eZRvneba uwmidesisa da unetaresis,

sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,

ilia II-is
aRsaydrebidan 30 da dabadebidan 75 wlisTavs
samegrelos mTavris levan dadianis sasaxle
 devi berZeniSvili

ucxoelebi saqarTvelosa
da
qarTvelebis Sesaxeb

Tbilisi, saqarTvelo 2008

 samegrelos mTavari levan dadiani

4
 arTveli da sazRvargareTeli mkiTxvelisaTvis SeTavazebul
am broSuraSi warmodgenilia saqarTveloSi namyofi ucx-
oelebis STabeWdilebaTa nawili komentarebis gareSe. mkiTx-
veli SeamCnevs, rom, miuxedavad qvemoT moyvanil avtorTa
subieqturi Sexedulebebisa, saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxi
saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda istoriuli pirobebis Sesa-
bamisad; es cvlilebebi ar yofila yovelTvis sasikeTo. arc
isaa SemTxveviTi, rom uZvelesi droidan dRemde Cveni Zlieri
mezoblebi gamudmebiT cdilobdnen qveynis mitacebas mTli-
anad Tu nawil-nawil...

***
Zv. w. V s-is bolos berZeni istorikosi qsenofonti sparselTa SinaomSi berZen
moqiravneTa laSqarSi ibrZoda. artaqserqse II-is gamarjvebis Semdgom, strategosad
arCeulma qsenofontma, 10000-iani jariT saberZneTs miaSura. gzad man qarTveli
tomebiT dasaxlebul adgilebze gamoiara. sxvebTan erTad is ixseniebs taoxebis
meomar toms (Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli tao amJamad TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSia):
elinebs `SemoakldaT sanovage, radgan taoxebi cxovrobdnen miuval simagreebSi
da mTeli Tavisi sursaTi iq hqondaT atanili... elinebi mividnen erT gamagrebul
adgilTan, romelic qalaqi ar iyo da sadac Senobebic ar moi poveboda, Tumc iq
Tavi moeyaraT mamakacebs da qalebs mraval pirutyvTan erTad. xeirisofosi mis-
vlisTanave Tavs daesxa mas... iq ki elinebi mowmeni gaxdnen sazareli sanaxaobisa:
qalebi isrodnen bavSvebs ufskrulSi da TviTonac Tan mihyvebodnen; aseve iqceod-
nen mamakacebic. am dros loxagosma (berZenTa jaris erTi qvedanayofis ufrosma)
dainaxa lamaz tansacmelSi gamowyobili mamakaci ufskrulSi gadasavardnad rom
miiswrafoda, eca mas SesaCereblad, magram man Tan waritaca igi da erTic da meorec
gadaeSvnen kldidan da daiRupnen. aqedan xalxi Zalian cota waiyvanes, samagierod,
waasxes mravali xari, saxedari da cxvari~.
cxadia, rom tyveobasa da monobas taoxebi sikvdils amjobinebdnen.
drilebis Sesaxeb qsenofonti wers: `rodesac elinebi am mTian qveyanaSi mivid-
nen, drilebma gadawves da miatoves is simagreebi, romlebic, maTi fiqriT, advilad

5
asaRebi iyo... erTi simagre maTi dedaqalaqi iyo. iq moeyara Tavi suyvelas. mas
garSemo Rrma xrami hqonda da simagre misadgomad saxifaTo iyo... roca elinebma
brZoliT ver SeZles simagris aReba, radgan mas garSemo ganieri ormo da miwis yri-
li hqonda Semovlebuli, xolo am yrilze aRmarTuli iyo meseri da mravali xis
koSki, ganizraxes gasclodnen mas... qsenofontma da loxagosebma daiwyes msjeloba
imis gamo, SeiZleboda Tu ara mwvervalis aReba... daTvalierebis Sedegad daaskvnes,
rom simagre sruliad Seuvalia. maSin daiwyes mzadeba ukandasaxevad...~

Zveli berZeni geografosi straboni (Zv. w. I s. _ ax. w. I s.) vrclad aRwers

misi drois iberiaSi (aRm. saqarTvelo) Semosasvlel gzebs oTxive mxridan: `qveya-
naSi aris oTxi Sesasvleli: erTi aris kolxur cixesimagre Sorapanze da masTan
arsebul viwrobze, romlebzedac fazisi mimdinareobs, swrafi da xmaura miemarTeba
kolxidaSi (romelzedac (e. i. fazisze) 120 xidiT gadaisvleba misi mixveul-mox-
veulobis gamo)... xolo dablobSi Rebulobs sxva mdinareebs, romelTa Soris aris
glavkosi (yvirila) da hi posi (cxeniswyali): gavsili da sanaosnod gamosadegi,
Cadis pontoSi. (fazisze) aris qalaqi msgavsi saxelisa da maxloblad _ tba (amJ.
foTi da paliastomi).
CrdiloeTis mcxovrebi momTabareebidan daaxloebiT sami dRis Zneli amosas-
vlelia, xolo amis Semdeg aris sacalfexo gza mdinare aragosis viwro xeobaSi,
daaxloebiT oTxi dRis (savali), xolo gzis bolos Znelad asaRebi kedliT aris
gamagrebuli.
albaniidan Semosasvleli jer kldeebSi aris gamoWrili, xolo Semdeg gadadis
is Waobze, romelsac qmnis mdinare alazaniosi, gamomdinare kavkasionis (qedidan).
xolo armeniidan (Semosasvleli) aris mtkvris viwrobze da aragosisaze, vidre
erTmaneTs SeerTvis (es mdinareebi). im adgilas mdebareobs gamagrebuli qalaqebi
kldeebze, romlebic dacilebuli arian erTmaneTs daaxloebiT 16 stadioniT; mtk-
varze mdebareobs harmozike, xolo meoreze (e.i. aragosze) _ sevsamora~.
iberielTa Sesaxeb straboni aRniSnavs: `dablobze cxovroben iberielTagan
ufro metad miwaTmoqmedni, eseni mSvidobianad arian ganwyobili, armenielTa da
midielTa msgavsad ewyobian (icvamen, iWurvebian). ufro did nawils, romelic me-
brZoli bunebis aris, uWiravs mTiani mxare da cxovrobs skviTebisa da sarmatebis
yaidaze, romelTa mezoblebic da naTesavebic arian, Tumca ewevian miwaTmoqmedebasac
da, rodesac Camovardeba SfoTi, Tavisi da maTi saxsrebiT gamohyavT mravali aTasi
(mebrZoli)~.
igive avtori kolxeTis Sesaxeb ambobs: `Tu rogor iyo saxelganTqmuli Zvelad
es qveyana, cxadhyofen amas miTebi, romlebic mogviTxroben iazonis laSqrobaze,
romelic movida midiamde, da amaze uwin ki _ friqses (laSqrobaze).
amis Semdeg memkvidre mefeebma skeptuxiebad dayves qveyana da hqondaT zomieri
Zalaufleba; xolo roca miTridate evpatoris (pontos mefe) Zalaufleba mniS-

6
vnelovnad gaZlierda, mis xelSi gadavida qveyana: igzavneboda mis megobarTagani mmarT-
velada da gamgeblad qveynisa. amaTgani iyo moafernec, Cemi dedis biZa mamis mxridan;
aqedan iyo, rom mefes mosdioda meti wili Zalebisa sanaosno samsaxurisaTvis~.
Crdilo kolxeTis erT-erT tomTa kavSirs straboni svanebis saxiT aRwers:
`(svanebi) TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa da Zalis mxriv: floben isini irgv-
liv (yvelafers) da upyriaT kavkasionis mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT
aris. hyavT maT basilevsi da sabWo, 300 mamakacisagan Semdgari da, rogorc amboben,
kreben laSqars 200000 (kacis raodenobiT). marTlac, mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram
araorganizebuli. amasTanave, amboben, rom zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo
barbarosebi agroveben (oqros) daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT.
aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... svanebi (isris) wverebisaTvis
wamals xmaroben da saocrad itanjebian misi sunisa gamo mouwamlavi isrebiT
daWrilebic ki~.
iberTa tomebis Sesaxeb geografosi wers, rom `maT aqvT mdidari qveyana da
gansakuTrebiT vargisi kargad dasasaxleblad. marTlac, iberia kargad aris dasax-
lebuli qalaqebiTac da dabebiTac, ise rom, iq aris kramitiani saxuravebi, saxlebi,
arqiteqturulad mowyobili, bazrebi da sxva sazogado (dawesebulebani)... kavka-
sionis... metismetad nayofieri totebi miemarTebian samxreTisaken, moicaven mTli-
anad iberias da aRweven armeniasa da kolxidas. SuaSi aris dablobi, mdinareebiT
morwyuli, udidesi (am mdinareTa Soris) aris mtkvari~...
avtori aRgviwers iberiis sazogadoebis socialur aRnagobasac: `adamianTa oTxi
gvari mosaxleobs am qveyanaSi: erTi (gvaria) da pirveli, romlisaganac mefeebs
sxamen, maxloblobisa da asakis mixedviT uxucess, xolo meore (am gvaridan) mosa-
marTleobs da mxedarTmTavrobs. meore (gvari) aris qurumTa, romlebic zrunaven
agreTve mezoblebTan samarTalze. mesame (gvari) aris mxedarTa da miwismoqmedTa.
meoTxe (gvari) aris xalxisa, romlebic samefo monebi arian da akeTeben yvelafers,
rac cxovrebisaTvis aris saWiro. sazogado aqvT maT qoneba naTesaobisda mixedviT.
marTavs da ganagebs TiToeuls uxucesi~.

II-III saukunis berZeni istorikosi dion kasiosi `romis istoriaSi~ ixseniebs

iberiis mefe farsman II-s (qarTuli wyaroebi `farsman qveli~, e. i. mamaci), romelic
ax. w. II s-Si swvevia roms: `... roca farasmane iberieli meuRlesTan erTad romSi
Cavida, antonine piusma (romis imperatori) gaudida mas samflobelo, neba darTo
kapitoliumSi msxverpli Seewira, misi cxenosani qandakeba enialionze (marsis
velze) daadgmevina da uyurebda farasmanes, misi vaJisa da sxva warCinebul iberTa
samxedro varjiSobas~.

gamoCenili bizantieli filosofosi da ritori IV s-isa Temistiosi ase mi-
marTavda Tanamemamule provinciel Wabuks: `mec, Cemo kargo axalgazrdav, ritorikis

7
nayofni movwyvite... pontos boloSi, fazisis (amJ. foTi) maxloblad... aseTi....
adgili... sibrZnem da saTnoebam gaxades elinuri da aqcies muzebis taZrad... iq
Cavedi me ara sakuTari miswrafebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT, aramed me gamgzavna iq
iseTma keTilmosurne kacma, rogoric SeiZleba iyos mama, da iseTma marTebulad
moazrovnem, rogoric SeiZleba iyos filosofosi... man TviTonac Tavisi ganTqmuli
filosofia swored iq SeiZina.... me ki filosofiis saidumloebas bavSvobidanve var
ziarebuli~. Temistiosis mama _ evgeniosi filosofiis ganTqmuli maswavlebeli
iyo konstantinopolSi.

VI s-is bizantieli istorikosi prokopi kesarieli aRwers Zveli kolxeTis,

misi drois lazikis (amJ. imereTis) centralur raions: `moxirisi erTi dRis saval
gzazea arqeopoliss (amJ. noqalaqevi) daSorebuli da Seicavs mravals mWidrod
dasaxlebul sofels. kolxidis miwa-wyalzec is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens:
Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva nayofnic iq kargad xaroben, Tumca lazikis sxva adg-
ilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas. am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare, saxelad reoni;
mis sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe... amJamad mas lazebi quTaTiss
eZaxian... amboben, Zvels droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni ewodebodao;
aqauri iyo aieti (argonavtTa Tqmulebis mixedviT, kolxeTis mefe), ris gamoc po-
etebi mas kvitaiels eZaxdnen~.
igive avtori samxreT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `mesxeTis mTebi arc
mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovelgvari sikeTiT, radgan
mesxebic marjve miwismuSebi arian da iq venaxebic aris~.
550 w. bizantia-iranis omis dros lazebi bizantielTa mxares ibrZodnen, proko-
pi kesarielis cnobiT: `lazebi ver Tvlidnen SesaZleblad romaelebTan erTad
darazmuliyvnen. isini ayenebdnen debulebas, rom romaelebi brZolaSi wasvliT arc
samSoblosaTvis igdebdnen Tavs safrTxeSi, arc naTesavebisaTvis, maT ki safrTxe
moeliT SvilebisTvis, colebisTvis da samSoblo qveynisTvis. ase rom, imaT Tavi-
anTi colebisa unda SercxveT, Tu mowinaaRmdegeebisagan damarcxebuli iqnebian.
amitom isini aucileblad Tvlidnen, moepovaT vaJkacoba... imaT Zalian undodaT, rom
pirveli sZgerebodnen martoni mters, raTa maTTvis xeli ar SeeSalaT romaelebs,
romelnic maTsaviT ar iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni saxifaTo brZolaSi... gubazs (laze-
bis mefes) Zalian gauxarda, mouxmo maT... da ase mimarTa: ... `Tqven kargad iciT, rom
win aRaraferi udgeba sparselebis angarebas, rodesac maT es SeuZliaT; Tu isini
am omSi gaimarjveben, arcTu mxolod dagvimorCileben an xarks dagvadeben, an sxva
ramesac daisakuTreben... dae, nu aRigveba saxeli lazTa. Zneli ar aris, vaJkacebo,
midTa winaaRmdeg brZola CvenTvis, romelTac xSirad gagvimarjvnia maTze xel-
CarTul brZolaSi. miCveulisaTvis ar arsebobs araviTari siZnele, vinaidan saqmis
siduxWire windawinve qreba mecadineobisa da gamocdilebis wyalobiT... erTxel
damorCilebuli siamaye, Cveulebriv, veRar aRorZindeba. maS, iqonieT es mxedvelobaSi

8
da SeebrZoleT mowinaaRmdeges, aRvsilni keTili imedebiT~. lazTa da bizantielTa
laSqarma am brZolaSi gaimarjva.

