407 KV/m_ (h) They are the same. we) m2 oe wi on (©) -Q (@) +Q (hy inner surface of radius b van o a) “401 nC (b) +9.57 MG (©) +401 NG (A) +5.56 nC [reso erie] d+ ht GEIS RE ve] dt ESR AQ 0 las WVaEIEERE- AVEFR +t VIP th +n (SANE) a+VarR ‘nyt 019 Cengage Leaig- Al ight Reseed. May ot be cold, canned or uptcatdn whole orn pan WN 6220203