VI s-is II naxevris bizantieli istorikosi agaTia sqolastikosi ambobda:

`Zliersa da mamac toms warmoadgendnen lazebi da sxva Zlier tomebsac mbr-
Zaneblobdnen; amayobdnen kolxTa Zveli saxeliT da zomaze metad qedmaRloben,
SesaZlebelia arcTu ise usafuZvlod... im tomebs Soris, romlebic sxva saxelmwi-
fos eqvemdebarebian, me ar meguleba arc erTi sxva esoden saxelganTqmuli da mor-
Wmuli, rogorc Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, ise qveSevrdomTa simZlavriT, rogorc
miwa-wylis siWarbiT, da mosavlianobiT, ise xasiaTis silamaziTa da sicqvitiT~.

VI s-is II naxevris bizantieli istorikosi menandre protiqtori werda: sparse-

Tis mefes `imedi hqonda, rom omis damTavrebis Semdeg is saTanadod moawyobda
persarmeniisa da iberiis saqmeebs. es miwebi xom metad nayofieri iyo da did gad-
asaxadebs iZleoda. amis gamo sparselTa mefe Tanaxma iyo Seewyvita omi~.

VII s-Si herakle keisris mokavSire xazarebma Tbilisi aiRes da gaZarcves.

mtris mier aq mopovebul simdidreze somexi istorikosi movses kalankatvaci wers:
`maSin xelT igdes yuTebi ganZiT savse, mTels simravles jarisas zurgiT mihqonda
isini da TavianTi mbrZaneblis winaSe axvavebda erTmaneTze. imden xans mihqondaT
isini mis winaSe, rom yurebac ki moswyinda oqrosa da vercxlis fulebis uricxvi
simravlisa. xolo vin mosTvlis margalitis qvebiT mooWvil saeklesio samkaulsa
da WurWels~. maTve gautaniaT `Wiqebi da sasmisebi vercxlisa oqros qandakebebiT
moWedilni, romelnic nadavlad wamouRiaT Tbilisidan~.

X s-is arabi geografosi isTahri Tbilisis Sesaxeb ambobda, rom is `simdidriT

savse adgilia, mraval xilian-naTesebiani. mravalgvari saqoneli da Tafli mtkvriT
miaqvT aqedan. aqvs Tbili wylebi, msgavsad tiberiisa, ucecxlod cxeli. mTels
aranSi (amierkavkasiis aRm. nawili) bardavze, darubandze da tfilisze ufro didi
qalaqi ar arsebobs~.
imave saukunis meore arabi avtori, romelmac Tbilisi inaxula, aris ibn haukali.
ai, misi aRweriloba: `tfilisi sididiT bab-ul-abvabze (amJ. darubandi) naklebia.
mas gars Semovlebuli aqvs ormagi Tixis kedeli sami kariT; es aris nayofieri,
gamagrebuli, sursaT-sanovagiT mdidari, fasebis TvalsazrisiT iafi qalaqi. Tavisi
keTildReobiT igi aRemateba sxva mdidar saxelmwifoebsa da nayofier qveynebs.
erTma kacma, romelsac iq Tafli uyidia, miambo, rom man erT dirhemad oci litra
SeiZina. es qalaqi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan sasazRvro olqs, romelsac yoveli
mxridan uamravi mteri exveva. iq aris iseTive abanoebi, rogorc tiveriadaSi. maTi
wyali ucecxlod duRs. qalaqi mdebareobs mdinare mtkvarze. tfilisSi mcuravi

9
wm. andria mociqulis saxelobis taZari afxazeTSi

10
11
wisqvilebia, romlebic fqvaven xorbalsa da puris marcvals, rogorc mosulSi...
tfilisis mcxovreblebs Soris ucxoeli uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs da maTi gulux-
vobiT sargeblobs. isini megobrulad arian ganwyobilni maT mimarT, vinc maTTan
SemTxveviT moxvdeba da visac raime, Tundac mcire, gulisxmiereba an codna aqvs
mecnierebisa. isini did yuradRebas aqceven mecnierebas gadmocemebis Sesaxeb da
pativs scemen maT, vinc am mecnierebiTaa gatacebuli~.

XII s-Si saqarTvelo amierkavkasiis uZlieresi qveyana gaxda. mefe daviT aRmaSen-
ebeli qveynis warmatebaTa simbolo iyo.
XIII s-is somexi istorikosi vardan arevelci werda: `daviTma gaafarTova
saqarTvelos sazRvrebi, SemoierTa uxtiqi (amJ. olTisi, TurqeTSi) da misi mosaz-
Rvre raionebi _ gagi, tarunakani, tavuSi, kaiani, kaiwoni, lore, taSiri, mahkanaberdi,
daimorCila mTeli somxeTis samefoebi... kavkasiis mTa, svaneTis samefo, mraWuli,
klarjeTi, dvaleTi, hereTi kaspiis zRvamde, habandamde da qalaq Sapuranamde...
qarTvelebidan SearCia 40 axalgazrda, gagzavna saberZneTSi enebis Sesaswavlad da
Targmanebis Sesasruleblad, rac maT Seasrules. sami maTgani saukeTeso da azriani
aRmoCnda, iqmna eris mSvenebad~...

XII s-is somexi istorikosi _ maTeos urhaeci aRniSnavda: `... mefe daviTi iyo
mamaci da Zlieri sparseTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul omebSi. man mravaljer sZlia ucx-
oTa jarebs da daamxo mTeli maTi Zliereba. mravali da saxelovani mxareni aiRo
sparsTagan maxviliTa da ZaliT... iyo mefe daviTi wminda da saTno, yovlad Semkuli
RvTismosavobiT da keTili samarTlianobiT. is aRmoCnda mimRebi da moyvaruli
somexTa tomisa. mis garSemo Seikriba somexTa gadarCenili laSqari... didis six-
aruliT da aRfrTovanebiT eqceoda mas mTeli somexi xalxi... man gaaTavisufla
monobisagan sataxto qalaqi ani, romelic 10 wels imyofeboda tyveobaSi, agreTve
sakvirveli da didebuli eklesia anisa _ wminda kaTolike, romelic mizgiTad eq-
ciaT. Sekriba somexTa qveynis episkoposni, mRvdelni da moweseni da akurTxa wminda
kaTolike didis zeimiT~.

iraneli poeti xakani 1172 w. daweril erT-erT Tavis xotbaSi ambobda: `saqarT-
velos karebi Riaa CemTvis, me gavemgzavrebi naWarmagevs da muxrans (adgilebia
qarTlSi, sadac samefo sadgomebi iyo), bagrationTa Soris me vi povni TavSesa-
fars...~

xakanis mowafe feleki Sirvani saqarTvelos mefe demetre I-ze werda, rom `63
wlis ganmavlobaSi is Tavisi niWiT, codniT da vaJkacobiT, yoveldRe axal wesrigs
amyarebda amqveynad da droebas Sikrikis darad, mudmivad mohqonda masTan cnobebi
dapyrobebsa da gamarjvebebis Sesaxeb~.

12
 XIII s-is sparsuli anonimuri geografiuli Txzulebis `samyaros sakvirvele-
baTa~ erTi cnoba maSindel Tbiliss ase aRwers: `Tbilisi didi gamagrebuli qalaq-
ia. Znelad misaval xeobaSi mdebareobs. mdinareze, qalaqs Suaze rom Caudis, didi
erTmaliani xidia gadebuli. xidTan bevri savaWroa mowyobili. qalaqis pirdapir
keTilmowyobili cixea. mefeTa sasaxleebi cixeSia agebuli. cixes bevri godoli
aqvs datanebuli. wyali cixes Zalian axlos Caudis... Tbilisi.... muslimebs eWiraT,
axla ki ukve daaxloebiT as aTi welia, rac qarTvelebi floben... TbilisSi bevri
wisqvili augiaT da wyalze uyeniaT jaWvebiT damagrebuli... da sikeTiT aRsavse
bevri baRia. qalaqSi samocdaxuTi abanoa. yoveli maTganis wyali ucecxlod cxeli
Seuqmnia maRal RmerTs. iq abanos safasurs ar ixdian. iqaur qalebs qudebi xuravT,
duqnebTan sxedan da saxes ar ifaraven, garda muslimebisa.
iqauri saqonelia unagirebi, spilos ZvliT gawyobili lagmebi, kaparWinebi da
xilifebi; Tafli, Sekazmuli tkbileuli, cvili, bevri broweuli; Taxvi, wylis
ZaRli; mona vaJebi da qalebi; mina, fialebi da kargi brolis nawarmi~.

1226 w. Tbilisi aiRo da aaoxra xorez Sahma jalal ad-dinma. misi cxovrebis
arabi aRmweri an-nasavi mogviTxrobs Tbilisis Sesaxeb: `sulTanma miiRo yvelaferi,
rac qalaqSi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda. yvelafer amas ver gadaTvlida
yvelaze mcodne, daxelovnebuli adamianis TiTebic ki, xolo nusxebi ver daitevdnen
maT CamonaTvals~.

XIV s-is arabi avtori al-umari saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `qarTvelTa

qveynis dedaqalaqia Tbilisi... igi didi qveyanaa da saxelganTqmuli saxelmwifoa...
mas hyavs mefe da mefoba iq mudmivia... qarTvelebis miwa-wyali vrcelia, mis sanaxeb-
Si binadari mosaxleobaa da arian momTabarenic, romlebic gadadian erTi adgilidan
meoreze... rac Seexeba qarTvelTa laSqars, igi mtkiced dgas jvris sarwmunoebaze
da guladi da mamaci xalxia... isini hulaguianTa laSqris Zalas da simdidres
warmoadgenen~.

saqarTveloSi Temurlengis Semosevebis gamo, XIV s-is bolos, misi istorikosi

moin ad-din naTanzi werda, rom saqarTvelos mefe `gamuslimanebis SiSiT Seupovar
winaaRmdegobas eweoda da am sijiutes aTeuli aTasobiT qarTvelis sicocxle
Seewira~-o.

XIV-XV s-Ta mijnis espaneli di plomati rui gonsales de klavixo Tavis

dRiurSi aRniSnavda: `qarTvelebi kargi agebulebisa da lamazi saxis xalxia. maTi
religia berZnulia, ena ki _ gansakuTrebuli~.

XV s-is italieli mogzauri katerino Zeno aRniSnavda, rom iranis Sahi ismaili

13
samxedro moqmedebisas `xedavda... Tavisi Zalebis sisustes da... daxmareba sTxova
im qveynis mezobel zogierT qarTvel qristian mbrZanebels... isini Zalian mebr-
Zolni arian. qarTvelebi isini arian, vinc uZvelesi droidan iberebad iwodebian
da iqidanve qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc amJamad, gamudmebiT ebrZvian Turqebs
trapizonis sazRvarze~.
imave saukunis meore italieli mogzauri josafat barbaro saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelebis Sesaxeb werda: `am qveynis mefes bagrati hqvia. mas aqvs qveyana mS-
venieri da mdidari puriT, RviniT xorciT, SvriiT da sxva mravali nayofiT. vazs
umetesad xeze uSveben, rogorc trapizonSi. xalxi lamazi da axovania, magram uc-
nauri zne-Cveulebani aqvT. Tmas ikreWen, an i parsaven ise, rom irgvliv itoveben
mcireoden Tmas... atareben ulvaSebs, romlis bewvebs wverze dabla izrdian... Tavze
atareben sxvadasxva feris qudebs, romelTac wverSi jiRa aqvT. tanT acviaT Zalian
grZeli, magram viwro da sajdomamde gaxsnili qurTuki, imitom rom sxvanairad
ver SeZleben cxenze jdomas. amis gamo me maT ver gavkicxav, radgan minaxavs, rom
frangebi axlac xmaroben msgavs qurTukebs... am mxareSi maRali mTebi da bevri ty-
eebia. aris qalaqi Tbilisi, romlis win miedineba mdinare... es kargi qalaqia, magram
naklebadaa dasaxlebuli~.

XVI-XVII s-ebis yizilbaSi istorikosi, sefianTa karze moRvawe isqander munSi,

qarTvelTa mefe luarsab I-ze (1527-1556) werda: `saqarTvelos mefeTa Soris lu-
arsabi gamoirCeoda Tavisi mamacobiT da guladobiT. amitom is mudam iCenda ur-
Cobas da amayobas da Tavs ar sdebda morCilebisa da moxarkeobis uRelSi. Tumca
cdilobda... Sahi mis ganadgurebas, ramdenjerme gailaSqra kidec saqarTveloze...
magram radganac jer ar Sesrulebuliyo luarsabis sicocxlis zoma, is xelT ver
Caigdes~. 1556 w. qarTvelebma yizilbaSebi daamarcxes, `qarTvelebi daedevnen Ra-
ziebs. yizilbaSebidan rvaasamde kaci daiRupa mowamebrivi sikvdiliT.
luarsabi saxarebis mkiTxveli mRvdlebis jgufiT erT borcvze idga. mohamed-
sulTan mirCini Raziebis mcire ricxviT mas SeeCexa. Zalauneburad waekidnen am
jgufs da brZola iwyes. luarsabma `gambedaobisa da mamacobis cxeni gaabrwyina~
da mohamed Cinis eZgera. RvTis gangebiT cxeni waeqca da luarsabi cxenidan gad-
movarda. Cinis erT-erTma Razim... ramdenime momakvdinebeli Wriloba miayena mas...
qarTvelebma xsenebuli... ramdenime sxva RazisTan erTad mokles~...
igive istorikosi Sahis karze, iranSi moxvedril qarTvelze mogviTxrobs: `siaoS-
beg qarTveli samoTxeSi gansvenebuli Sahis Rolami iyo. misma udidebulesobam misi
niWi SeniSna da mxatvrobis Sesaswavlad miabara. ostat ali mosaveris mowafe
iyo. rodesac is ramdenadme daxelovnda am mecnierebaSi, misi yalmis moxdenilo-
bam mii pyro ukeTilSobilesi Sahis yuradReba... masze iTqmoda yuranis sityvebi:
`saukeTesod gamovxate Tqveni saxe~. man did warmatebas miaRwia, friad nazi yalami
hqonda. detalebis didi ostati da Seudarebeli mxatvari iyo. konturul xatvaSi,

14
mTebis gamoxatvisa da Tmis daxatvaSi mas verc erTi ostati ver Seedreboda.
jgufis (`mejlisis~) xatva misi unaklo iyo. ismail-mirzas dros is wignTsacavis
gamge gaxda~...
isqandir munSi kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres ase axasiaTebda: `aleqsandre-xani Tavi-
si swori msjelobiT, gamWriaxobiT ugamoCinebulesi adamiani iyo axalgazrdaTa da
moxucTa Soris da eSmakobisa da moxerxebis mxriv beberi mgeli iyo~.
avtori aRwers ufliswulis taxtxe asvlis ceremonias: `qarTvelebis wesi da
kanoni iseTia, rom, roca am dinastiis romelime ufliswuli Tavisi samkvidro same-
fos taxtze adis, erT-erTi maTi beri, romelic qristianebis kanonis mixedviT, am
xalxis moZRvaria, qarTvelebis warCinebul da mxcovan pirebTan erTad oqroqsovil
xaliCas gaSlis, mas am xaliCaze dasvamen TiToeuli maTgani xelSi aiRebs oqrosa
da vercxlis fuliT savse Tabaxs da roca mefiswuli fexs Sedgams xaliCaze,
isini Tavze daafrqveven TabaxiT oqros, mis winaSe muxls moidreken da moawodeben
Tass~.
isqandir munSi Tbilisis cixeze wers: `Tbilisis cixe mdebareobs erTi maRali
mTis kalTaze. erT mxareze, sadac narin-yala aris, pleadis varskvlavebamde aqvs
Tavi aRmarTuli... qalaqisa da cixis nakrZal zolSi, sadac (mtkvris) wyali Caiv-
lis, kldovani napiri amaRlebulia da mis pirdapir maRali mTaa aRmarTuli, Zalian
magari xidia gadebuli, Tbilisidan saqarTvelos vilaieTSi am xidiT daiarebian.
aseTi didi mdinare, romelic mTels msoflioSi cnobil mdinareTa ricxvs ekuT-
vnis, am xidis qveS gadis. qalaqi Tbilisi am xidis dasavleT mxareze mdebareobs.
mravali wyaro da uricxvi nakaduli gamodis am mTidan da maTgan daaxloebiT
samocdaaTi-oTxmoci wyaro cxelia. Zvel droSi yoveli xelmwife, muslimani Tu
urjulo qarTveli, am cxel wylebze gumbaTebs agebda da banaobda iq. am qalaqis
xalxis abanoebs mxolod cxeli wylis abanoebi warmoadgendnen. ramdenime abano
cixis SigniTaa, umravlesoba mis gareT aris. dRes arsebobs daaxloebiT ocdaaTi-
ormoci abano, zogi moqmedia da zogic SeiZleba amuSavebul iqnes. cixis koSkebi
iseTi maRalia, rom cis sferos uTanaswordebian. qveynis verc erTi saxelmwifosaT-
vis ver warmoidgineba am cixis dapyroba, radgan sami mxridan mas camde aRmarTuli
maRali mTebi akravs, erT mxares mdinare mtkvris wyali Camoudis da amitom iseTi
adgili, rom iq jari dadges cixis asaRebad... ar aris... im qalaqis mcxovrebTa
umravlesoba... qristianebia, cotaodeni muslimanebic arian. qristianebis eklesiebi
da salocavebi, umTavresad Zvelebi, am qalaqSi da mis sanaxebSi bevria~.
igive avtori qarTvelebsa da mis mefe luarsab II-ze (1606-1614) wers: `xsen-
ebuli luarsabi kargi Sesaxedavi, mSvenieri saxis moxdenili ymawvili iyo. Cvid-
meti wlisa iyo, Sahs rom eaxla. WeSmaritad, qarTvel batoniSvilTa umravlesoba,
is ki ara, im qveynis mTeli xalxi, mamakacebi da qalebi, havis sinazis gamo, natif
RawviTa da loyaTa siturfiT da sinarnariT, nakvTebisa da xalebis SemkulobiT,
sxva adgilebisa da qveynebis xalxebs sjobia. yvelani hurias msgavsni da ioseb

15
 bazroba eklesiasTan

16
mSvenieris RawvTa mqoneni arian, moses Suqmfeni xelis sxivebi gamokrTis maTi saxi-
dan da qristianuli saswauli cxadad Cans maTi enatkbilobidan da saamo qcevidan.
Tumca im qveyanaSi qristianobaa gavrcelebuli da es xalxi moklebulia WeSmarit
sarwmunoebas, magram Tavisi silamaziT, havis sikeTiT da adgilis umwikvlobiT da
ayvavebulobiT mas yvela sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba SeiZleba mieni-
Wos. vinc naxa is mxare, maTi mowmobani adastureben am qveynis simSvenieres~.
Sah-abasis 1614-1617 wlebis SemosevaTa Sedegad kaxeTi ise aoxrda, rom isqander
munSis sityviT: `qarTveli mosaxleobidan im mxareSi aRaravin darCa... mosaxleobis
sunic ki arsad iyo darCenili... iseTi qveyana, romelic yovelwliv uricxv sarge-
blobas da Semosavals iZleoda, daingra da miwasTan iqna gasworebuli~.

XVII s-is I oceulSi sparseli istorikosi maliq Sah-husein sistani, Sah-

abasis amalasTan kaxeTSi imyofeboda. am qveynis aoxrebamde mas unaxavs, rom `mTaTa
ferdobebidan mdinare alaznamde yvelgan soflebi iyo gadaWimuli, naTesi yanebi,
qalaqebi, maRali da didebuli nagebobani, taZrebi da eklesiebi~ yofila. `qiziyisa
da alaverdis midamoebi, aseve alaznis marcxena sanapiro zagemis sazRvramde sul
dasaxlebuli da keTilmowyobili iyo. sami Tvis manZilze Sahi mgzavrobda kaxeTis
adgilebSi da nadirobda. mis karze yoveldRe imyofeboda adgilobrivi didkacoba
ulamazesi ymawvilebiT, mSvenieri qalwulebiT, darbaiseli mandilosnebiT, romelT-
ac mimzidveli garegnoba da sasiamovno qceva hqondaT.
Semdeg mivediT alaverdSi, romelic saukeTeso adgilia saqarTveloSi sasiam-
ovno da rbili klimatiT, iq aris maTi udidesi taZari... adgilobrivi, xalxuri
Cveulebis mixedviT, gaimarTa dResaswauli, romlis aRwera SeuZlebelia~.

1634 w. ierusalims mimavalma rusma vaWarma _ vasil gagaram saqarTveloze gai-

ara. Tbilisisa da mcxeTis Sesaxeb igi wers: `TbilisSi oTxi cixesimagrea, xolo
orad aris gayofili (iqiT-aqeT). maT Soris mdinare gadis, igi ar iyineba zamTar-
Si... mas mtkvari ewodeba. is mimdinareobs kldovan mTaSi. im cixeTagan, romelic md.
mtkvris meore mxarezea, erTi cixe... Zalian maRalsa da kldovan mTazea. am cixeebis
aReba gvirabebis gamoTxriT ar SeiZleba. am cixis garSemo Txrilia garSemovle-
buli, magram igi xeliT nakeTebi ar aris, am mTis klde aris TavisTavad gaWrili.
misi siRrme 7 saJeni iqneba da masSi wyali cxeli Webidan (wyaroebidan) modis.
RvTis gangebiT, es cxeli Webi (wyaroebi) 60-ze meti iqneba. am wyaroebze Zalian
lamazi palatebia agebuli. aq am palatebSi, cxel WebSi, abanos magivrad banaoben
qristianebi da mahmadianebi, xolo tans ixexen qisebiT da ara cocxebiT, cocxebiT
arc ician. aqve axlos, am cixeebTan mdinare mtkvris dinebis mimarTulebiT, gvirabia
miwis qveS gakeTebuli... amave mdinare mtkvris ayolebiT, zemoT, Tbilisis maxlo-
blad, 12 stadionis manZilze, monasteri dgas, aq mitropoliti da arqiepiskoposi
cxovrobs, taZari aq saswaulebrivad aris agebuli fiqali qviT, sxvadasxva feris

17
fiqaliT; arsad aseTi, RvTis mowyalebiT, saocari nageboba ar minaxavs. am monas-
tris pirdapir, mdinare mtkvris meore mxares, Zalian maRali mTa aris. am mTaze
Zveli mefeebis taZaria agebuli, romelsac maxsovari ar hyavs... saqarTvelos qveyana
mdidaria xorbliT, WvaviT, TafliT da yurZniT~.

1650-1652 ww. imereTis samefoSi moewyo elCoba rusi aleqsi ievlevisa...

quTaisamde man raWaze gamoiara da aRwera nikorwmindis taZari: `16 ivniss... aleqsan-
dre mefis cixe-qalaqSi, raWaSi mivediT, romelic saqarTvelos mefes Teimurazs aqvs
boZebuli sarCod. aq wm. nikoloz saswaulmoqmedis saxelobis qvis didi saydaria,
saocari naxelavia. garedan saydari moCuqurTmebulia da qvaze amoWrilia sauflo
dResaswaulebi, winaswarmetyvelni, mociqulebi da mowameni. SigniT saydris kedlebi
moxatulia. adgilobrivi, qarTuli xelobis xatebi oqroTia moWedili, saxeldobr
Saravandedi da samoseli. saxateebic vercxliTaa moWedili da alag-alag dResas-
waulebi da wmindanebia amotvifruli, Saravandedebi oqrosaganaa gakeTebuli da
Semkulia minanqriT da margalitebiT. xolo saeklesio WurWlebi, barZimfeSxumi
da trapezis jvari oqrosagan aris nakeTebi. saxarebac oqroTia moWedili. saydris
garSemo qvis zRudea, romelsac ori alayafis kari aqvs... am saydarSi mefis max-
lobeli naTesavebi arian damarxuli, kuboebi saydris kedelSia Catanebuli da zed
xaverdi da oqros varayiani atlasia fardasaviT Camofarebuli... soflebSi saydrebi,
koSkebica da palatebic qvisaa, Tavdasxmebis droisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli~...
quTaissa da mis midamoebs avtori nanaxis TanmimdevrobiT aRwers: quTaisis
qvemo cixe `rionzea gadamdgari, mTebis Ziras, vake adgilze. cixe-galavanSi qvis
saydaria wm. mowamis giorgis saxelobisa. cixis galavanze ori koSkia aRmarTuli:
erTi karibWezea, romelzedac erTi mcire zarbazani dgas. meore koSks 15 saJeni
eqneba simaRle, amaze sami iseTive mcireyalibiani zarbazani dgas. am cixe-galavanSi
sefe-darbazi boZebze dgas, boZebi ki mdinare rionSia CaSenebuli. darbazSi kedlis
mxatvrobaa, winandeli mefeebis brZolebia gamoxatuli. darbazi sigrZiT rva saJe-
nia, siganiT _ xuTi... am darbazis maxloblad qvis dabali erTsarTuliani Cardaxia,
sigrZiT oci saJeni, siganiT rva saJeni, fanjrebi didi da xSiri aqvs... meore mxares
mdinare rionTan, didi sefe-darbazia qveda sarTulze dadgmuli, sigrZiT Tvrameti
saJeni, gani Svidi saJeni, simaRliT rva saJeni. zeda binebi CuqurTmiani sarkmlebiT
aris gakeTebuli da naTelia... am sefe-darbazis ukan, cixis galavnis kedlis miRma,
aleqsandre mefis baRia, baRSi yovelgvari xexilia gaSenebuli...
gelaTis cixe qvisaa da mTis Sua welze dgas. am mTis qvemoT mdinare gadis.
misi saxelia wyalwiTela, cixe-galavnidan naxevari versis siSoreze. cixe-galavans
ori alayafis kari aqvs, am karebze koSkebia agebuli. erT alayafis kars rkinis
didi saketebi aqvs, amaze warweraa amoWrili. zaqaria mitropolitma gviTxra, rom
is kari yizilbaSTa qveynidan aris motanili, darubandis cixesimagridano, im dros,
roca daviT... mefem yizilbaSTa qveyana dalaSqra. TviT cixe-galavanSi gelaTis

18
RvTismSoblis saxelobis qvis saydaria, spilenZiT gadaxuruli. saydarSi kedlis
mxatvrobaa, zed sauflo dResaswaulebi da wmindanebia gamosaxuli... galavnis
alayafis karTan, sadac rkinis karebia, ekvderia wm. dimitri wamebulis saxelobisa.
im ekvderis win, alayafis karebSi, daviT mefea dasaflavebuli, romelmac yizil-
baSebis qveyanaSi ilaSqra da is karebi darubandidan moitana. is cixe-galavani da
koSkebi da saydrebi am daviT mefem aago. galavanSi TerTmeti didi da saSualo
palatia... gelaTis am cixe-galavnidan zemoT, mTaze ori qvis saydaria, erTi yovlad
wminda RvTismSoblisa, meore _ nikoloz saswaulmoqmedisa. ... wyali gayvanilia mi-
wis qveS galavnis SigniT da milebiT miedineba mTel cixe-galavanSi da moyvanilia
palatebSi da yvela saTavsSi...
quTaisis cixe-galavani qvisaa. galavnis kedlebis simaRle sami saJeni iqneba,
cixis kedels erTi `didi saJenis~ sisqe eqneba. cixis kedlebze, sakrebulo taZ-
ris pirdapir, oTxi didi palatia. gviambes, rom am palatebSi kaTalikosebi cxov-
robdneno. cixe-galavanze TxuTmeti didi da mcire koSkia. galavnisa da koSke-
bis kedlebi araerT adgilasaa Camongreuli. gviambes, rom wina wlebSi Turqebis
laSqari movida da Setevis dros is kedlebi da koSkebi zarbaznebiT Camoangrieso.
amJamad es dangreuli kedlebi da koSkebi keTdebao. am didi cixe-galavnis saerTo
moculoba aTas oras ocdaaTi `didi saJenia~. cixe-galavani mdinare rionze maRla
mTazea gadmomdgari. quTaisis am did cixe-galavanSi qvis sakrebulo taZaria erT-
gumbaTiani, saucxood agebuli. gumbaTi gadaxurulia spilenZiT, Teqvsmet waxnagad.
saydari didi qvebiTaa nagebi... sakrebulo taZars garSemo qvis galavani aqvs Semoy-
olebuli ori saJeni simaRlis, sisqiT naxevari saJeni... galavanze qvisagan agebuli
samrekloa, mrgvali, zed erTi zaria, rva fuTi iqneba, Sig ori ena aqvs...
sakrebulo taZari RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobisaa. Sig winaT kedlis mxat-
vroba yofila. saydarSi mrgvlad Tlili rva svetia. saydarSi am svetebze, iqiT-
aqeT gverdebze, TaRebs qvemoT, SaniSinia SesaniSnavad gakeTebuli (qalTa sadgomi
wirva-locvis dros)... saydarSi marjvena mxares, svetiani qvisagan gakeTebuli, mefis
adgilia, zed mefeebia daxatuli. roca mefe am sakrebulo taZarSi modis, im Tavis
adgilas dgeba. am adgilis pirdapir, sakurTxevlis kedelze, yovladwminda Rvism-
Soblis adgilobrivi (qarTuli xatia), wels zemoT gamosaxuli...
sakrebulo taZris miRma didi quTaisis oTxkuTxiani cixe-galavania, kedlebi
simaRlis mixedviT aTi saJenia, sisqiT _ saJenze naklebi. garSemo Svidi koSkia aR-
marTuli, simaRliT Tormet-Tormeti saJeniani iqneba... cixe-galavans erTi alayafis
kari aqvs, rkinis saketiT, cixe-galavanSi wm. giorgis saxelobis qvis saydaria. Sig
kedlis mxatvrobaa... mefis darbazebi cixis kedlebzea gaSenebuli. darbazSi ked-
lis mxatvroba yofila. darbazebis win, SesasvlelTan sami salaSqro zarbazani
dgas...
didi quTaisis qvis cixe-galavnisa da qvemo quTaisis mcire cixe-galavnis
garSemo, rionis orsave napirze, Txrilia Semoyolebuli da gakeTebulia qvayrili.

19
am qvayrilze ki xis koSkebia dadgmuli meomrebis misadgomad da sabrZolvelad.
cixe-galavnis garSemo gakeTebul qvayrils daaxloebiT oTxi versti eqneba sigrZe;
qvayrilis miRma, ori verstis, zogan sami verstis dacilebiT ufro metad, qvayri-
lis garSemo, yovelgvar pureuls Tesen, xorbals, asls, Wvavs, fetvs, muxudos da
lobios.
quTaisis cixe-qalaqis garSemo, xuTi, rva da aTi verstis da metis dacilebiT,
aznaurTa mravali daba-sofelia. soflebSi qvisa da xis saydrebia, cixe-simagreebis
nacvlad maT saTofurebiani qvis koSkebi aqvT. maTi dasaxleba xeobaSi, mTebis fer-
dobebze, TviT mTebze da dabal adgilebSiac aris... quTaisidan Sav zRvamde rioniT
ori dRis savali iqneba, xmeleTiT ki erTi dRisa. Savi zRvidan sadadianoSi, mdin-
are rioniT doneli kazakebi modian da dadianisagan yovelwliurad xarks iReben,
zogjer ki daba-soflebsac arbeven...~.
imerTa mefe aleqsandres elCoba skandis cixeSi miuwvevia; `cixe-galavani skanda
mTaze dgas, qvis aris, oTxkuTxedi, maRali, aTi saJenis simaRlis, galavanze oTxi
koSkia, yovel koSkze sami patara yalibis zarbazania. cixe-galavanSi saydaria, uj-
varod, wminda giorgi wamebulis saxelobis. saydarSi kedlis mxatvrobaa. cixis
galavanze samsarTuliani didi palatia daSenebuli. zemo sarTulSi mefis sala-
roa... im cixes da salaros meTofurebi icaven. cixeSi xis didi beRelic aris
savse xorbliT. sardafis magivrad, miwaSi didi qvevria Camarxuli, romelSic wlis
maragi Rvinoa Casxmuli, cixis garemocvis SemTxvevisaTvis... cixis garSemo xreSiT
savse xis yuTebia gakeTebuli. xolo cixes erTi misadgomi aqvs da isic cicabo,
araviTari RonisZiebiT, SeteviT misi aReba ar SeiZleba, mTa mTlianad qvisaa...
quTaisis cixe-qalaqidan, im skandis cixe-galavnamde 30 versti iqneba... adgilebi
dasaxlebulia koSkebiT, daba-soflebiT, magar adgilebSia xeobebsa da mdinareebze.
im vake adgilebSi mefis kuTvnili mravali dasaxlebaa... mdinare yvirilaze, mTebis
Ziras, aleqsandre mefis cixe sueri dgas. cixe-galavanSi qvis saydaria yovladwmin-
da RvTismSoblis saxelobisa... sueris cixe maRal borcvze dgas kldeze. am cixeze
misasvleli viwroa. qveiTa kacs SeuZlia mxolod asvla. am cixeSic aleqsandre
mefis salaroa. sueris cixidan mdinare yviriliT, qveviT mdinare rionamde oc ver-
stamde iqneba. rioni ki Sav zRvaze Cadis. xolo zRvidan rioniT, niCbebiani navebiT
mdinare yvirilamde modian...~
aleqsi ievlevi aRwers imereTis dasaxlebebsac: `soflebi da dabebi, agreTve
TviT soflebsa da dabebSi saxlebi, erTimeorisagan SoriSors arian dacilebulebi,
gafantulia borcvebze, dablobebze, mTebs Soris da mTebzedac. sadac wyaroebia,
maTi dasaxleba iq aris da saxnav-saTesic. mxolod mijriT, erTad ki ar arian
dasaxlebulebi, aramed ori, sami, aTi, oc-oci komli da esenic erTmaneTisagan erTi
isris tyorcnis manZiliT arian daSorebulebi. yovel ezos garSemortymuli aqvs
yovelgvari xileuli da vazi, ise gegoneba, tyeSi cxovroben, arc ki moCans.
sayanes saxnisiT xnaven an ToxebiT amuSaveben. pureulTagan maT xorbali aqvT,

20
agreTve asli, qeri, fetvi, qvrima, kanafi, lobio, muxudo, dika. purs zafxulSi orjer
iReben. xexili auarebeli aqvT: vaSlebi, msxlebi, gulabi msxali, komSebi, qliavebi,
alublebi, TuTa, Svindi, kaklebi, Rvinis vazebi. agreTve yovelgvari tyis xili aqvT,
Jolo, mocxari da mayvali mravalia. maT tyeSi iseTive xeebia, rogorc ruseTSi,
fiWvi, naZvi, aryis xe, muxa, Tela, kopiti, Wnavi, cacxvi, tirifi... miwac Zalian nayofi-
eria, mxolod viwro adgilia, mTebs Soris moqceuli...
quTaisSi vaWrebi TurqeTidan, sparseTidan, azovidan, Tbilisidan, guriidan, same-
grelodan yovelgvari saqonliT modian, sxvadasxva xalxi _ Turqebi, ebraelebi,
sparselebi, somxebi, azovelebi da moaqvT iranuli xaverdebi, atlasebi, abreSumis
qsovilebi, yalamqari da yovelgvari TeTri Tu feradi farCa... imereTsa da sada-
dianoSi yaWi (meabreSumeoba) yvela qalaqSia gavrcelebuli da yoveli adamiani
Tavisas yidis, vis rogorc SeuZlia. yaWi iafia, fuTs Teqvsmet an Cvidmet oqrod
iyidian... ucecxlo Tafli uzomod iafia, rusuli fuTi abazad da naklebadac
SeiZleba iyido, abazi Cvens grivanas udris.
maT qveyanaSi auarebeli Taxvi da wavia, wablisferi da yviTeli meliebi, focx-
verebi, irmebi, Txebi, Rorebi da kameCebia. rac Seexeba Sinaur saqonels, cxenebs, Zrox-
ebs, cxvrebs, Rorebs da aseT pirutyvebs, maT mravali hyavT... skandidan Cven mefis
soflebze gagvatares, sadac mefes sanadiro da mxecebis mosareki adgilebi aqvs~.

1653 wlis seqtemberSi ierusalimidan saqarTveloSi movida rusi beri arsen

suxanovi, romelmac Tbilisi da mcxeTa moinaxula. mas Rame mcxeTis monasterSi
gauTevia. `is monasteri qvis zRudiT aris, rogorc cixesimagre. palatebi qvis
iyo didi orsarTuliani... monastris SuaSi saocari saydaria _ didi, maRali da
mSvenieri, TeTri qviT nakeTebi, fanjris grexilebiT da mraval adgilas mwvane qvaa
CaSenebuli eqvs sayrdenze. saydris SigniT, Sua adgilze marjvena mxares, pirvel
svetTan or boZs Soris mwkrivSi, oTkuTxiani boZi dgas simaRliT sami saJeni,
qvevidan yruT aris daSenebuli, xolo zeviT _ oTx boZalad. am oTx boZalze qvis
TaRia karaviviT, gadaxurulia fiqali qviT. qvemoT, TviT miwaze am svetTan, TiTqos
pawawina saxate niSi iyos, fardiT aris Camofarebuli da mis pirdapir, qvafenilze
fardagia dagebuli, da am fardagze moWedili xatebi dgas. arsenma farda gadaswia
da saxate niSi daaTvaliera, igi Rrma ar iyo, etyoboda, qva cota Camongreuli
iyo, xolo am svets qveS qristes, Cveni RmerTis kvarTia Cadebuli, sul mTelia da
dauzianebuli... Tbilelma episkoposma da bevrma sxvamac arsenis mouTxres, rom...
qristes jvarcmis dros ierusalimSi erTi asisTavi iyo, saxeliT login, warmoSo-
biT am mcxeTa-qalaqidan, romelsac erTi da hyavda qalwuli... loginTan erTad iyo
amxanagi misi imave mcxeTidan, misi saxeli arsenis daaviwyda. da roca login Tavis
amxanagiT ierusalimSi wavida, im qalwulma Cveneba ixila Cveni qriste-RmerTis
Sesaxeb da mravaljer evedra Zmasa missa, raTa man moutanos mas Cveni qriste-
RmerTis raime nivTi sakurTxevlad.

21
 dasavleT saqarTvelos patriarqi zaqaria (qvariani)

22
 qristes vnebis dros, roca jariskacebma qristes samosi gainawiles, logins
wilad xvda qristes mTeli kvarTi da man igi Tavis das wamouRo... im qalwulma
Cveneba naxa Zmis mosvlis Sesaxeb... Sexvda, gadakocna da ekiTxeboda, ra mogitania
CemTviso... Zmam misca mas kvarTi uflisa... dam mkerdSi Caikona kvarTi qristesi
da im adgilzeve gardaicvala, da im adgils, sadac igi Zmas Sexvda da gardaicvala
arsens uCvenebdnen da aq taZari aSenda, xolo is qalwuli im kvarTiT daasafla-
ves, imitom rom kvarTis misi xelidan gamoxsna SeuZlebeli Seiqna da am adgilas
mravali saswauli xdeboda. Semdeg, roca iveriis qveyana moinaTla, im adgilas is
didi taZari iqna agebuli, sadac axla dgas. da maTve momiTxres, rom hyavT maT erTi
qarTveli beri-wmindani, romlis saxelic arsenis daaviwyda, cxovrobs udabnoSi da
is im login asisTavis STamomavaliao, Cven saamiso damamtkicebelic gvaqvso, maTi
modgma aqamdec momdinareobs. es WeSmaritebaa...~

XVII s-is I naxevarSi saqarTveloSi oci weli gaatara italielma misionerma

arqanjelo lambertim, romlis Canawerebic ZiriTadad odiSis samTavros (Savi zRvis
sanapiro dasavleT saqarTveloSi) bunebas, mosaxleobis wes-Cveulebebs, sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebas asaxavs. mas aqvs dakvirvebebi mezobel mxareebzedac, magaliTad, is
aRniSnavs, rom `quTaisi kargi savaWro qalaqia, radgan imisTana adgilze dgas, sa-
dac yoveli mxriT advilad modian vaWrebi TavianTi saqonliT, mTebidan Camodian
svanebi, romelTac CamoaqvT TavianTi Sinauri nawarmi, nabdebi da msxvili Salebi...
qarTlidan modian qarTlelebi da iranelebi, romelTac CamoaqvT Zvirfasi iranuli
Salebi da indoeTis feradi qsovilebi, tyavebi, damarilebuli Tevzi kaspiis zRvi-
dan, xizilala da sanelebeli; Turqebi samcxis mxridan modian da blomad moaqvT
TavianTi savaWro, magaliTad, unagirebi da cxenis sakazmavebi, xalebi, xanjlebi da
Turquli zandukebi~.
odiSis samTavroze (samegrelo) igi wers: `samegrelo mdidaria amwvanebuli
gorakebiT, vrceli velebiT, kekluci WalakebiT, mdinareebiT, ReleebiT da wyaroebiT,
romlebic yoveli mxridan Camoudis. vfiqrob, rom am bunebis simSvenierea mizezi,
rom megrelebi ar cdiloben magari da mSvenieri saxlebi aagon, radgan surT drois
Sesaferad sxvadasxva adgilas gadavidnen da yvelgan Sesaferisi siamovnebiT dat-
kbnen. kargad da mdidrulad aSenebuli saxli xom erT adgilas iWers kacs. me-
grelebi, raTa yoveli adgilis siamovneba igemon, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadian.
amitomac advilad da mcire xarjiT iSeneben nair-nair saxlebs, cal-calke soflad,
visac sad urCevnia. ara aqvT maT arc qalaqi da arc daba, rom Sejgufulad cxov-
robdnen. zogi iSenebs saxls goraze, zogi vakeze, zogi patara tyeSi da zogic _
wylis pirad. vinc ufro SeZlebulia, yvelgan TiTo saxli aqvs... yvela megrels ise
didi ezo aqvs, rom ufro mindors warmoadgens. ezoSi izrdeba mxolod kargi bal-
axi da sarevelas ver naxavT. yovel mosaxles Tavi moswons ezos siwmindiT...~
arqanjelo lamberti megrelTa sufrazec aRniSnavs Rvinis siWarbes da su-

23
frasTan sxdomis xangrZlivobas. `ucxoelebi Tu arian purisWamis dros, maT
pativs scemen maTi Rirsebisa da wodebis kvalobaze. Tu isini Tanasworni arian
maspinZlisa, maspinZeli fexze mdgomi gankargulebebs iZleva, raTa stumrebs kargad
emsaxuron da yvelaferi rigze iyos. TavSi maspinZeli Tavis xeliTac emsaxureba
aseT stumrebs, TviTon miarTmevs saWmels, dausxams pirvelad sasmels da mxolod
amis Semdeg dajdeba puris saWmelad... mxolod did dResaswaulSi, Tumca erTad
sWamen purs, magram qalebi erTis mxriT sxdebian da kacebi, meores mxriT~...
avtori miwaTmoqmedebis gamo wers: `arc erTi eri iseT pativs ar scems mi-
waTmoqmedebas, rogorc megrelebi. sxvagan yvelgan miwis muSaobas etaneba mxolod
dabali xalxi... samegreloSi ki, rac unda didi gvaris kaci iyos, TviTon muSaobs...
da mohyavs Tavisi sazrdo. es saqme saTakilod rodi miaCniaT. piriqiT, yoveli
windaxeduli meojaxe aznauri metad etaneba am muSaobas, TviTon iRebs xelSi Toxs
da bevr oflsa Rvris Tavisi yanebis dasamuSaveblad... Cveulebriv, kargi miwa sadac
aris, aseT wess adganan: pirvel weliwads Tesen Roms, meores _ fetvs da mesames _
purs. Semdeg amisa miwas sami Tu oTxi weli asveneben. odiSis mraval nawilSi, sa-
dac wyali dgas da ar SeiZleba Romis daTesva, Tesaven brinjs, romelic ise blomad
modis, rom aramcTu aqaurebs hyofnis, aramed miaqvT TurqeTis gemebs, romelnic aq
modian... aq SexvdebiT iseT did nesvebs, rom sam mtkavelze meti iqneba. bostanSi
yvela mcenareze metad mohyavT Turquli lobio... lobios Semdeg did pativisce-
maSia fxali, romelic yovel adgilas uxvad modis~...
sainteresoa davis gadawyvetis wesi, romelsac lamberti ase aRwers: `es wesi...
Rirsia, rom miRebul iqnes yovel saxelmwifoSi, radgan, roca orive mxare erTad
wardgeba mosamarTlis winaSe, yovelTvis sasamarTloSi didi xmauri da ayalmayalia,
ris gamoc xSirad simarTle ikargeba. amitomac megrelebi aramcTu sasamarTlo
saqmeebSi, aramed sxva saqmeebSic arasodes pirdapir ar miiqcevian imasTan, visTanac
saqme aqvT. yovelTvis Suakacebis saSualebiT arigeben saqmeebs~...
megrelTa omis wesebze avtori wers: `ar vfiqrob, rom romelime jari ise sa-
magaliTod mowyobili gamodiodes, rogorc megrelebis jari. mSvenieri tanisamose-
bi ise brwyinaven, rogorc arsad sxvagan. TiToeuls moaqvs yvela Tavisi tanisamosi
da cdilobs, rom aq ufro kargad iyos Cacmuli, vidre Cveulebriv aris. marTla
axirebulia, rom aq yoveldRe icvlian TavianT tanisamoss. visac vercxleuloba
aqvs, erTianad Tan moaqvs; agreTve moaqvT saukeTeso iranuli xalebi, raTa am xale-
bze dRisiT dasxdnen da RamiT daiZinon. purisWama am dros metad mxiaruli ician...
mTel Rameebs qeifSi atareben... roca ori mopirispire jari erTmaneTs Sexvdeba,
mTavrebs Cveulebad aqvT, Tumca mterni arian, erTmaneTs gamagrilebeli sasmeli
uTavazon... megrelebi urTierTdamokidebulebaSi iseT moxdenil qcevas iCenen, rom...
SeiZleba maTi Sedareba metad zrdilobian kariskacebTan... ufro xSirad xmaroben
muxlmodrekas, romelic friad keTilSobil Cveulebad miaCniaT. muxls idreken
bevr SemTxvevaSi, da gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca didi xnis unaxaobis Semdeg

24
erTmaneTs Sexvdebian... maspinZeli imas rodi ucdis, rom stumari Tavisi saxlidan
TavisiT mova, aramed TviTon patiJebs saxlidan; aseT stumars rom miiRebs da
gaumaspinZldeba, gamoTxovebisas mdidrulad daasaCuqrebs da ise gaistumrebs. Tu
purisWamis dros WiSkarTan vinme ucxom gaiara, megrelebis Cveuleba Txoulobs
maSinve kaci miagebon da Semoi patiJon. amitomac WiSkars arasodes ar xuraven...~
arqanjelo lamberti vaWrobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs Semdegs: `Turqebs moaqvT kon-
stantinopolidan Semdegi saqoneli: mSvenieri, nair-nairi xalebi, sabnebi, Turquli
tyavebi, unagirebi, cxenis mokazmuloba, mSvild-isrebi, Salebi da maudebi yovelnairi
fasisa, rkina, TiTberi, qvabebi, matyli, SeRebili da saxeebiani tiloebi, damarile-
buli Tevzi, xizilala, danebi, sakmeveli, pilpili, Saqari da marili. samagierod, me-
grelebisagan iReben Tafls, cvils, adgilobriv tilos, Zafs, abreSums, xaris, kvernis,
wavis tyavs, selis Tesls, bzis xeebsa da tyavebs. bzis xeebSi Turqebi Zalian igeben,
radgan samasi, Tu oTxasi skudis mariliT yiduloben imden xes, romelic xuTi aTas
skudze meti Rirs. TiTo xomaldSi ateven xuT-eqvs aTas xes da konstantinopolSi
yidian TiTo skudad TiTo xes... qalebis sasyidlad Turqebi fuls ar zogaven,
oRond qali lamazi iyos. megreli qalebi xom umetes nawilad iSviaTi silamazisa
arian. zogjer TiTo qalSi iZlevian samas Tu oTxas cekinos~...
avtori adgilobrivi mosaxleobis uaryofiT Tvisebebs amgvar axsnas uZebnis:
`SegviZlia vTqvaT kolxidelebze, rom sxvadasxva xalxi, romelic modis maT qveya-
naSi, aswavlis maT mxolod biwierebas da veragobas. marTlac, berZnebs, somxebs,
Turqebs, rusebs da afxazebs SemoaqvT aq ufro bevri biwiereba, vidre saqoneli, da
maT... moSxames es qveyana...~
samegreloSi frinvelTagan lamberti gamoarCevs xoxobs: `am frinvelma Tavisi
saxeli miiRo fazisisagan, romlis napirebze igi cxovrobs. amboben, rom es frin-
veli mxolod kolxeTis kuTvnileba iyo da argonavtebma Caiyvanes saberZneTSi,
saidanac Semdeg mTel qveynierebaze gavrceldao...~
avtori Tavis aRwerilobas amTavrebs kolxuri Taflis qebiT: `garda Cveu-
lebrivi Taflisa, aris kidev erTnairi Tafli, romlis msgavsic arsad sxvagan, garda
kolxeTisa da mis mezobel qveynebisa, ar moiZebneba. igi friad TeTria da magari,
rogorc Saqari, ise rom, Tu xeliT motexT romelsame marcvals, Tafli xels rodi
ekvris da gatexil adgilze gamoCndeba TeTri da metad rbili cvili~.

XVII s-is 70-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura frangma Jan Sardenma, romelmac
vrclad da mravalmxriv aRwera Cveni qveyana. ai, misi STabeWdileba imereTze (das.
saqarTveloSi): `kavkasiis mTa mTel simaRleze mosavliania. aq uxvad aris Tafli,
xorbali, Romi... aris agreTve Rvino, xili, Rori da msxvilfexa saqoneli. wylebi
yvelgan SesaniSnavia... vazi xeebs exveva da ise maRla adis, rom xSirad mtevnebs ver
krefen. roca iq gaviare, soflebSi rTveli iyo; SesaniSnavi meCvena yurZeni, axali da
Zveli Rvino. Rvino aq iseTi iafi Rirs, rom zog adgilas samas girvanqas erT ekiud

25
yidian... glexebi cxovroben xis qoxebSi, TiToeul ojaxs oTxi an xuTi aseTi qoxi
aqvs. yvelaze didi qoxis SuaSi aCaReben did cecxls da irgvliv Semousxdebian.
qalebi fqvaven marcvals im raodenobiT, rac saWiroa puris gamosacxobad. comi cx-
veba mrgval qvis kecSi, romlis diametric daaxloebiT erTi futia, siRrme ki _ ori-
sami TiTi. kecs Zalian acxeleben, deben masSi coms da zed waayrian cxel nacars da
naRverdals... ase gamomcxvari puris qerqi Tumca Zalian TeTri ar aris, magram puri
metad gemrielia... Cven uxvad gvaZlevdnen qaTmebs, kvercxebs, bostneuls. Rvino, puri
da xili blomad gvqonda, radgan TiToeul mosaxles Tavis wilad didi doqiT Rvino,
erTi kalaTa xili da erTi kalaTa puri mohqonda. Cemgan fuls ar iRebdnen...
am mTebis mcxovrebni umetesad qarTuli wes-Cveulebis qristianebi arian. saxis
kanis feri kargi aqvT; maT Soris bevri Zalian lamazi qali vnaxe, isini bevrad
ukeTesad cxovrobdnen, vidre megrelebi da kavkasiis mTis sxva xalxi~.
igive avtori aRm. saqarTveloze wers, rom `saqarTvelo nayofieri qveyanaa. cx-
ovreba aq kargad da iafad SeiZleba. msoflios arc erT kuTxeSi ar aris iseTi
gemrieli puri, rogorc aq. xili saucxooa da mravalnairi. evropis arc erT adgi-
las ar modis ufro gemrieli msxali da vaSli. aziaSi arsad moiZebneba aqaurze
ukeTesi broweuli. saqoneli aq didi raodenobiTaa da Zalian kargi jiSisa iqneba
es msxvilfexa, Tu wvrilfexa. nadiri SesaniSnavi da mosavliania. bevria frinvel-
ic. didi raodenobiTaa agreTve gareuli Roric, romlis xorci iseTive gemrielia,
rogorc kolxeTSi... saqarTvelos axlomdebare kaspiis zRva da masze gamdinare
mtkvari imdeni TevziTa da mtknari wyliT amaragebs qveyanas, rom darwmunebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, msoflios arc erT qveyanaSi, wlis arc erT dros ar SeiZleba
aqaurze ukeTesad Wamos da svas adamianma.
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas isic, rom ar arsebobs qveyana, sadac amdens da aseT
karg Rvinos svamdnen, rogorc aq... mefeTa sasmelad Tbilisidan Rvino didi raode-
nobiT gaaqvT somxeTSi, midiasa da ispahanSi. erTi cxenis sapalne, romelic woniT
samas futs udris, mxolod da mxolod rva franki Rirs; me vlaparakob saukeTeso
Rvinoze, radgan, Cveulebriv, saSualo Rvinos amis naxevari fasi aqvs. yvela danarCe-
ni sursaTi amis Sesabamisad fasobs, Tumca saqarTvelo didi raodenobiT awarmoebs
abreSums, magram rasac mogzaurTa umetesoba wers amis Sesaxeb, aq imis naxevaric ki
ar mzaddeba... maT abreSumi osmaleTSi, erzrumsa da axlomaxlo adgilebSi gaaqvT,
sadac isini farTo vaWrobas awarmoeben.
qarTvelebi mTels aRmosavleTSi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTels msoflioSi saucxoo
jiSis xalxia. am qveyanaSi me ar Semxvedria arc erTi uSno adamiani, kaci iqneba es
Tu qali. vxvdebodi mxolod da mxolod angelozebr saxeebs. qalebis umetesoba
bunebas iseTi sinatifiT daujildoebia, rogorsac versad SexvdebiT. vfiqrob, Seu-
Zlebelia maT Tvali mohkraT da ar SegiyvardeT. qarTvel qalze ufro mSvenieri
saxisa da tanis daxatvac ki SeuZlebelia; arian maRalni, koxta da moqnili tanisa
da saocrad welwvrilni...

26
 qarTvelebi Tavazianni da kacTmoyvareni, amasTanave, darbaiselni da TavdaWerilni
arian. maTi adaT-wesebi garSemo mcxovrebi xalxebis umetesobis zne-CveulebaTa
narevs warmoadgens. vfiqrob, es unda iyos Sedegi maTi savaWro urTierTobisa sxva
xalxebTan da im Tavisuflebisa, romelic saqarTveloSi yvelas aqvs miniWebuli:
aq ufleba gaqvs, icxovro Seni sarwmunoebiT da adaTebiT, imsjelo masze da da-
icva igi. aq SexvdebiT somxebs, berZnebs, ebraelebs, osmalebs, sparselebs, indoelebs,
TaTrebs, moskovitebs da evropelebs... qarTvelebi ufro... amayni, Tavmomwoneni da
didebis moyvarulni arian...
Tbilisi... erT-erTi ulamazesi qalaqia, Tumca Zalian didi ar aris... mdinaris
napirze gaSenebuli saxlebis umravlesoba cicabo kldeze dgas. qalaqi, garda
mdinaris mxarisa, saucxoo da magari kedliTaa SemozRuduli; kedeli samxreTidan
CrdiloeTisaken aris gadaWimuli, romelzedac samxreTis mxridan mTis ferdobze
didi cixe dgas... mis win arsebuli saasparezo moedani erTdroulad sakrebuloc
aris da bazaric... taZari, romelsac sioni ewodeba, mdinaris napirzea gaSenebuli
da nagebia mSvenieri Tlili qviT. igi uZvelesi nagebobaa da hgavs aRmosavleTis
yvela Zvel eklesias...
TbilisSi ramdenime lamazi sakrebulo Senobaa, bazrebi, e. i. savaWro adgilebi,
aris didi, qviT naSeni da kargad movlili. aseTebia qarvaslebic _ ucxoelebis
sacxovrebeli adgilebic. qalaqSi abanoebi cotaa, radgan yvela cxeli wylis
abanoebSi dadis. am abanoebis wyali mineraluria, gogirdovani da Zalian cxeli...
duqnebi kidev ukeTesad aris nagebi da kargad movlili. isini ganlagebulia didi
moednis axlos, gorakze.
mTavris sasaxle, udavod, Tbilisis erT-erTi mSvenebaa, mas aqvs didi darbazebi,
romlebic mdinaresa da sasaxlis uzarmazar baRebs gadascqerian. aqvea yauSxanebi,
romlebSic mravali sxvadasxvanairi frinvelia, mwevar-meZebrebis didi sadgomi
da iseTi mSvenieri sabaziero, ukeTess rom verafers naxavs adamianis Tvali. am
sasaxlis win kvadratuli moedania, sadac aTasamde cxeni daeteva. mas gars artyia
duqnebi da bolovdeba grZeli bazriT... bazris zemodan saucxoo sanaxavia moedani
da sasaxlis fasadi. kaxeTis mefisnacvals qalaqis bolos aqvs sasaxle, romelic
agreTve Rirs imad, rom kacma naxos da daaTvalieros.
Tbilisis gareubnebs mravali salaRobo saxli da saucxoo baRi amSvenebs. yve-
laze ufro didia mTavris baRi. xexili aq naklebad aris, magram, samagierod, umS-
venieresi, Crdilisa da sigrilis mfeni xeebi auracxelia...
qalaqi Tbilisi mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli. msoflios arc erT kuTxeSi ar
moiZebneba imdeni sxvadasxva juris ucxoeli, rogorc aq; isini did vaWrobas ew-
evian; kari, provinciis dedaqalaqs rom Seefereba, iseTi mravalricxovani da br-
wyinvalea; aq mudam aris mravali didgvarovani didebuli... mTavari brZandeboda
darbazSi, romlis sigrZec as aT futs, xolo sigane ormoc futs Seadgens. igi
gaSenebulia mdinaris piras da mTlianad Riaa am mxridan. mozaikiT morTuli Weri

27
wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia svaneTSi

28
29
eyrdnoba mooqrovil da moxatul svetebs, romelTa simaRlec ocdaTxuTmetidan
ormocamde futs Seadgens; mTeli darbazi saucxoo xaliCebiTaa dafaruli. mTavari
da didebulebi sam patara buxars Semosxdomodnen, romlebic mraval CiraRdanTan
erTad ise aTbobda darbazebs, rom sicive ar igrZnoboda~.

1701 w. saqarTveloSi Camovida frangi mogzaur-botanikosi turnefori. `saqarT-

velo SesaniSnavi qveyanaa, _ wers igi, _ rogorc ki aRmoCndebiT... mis teritori-
aze, maSinve Cndeba yovelnairi sursaTi _ puri, Rvino, qaTami, Rori, batkani, cxvari.
frankebs gansakuTrebiT gulRiad xvdebian. sul sxvaa TurqeTSi, sadac mxolod
daRvremil adamianebs xvdebi, romlebic guldasmiT gaTvaliereben Tavidan fex-
ebamde. yvelaze metad gangvacvifra im ambavma, rom qarTvelebs fuli ar uyvarT
da TavianT sursaT-sanovages ar yidian... Cveni mcireodeni ganZi am keTil xalxs
mivandeT. maT is nivTebi aiRes, romlebic moewonaT da darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,
Cveni ndoba maT borotad ar gamouyenebiaT. eqvs TeTrminanqrian yelsabamSi maT
indauris odena qaTami mogvces, xolo Tvramet denis (livris oras meormocedi)
Rirebulebis samajurebSi _ blomad Rvino... gviambes, rom aq eqvsi-Svidi wlis
lamaz-lamaz gogonebs itaceben da isfahanSi an TurqeTSi mihyavTo... momyavs por-
treti qarTveli qalisa, romelic Cven yvelaze lamazi mogveCvena. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom yovel epoqaSi am qveynidan gahyavdaT ulamazesi adamianebi. zonara SeniSnavs,
rom xelmwifis brZanebiT aqedan lamazi biWunebic mihyavdaT. maT asaWurisebdnen
da Semdeg berZnebs mihyididnen...
misabaZia, rom saqarTvelos sazRvarze ucxoelebisagan araviTar gadasaxads ar
iTxoven... sparseTSi Setanil saqonelze iReben Zalze zomier gadasaxads... aq saSen
masalad gamosadegi msxvili xeebis tye dagvxvda... vxedavdiT agreTve kaklis, msx-
lis, qliavis, vaSlis xeebsa da Jolosa da marwyvis buCqebs. vin warmoidgenda, rom
aseT simSvenieres vixilavdiT!... meore dResac Cven mier ganvlil gzaze buneba kv-
lav lamazad gamoiyureboda..., sadac mcenareuli safari da mravalferovani xedebi
warmtac peizaJs qmnida. sacxovrebeli saxlebi an xeobis ZirSi, an Sua ferdobze
iyo ganlagebuli; mTa-gorebs tyeebi amSvenebda, sxva adgilebze ki venaxi da bune-
brivi xexilis baRebi iyo gaSenebuli; aq kaklis, gargaris, atmis, qliavis, msxlisa
da vaSlis xeebi TavisiT xarobda... eWvgareSea, rom igi saqarTvelos erT-erTi
kuTxea, sadac, strabonis mixedviT, miwa daumuSaveblad uxvad iZleva yovelnair
xils. vazi aq movlas srulebiT ar saWiroebs... mas mxolod yovel xuT weliwadSi
erTxel sxlaven xolmeo... saqarTveloSi TeTri Rvino Zalian kargia. sparseTis
samefo karze ki wiTeli Rvino igzavneba, romelic kotrotis Rvinos hgavs, Tumca
ufro magaria da maTrobeli. vazi am qveyanaSi xeebzea gasuli da Semoxveuli, iseve
rogorc piemontsa da kataloniis bevr adgilas.
Tbilisi sakmaod didi da mWidro dasaxlebuli qalaqia. saxlebi aq dabalia, cu-
dad ganaTebuli da, Cveulebriv, aliziTa da aguriTaa nagebi... sulac ar Seefereba

30
im aRweras, rasac straboni iZleva... xolo quCebi uxeirod aris mokirwyluli.
cixe qalaqis Tavze, mSvenier adgilze dgas, magram sanaxevrod dangreuli galavani
mxolod da mxolod susti koSkebiTaa daculi. mTeli garnizoni ramdenime saco-
davi mahmadiani xelosnisagan Sedgeba. maT cixis dasacavad gasamrjelo eZlevaT. aq
isini TavianTi ojaxebiT cxovroben da sulac ar ician iaraRis xmareba. cixes Tavs
afareben movaleebisagan gaqceuli gaWirvebuli adamianebi, an kidev isini, vinc Cade-
nili danaSaulis gamo idevneba. cixis win mdebare placdarmi lamazia da ganieri.
igi bazrad gamoiyeneba da aq adgilobrivi, saukeTeso sursaT-sanovage iyideba...
qalaqi gadaWimulia samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. cixe mis SuagulSi mdebare-
obs. SeiZleba misi kargad gamagreba, radgan igi Zalze daqanebul ferdobze dgas,
mdinare mtkvari ki, qalaqis gaswvriv rom miedineba, mTels sigrZeze, ufonobis gamo,
Zneli gadasalaxavia. qalaqis galavani ferdobs dahyurebs da kvadratul formas
qmnis... cixis ZirSi mdebare mefis sasaxle Zalze Zvelia, magram... sakmaod kargad
aris movlili... Cven Segviyvanes axal darbazSi, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom xisa
iyo, sakmaod sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdenda. yoveli mxridan mas lurji, yviTeli,
nacrisferi da kidev sxva feris minebiani didi da daxuruli fanjrebi hqonda.
aq ramdenime mcire zomis veneciuri sarkec iyo, magram TavianTi silamaziT isini
bevrad Camouvardebian parizis sarkeebs. Weri, oqroTi movarayebuli tyavebiT, kvad-
ratebad iyo dayofili. gvarwmunebdnen, rom qalTa samyofeli bevrad ufro lamazia,
magram ar vici, ratomRac gasaRebi ver i poves...
sasaxlidan iqve mdebare abanoebis dasaTvaliereblad wavediT. aq sasiamovno
cxeli wylebia asatani temperaturisa... cxeli wylis garda, Tbilisis abanoebSi
Tbili da civi wyalia. abanoebi kargad aris mowyobili da igi qalaqelebisaTvis
salaRobo adgilsac warmoadgens. aqaurebi ZiriTadad bewveuliT vaWroben, romel-
ic gaaqvT sparseTSi, an arzrumiT _ konstantinopolSi. adgilobrivi abreSumi,
iseve rogorc Semaxiisa da ganjis abreSumi, TbilisiT ar gaaqvT im didi baJis
gamo, romelsac aq axdevineben. somxebi adgilze yiduloben abreSums da gzavnian
smirnaSi an xmelTaSua zRvis sxva navsadgurebSi, sadac mas frankebi yiduloben.
Tbilisis gareubnebidan da saqarTvelos sxva adgilebidan arzrumSi yovelwli-
urad igzavneba ori aTasze meti aqlemis sapalne mcenaris Ziri, romelsac boia
ewodeba. arzrumidan igi diarbeqirSi midis tilos SesaRebad, romelic iq polo-
neTisaTvis mzaddeba. garda amisa, saqarTvelo didi raodenobiT amaragebs am mce-
naris ZiriT indostansac, sadac saukeTeso xarisxis SeRebil tilos amzadeben. Cven
saSualeba gvqonda Tbilisis bazarzec gagvevlo. aq yvelanairi jiSis xili iyide-
boda, gansakuTrebiT ki bevri iyo qliavi da mSvenieri msxali... vewvieT agreTve
mefis qalaqgare sasaxlesac, romelic TurqeTidan momaval gzazea... aqaur baRebSi
mSvenieri mcenareebi xarobs da maT ukeT uvlian, vidre TurqeTis baRebSi... Tbi-
lisSi freskebs svel baTqaSze xataven, rac sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens. kiri
aq iseve blomadaa, rogorc tye...

31
 qarTvel didebulebs... sparseTis xelmwife didi jamagiriT ajildoebs. man
icis, rom Turqebi siamovnebiT miiReben qarTvelebs, romlebic kargi aRnagobisa da
mamaci meomrebi arian da rom imasTanave, qarTvelebs sparseTis batonisagan gan-
Tavisuflebis didi survili aqvT... saqarTveloSi (didebulebis) Tormetiode didi
sagvareuloa... erTi sagvareulo ramdenime Stod iyofa; zogi maTgani oras komls
flobs, zogi _ xuTidan aTasamde... TiToeuli komli Tavis batons mosavlis meaTed
nawils uxdis. saomrad TiTo komlidan TiTo kaci gadis, magram meomrebi jarSi
mxolod aTi dRis manZilze arian, radgan Tan mxolod aTi dRis sagzali miaqvT...
jaris Senaxva aq wesad ar aris miRebuli.
TbilisSi yvelas ufleba aqvs sakuTari saWiroebisaTvis daamzados Tofis wa-
mali; gogirdi aq ganjidan SemoaqvT, xolo gvarjila Tbilisis axlos mdebare
mTebSi moi poveba... saWmelsa da sanaTurebSi selis zeTs xmaroben. am mcenares didi
raodenobiT Tesaven soflebSi, magram iyeneben mxolod mis marcvals, Reroebs ki
yrian da misgan Zafs ar grexen... aqauri selisagan SeiZleboda mTels qveyniere-
baze saukeTeso tilos damzadeba, magram SesaZloa amas ziani mieyenebina matyliT
vaWrobisaTvis...~

somexi istorikosi esaia hasan jalalianci aRwers Tbilisis aoxrebas mahmad-

yuli-xanisa da lekebis mier 1723 w.: `saxelganTqmuli da mSvenieri qalaqi Tbili-
si didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar Seuwuxebia mters da mosvenebuli iyo omebisagan...
am qalaqSi Sromismoyvare vaWrebi cxovrobdnen, xolo maTi colebi, vaWrebi da
qalwulebi gamoirCeodnen TavianTi sinaziTa da mSvenierebiT. maTi mSvidobismoy-
vareoba da Tavazianoba Seudarebelia, maTi sasaxleebi, romlebic aTasnairad aris
morTul-mokazmuli, brwyinaven Zvirfasi WurWleuliTa da nivTebiT. maT... saxlebsa
da salocavebSi xSirad spilenZis nacvlad oqrosa da vercxlisagan damzadebul
WurWelsa da nivTebs xmarobdnen. maTi tansacmeli da samosi uZvirfasesi farCaa,
margalitebiT gawyobili. ra vTqvaT maTi eklesiebis didebulebisa da brwyinvaleb-
is Sesaxeb, romlebic umagaliTod damSvenebulia oqrosa da vercxlis nakeTobebiT...
yovelive aq CamoTvlili xelT igdes velurma... xarbma... wurbelasaviT gaumaZRarma
lekebma, gaZarcves da aivsnen nadavliT, xolo bavSvebi, ymawvilebi, qalebi da qaliS-
vilebi, vinc ki TvalSi mouvidaT, yvelani tyved waiyvanes... lekebi fuls iTxovdnen.
amitom mahmadyuli-xanma mZime xarki daado moqalaqeebs, auracxeli Tanxa, 40 aTasi
Tumani daakisra maT, aiRo da lekebs dauriga da TavianT adgilebSi daabruna~.

1782 w. germaneli mogzauri iakob rainegsi imereTSi imyofeboda da aRniSnavda:

`me arc ki SemiZlia raime vTqva vaSlis, msxlis, qliavis, gargaris, atmis, leRvisa da
nuSis siWarbis Sesaxeb... nuSisa da zRmartlis xeebi daxunZlulni dganan komSisa
da vaSlis daburul tyeebSi... am siuxvis garda, rom davukvirdeT brinjis, fetvis,
xorblis, bambis, selisa da kanafis mdidar mosavals, romlis Warbad aRebac SeeZlo

32
mkvidrs, da amas kidev rom mivumatoT abreSumi, romelsac yoveli ojaxi Tavisi
saWiroebisaTvis amzadebs... yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, gana SeiZleboda gvepovna
ufro bednieri qveyana?...
... iberieli (imereli) Raribia, magram siamaye aiZulebs mas, rac aqvs, imiTac stu-
marTmoyvare iyos; arasodes nacnobi an saxelovani mgzavri mis saxls ise ver Cau-
vlis, rom biWebma kvercxebi, xili, Tafli da Rvino ar daaxvedron da, Tu stumari
wasvlas daapirebs, aiZuleben an cota gasinjos, anda Tan waiRos~...
kaxeTis nawilebidan igive avtori gamoyofs alaverds, romelic yofila `nay-
ofieri da kargad dasaxlebuli mxare; aq bevri eklesiaa, hyavT mTavarepiskoposi,
episkoposebi da berebi. aqvT Zalze kargi Rvino, romelic mTel kaxeTSi saukeTesoa.
erTaderTi RirsSesaniSnavi punqti aq aris Telavi (cacxvebis qalaqi), sammagad
gamagrebuli da zarbaznebiT SeiaraRebuli mtrisTvis auRebeli cixe. igi sami
nawilisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli maTgani maRali mtkice kedliTaa Semovlebuli da
ocdaaTi futi siRrmisa da asTvrameti futi siganis TxriliTaa garSemortymuli.
Sua da yvelaze didi cixe ekuTvnis mefe erekles, amitomac mas hqvia batonis cixe...
mesame ki – vaxvaxiSvilebis STamomavlebs. am ukanaskneli gvaridan aris qarTveli
beri gaiozi, romelic Tormeti wlis manZilze ruseTSi swavlobda da 1780 wels
didi codniT SeiaraRebuli saqarTveloSi dabrunda da TelavSi skola daaarsa.
misma dauRalavma sibejiTem da gasagebma swavlebam gauRviZa mis Tanamemamuleebs
niWi da xarbi cnobismoyvareoba, raTa isinic ganswavlulni gamxdariyvnen... Telavi-
dan Crdilo-dasavleTiT kaxeTi yvelaze dasaxlebulia... aq gansakuTrebiT aRsani-
Snavia punqti axmeta, sadac Zalian kargi, magari Rvino, saukeTeso yanebi da Zalze
SeZlebuli macxovreblebi arian~.
qarTlis nawilebidan rainegsi muxrans ase axasiaTebs: `samflobelo muxrani
Tavisi Savi, Zalze nayofieri lavaferfliani niadagis gamo aRniSvnas imsaxurebs.
aq mohyavT xorblis, qerisa da fetvis warmoudgenlad mdidari mosavali; Tavadi
muxranbatoni marwmunebda, rom qeri da xorbali arasodes ocdaaTze naklebi ar
aiReba, da rom man erTxel ormoci mosavalic ki naxa~.

ruseTis samxedro istorikosi v. poto, giorgi V gurielis vaJze _ qaixosroze

werda, rom man XVIII s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi gelaTSi sasuliero moRvaweobisaT-
vis swavlebis kursi gaiara. man iq `im droisaTvis saukeTeso ganaTleba miiRo. is
mraval enaze laparakobda da dedanSi kiTxulobda laTin da berZen avtorebs~.

1820-24 wlebSi saqarTveloSi imyofeboda safrangeTis mefis konsuli gamba.

guriis (mxarea dasavleT saqarTveloSi) Sesaxeb mas Cauweria: `guriis xalxs...
aqvs igive adaT-wesebi, rac samegreloSi mcxovreb xalxs. aqauri adaT-wesebi araa
metismetad mkacri da arc xalxia iseTi znedacemuli, rogorc es Sardenis dros
iyo. guriis xalxi am xnis manZilze metad gakeTilSobilebula. guriaSi misdeven

33
 mefe bagrati

34
mevenaxeobas, mohyavT simindi, fetvi, Tambaqo, alag-alag _ bamba, awarmoeben mcireoden
abreSumsac... guriaSi awarmoeben cvilsa da Tafls. es ukanaskneli ori saxisaa:
erTi waagavs italiis saukeTeso Tafls, meore ki maTrobelaa da am Tvisebas igi
ielis yvavilisgan iZens~...
igive avtori imereTSi mogzaurobisas SeniSnavs: `kaklis xe, Tavisi mSvenieri
feriTa da silamaziT, saukeTeso masalaa. igi sakmaod didi raodenobiT igzavneba
taganrogSi, odesaSi da TviT konstantinopolSic ki... sul male Tavad rostom
CxeiZis saucxoo karmidamoSi aRmovCndiT... Tavadma mSvenieri sadili dagvaxvedra
da udidesi TavazianobiT migviRo. man Cvens mimarT gansakuTrebuli gulisxmierebis
dasturad Zveli Rvinis ori qvevri gagvixsna. Rvino Zalze mogvewona; mas Sampanis
wiTel RvinoebTan bevri ram hqonda saerTo. Tavadi rostomi ajameTis mosazRvre
sofel dimis batonia. aq daaxloebiT ormoci saxlia da orasi macxovrebeli...
saxeli dimni mogvagonebs cixis saxelwodebas, romelic ieso qristes dabadebamde
sami saukuniT adre aago farnavazma, saqarTvelos pirvelma mefem Sida qarTlis
tomidan...~
sainteresoa gambas dakvirvebebi imerul yofaze: `simoneTis mouravis saxlis
aveji Sedgeboda TaTruli noxebiTa da baliSebiT gawyobili taxtebisa da ram-
denime grZeli skamisagan. sadili, romelic man gagvimarTa... kerZebis simravliT
gamoirCeoda. Rvino saucxoo gaxldaT da blomadac mogvarTves. imerlebis sadili
karga xans grZeldeba, rusebis sadilisgan gansxvavebiT. rusebis kerZebi imdenad
ubraloa da sawolis mowyobilobac iseTi martivi aqvT, rom am xalxs me piradad
evropaSi yvelaze upretenzio xalxad vTvli...
mouravis SinamosamsaxureTagan... qalebi abreSums rTavdnen da misgan qsovilebs
qsovdnen. zogierTi maTgani bambas grexda; zogi ki gareuli jiSis msxalsa da
qliavs Wyletda da maTi murabismagvari fafisagan mJave masas amzadebda. mas mzeze
axmoben da zamTrisaTvis inaxaven...
imerlebi sameurneod dablobs iyeneben, magram saxl-karad maRlob platoebs
irCeven wyaroebTan axlos. ciebisagan Tavis dasacavad am windaxedulobis garda...
saxlebSi cecxli dRedaRam unTiaT. es haeris gawmendis yvelaze saukeTeso saSu-
alebaa da, amasTanave, miwis sinestesac STanTqavs... xorcs maincdamainc ar etanebian;
Zalze uyvarT mJave. Rvinos bevrs svamen. maTi tansacmeli, gansakuTrebiT ki Txis
bewvisagan damzadebuli qeCis mosasxamebi temperaturis mkveTr dacemas maT iolad
gadaataninebs xolme. amis gamo maT cieba ar emarTebaT. swored aman SeunarCuna am
xalxs silamaze da silaRe, ris gamoc maT adamianTa modgmis nimuSad Tvlian...
barakoni raWis mazraSi Sedis, romlis mcxovrebni imerlebs Soris yvelaze
Sromismoyvareni da gamWriaxni arian. mkisa da rTvelis dros qaliSvilebi da
colebi mamakacebs ejibrebian Tavgamodebul SromaSi, romelsac mudam gamamxneve-
beli simRera da SeZaxilebi axalisebs. me mowme gaxldiT maTi SromaSi gajibrebisa
da verc gamigia, maT organizmze, gansakuTrebiT gulze, rogor ar axdens gavlenas

35
esoden xangrZlivi, ormagi jafa. glexkacTa umravlesoba dauflebulia ama Tu im
xelobas. zogi maTgani vakis mazraSi nayidi bambisagan qsovs tilos, saucxood Re-
bavs mas velur endroSi, romelic bunebrivad xarobs mTels imereTSi. zogi uxeS
mauds amzadebs, xolo matyls Souloben qarTlSi, goris mazraSi, sadac TavianTi
produqcia CaaqvT da cvlian matylSi~.

1832 wels ganekuTvneba baron tornaus STabeWdilebebi Tbilisze: `rac Seexeba

Zvel Tbiliss, ueWvelad es nawili iyo yvelaze saniazo da mxatvruli mxare... am
oRroCoRro quCebSi dilidan saRamomde vaWar-xelosanTa Soris aTasnair kilo-
kavsa da SeZaxils gaigonebda kaci. qarTvelebi, somxebi, TaTrebi, lekebi, iranelebi,
yabardoelebi, rusebi, germanelebi _ yvelani, TavianT erovnul tansacmelSi gamow-
yobilni, warmoadgendnen raRac aWrelebul xalxs. miuxedavad im xanjlisa, romel-
sac kavkasieli welidan arasodes ar iSorebs, qurdoba da mkvleloba bazarSi ar
gagonila.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli qarTveli, ragind Raribic iyos, uRvinod purs ar
gatexs, me maT Soris iSviaTad Sevxvedrivar loTebs. qarTveli xalxi keTilia,
gulaxdili, gambedavi, udardeli, ar aris karCaketili, uyvars qeifi da meomroba.
mrewveloba da vaWroba qarTvelebis saqme ar aris...~

1836-1837 wlebSi ingliseli mogzauri o. spenseri saqarTveloze werda: `... Cven

unda vimedovnebdeT, rom Sors araa is dro, roca am mSvenieri bunebis mflobelma
xalxma xeli unda gamoiRos, iaraRiT aRiWurvos da gailaSqros dampyrobelTa wi-
naaRmdeg, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi ase aferxebdnen mis winsvlas.
nuTu ar unda gvqondes imedi, rom es mSvenieri qveyana magnitiviT miizidavs uamrav
turists, roca ganTavisufldeba?... am uzarmazar mTaTa talRebSi igrZnoba am mTis
xalxis simamace, romelmac SeZlo, win aRsdgomoda iseT Zlier mters, rogoricaa
ruseTi _ CrdiloeTis es mZvinvare despoti, romlis saxelis gagonebaze TurqeTisa
da iranis saxelmwifoebSic ki TrTian...
samegrelos, imereTisa da guriis provinciebSi ruseTis avtoriteti Zalze
saeWvoa. ruseTma kargad icis, rom, sanam daRestanisa da CerqezeTis mosaxleobas
ebrZvis, odnavi ieriSis mitanac ar SeiZleba xalxis Tavisuflebaze, vinaidan im-
wamsve ifeTqebs ajanyeba. amas ki mohyveba saqarTvelos (e. i. ruseTis am provinci-
is) dakargva, romelic Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT danarCeni amierkavkasiis samflobe-
loebisaken erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens. amis gamo ruseTs dRemde ver gaubedavs
Tavisi TviTmpyrobeluri manqanis amuSaveba da saxazino da sapasporto sistemis
danergva~...

1836-1844 wlebSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura germanelma botanikosma k. koxma,

romelic guriis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `marTalia, gurulebi inteligentebi ar Canan,

36
magram megrelebTan SedarebiT ufro Sromismoyvare da muyaiTi xalxis STabe-
Wdilebas toveben. Cven Segvxvda ramdenime sofeli, romlebic sakmaod koxtad gam-
oiyureboda. maT garSemo simindisa da fetvis naTesebi moCanda... `kaxetinskis~, anu
kaxuri Rvinis (kaxeTi aRm. saqarTvelos provinciaa) Semdeg amierkavkasiaSi yvelaze
metad afaseben gurul Rvinos... Cvens gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda, rodesac davi-
naxeT, raoden kargi da magari gamodga am iSviaTi WurWlidan (Wuri) amoRebuli
Rvino, miuxedavad imisa, rom kargad dayenebuli ar iyo... Cven gviambes, rom guruli
Rvino TbilisSic ki CaaqvT... iqauri mcxovrebni: axalgazrda Tu moxuci, qali Tu
kaci, Zalian bevrs svamen. gviTxres, rom axaldabadebul bavSvsac ki... cota xnis
Semdgom dedis rZesTan erTad, drodadro, cot-cota Rvinosac asmeven~.
avtors aWarac unaxavs da dauweria: `aWarlebi sayovelTaod arian cnobili Ta-
vianTi mamacobiT da silamaziT... umTavresad lamazi mamakacebi gvxvdebodnen. tanze
kargad morgebuli tansacmeli... Camosxmuli sxeulis yovel nawils gamokveTda.
lazebi TavianT monaTesave megrel da imerel mamakacebze cotaTi ufro dabali
tanisa da nakleb mxarbeWianebi Canan. mkvircxlebi arian da swrafad moZraoben,
saxec ufro mxiaruli gamometyvelebisa aqvT... guli dagvwyda, rom qalebi da
gogonebi CadriT dadian da maTi sxeulisa da saxis garCeva ver movaxerxeT...
qarTveli momRerali, provansaleli momReraliviT, garda mayurebelTa madlobisa,
araviTar gasamrjelos ar iRebs... maTma dakvram da simReram gagvaoca. Cven iseTi
siamovneba miviReT im saRamos, rogorsac germanuli musikis koncertebidan vRe-
bulobT xolme~...
koxi kaxeTis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: `qveyana, miuxedavad ganuwyveteli safrTxisa...
ufro gaSenebulia, vidre romelime sxva mxare amierkavkasiaSi. sofeli isea erT-
maneTze gadabmuli, rom ver gaigebdi, sad Tavdeboda erTi da sad iwyeboda meore:
mTeli midamo, gansakuTrebiT Sildidan, erT gabmul venaxs waagavda... Semogvegeba
Tavaziani mamakaci ramdenime qarTvelis TanxlebiT da Ramis gasaTevad saxlSi
mimi patiJa. es kavkasielebis namdvili stumarTmoyvareobis kidev erTi magaliTi
iyo... saqarTveloSi stumrebi, Cveulebriv, maranSi mihyavT. es is sapatio adgilia,
sadac xSirad imarTeba lxini. garda imisa, rom aq iwureba da mzaddeba Rvino,
Rvinis Wurebic... maranSi inaxeba... saidanac lxinis dros iolad SeiZleba sasmelis
amoReba... Rvinos aqac, rogorc mTels amierkavkasiaSi, aromati aqvs, magram Zalian
magaria. aq, Cveulebrivad, mxolod wiTel Rvinos SexvdebiT... CemTvis gamocanad iyo
qceuli, miuxedav Rvinis damzadebis primitiuli wesisa, mainc aseTi kargi rogor
gamodioda sasmeli...~
TuSebis Sesaxeb avtori wers: `gamixarda, rom SesaZlebloba momeca am gmiri,
mcirericxovani xalxis nawili mainc gamecno. lekebs maTi gansakuTrebiT eSiniaT...
TuSebi 1000 ojaxisagan Sedgebian, romlebic oTx ZmobaSi arian gaerTianebulni...
TuSebi saSualo tanis, magram Zalian magari agebulebisa arian. maT mkveTri, magram
swori saxis nakvTebi aqvT, imerelTa msgavsad, umetesad kexiani cxviri aqvT da

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mrgvali, momcro Tvalebi, gamWoli mzeriT... mosavlis aRebis dro iyo. daaxloebiT
as ormocamde adamians moeyara Tavi (maT Soris qalebsac da bavSvebsac) batonisaT-
vis puris yanis mosamkelad... Tavadis ojaxi, Tavisi iq yofniT, muSaobis xaliss
matebda xalxs. es yovelive dResaswauls ufro waagavda, an warmodgenas... yvelgan
mxiaruleba sufevda, romelsac kidev ufro zrdida xmauriani musika, gansakuTrebiT
stviri. TiToeuli maTgani mTeli guliT da suliT mReroda... samxari marTlac
dResaswauls mogagonebdaT, ramac namdvilad gamaxara da masiamovna. aseT begaras ar
axlavs siZulvili, romelsac aqa-iq adgili hqonda... germaniaSi... Tavadis ojaxic
gareT miirTmevda samxars. uzarmazari kaklis xis CrdilSi didi Wreli sufra
gaeSalaT... sadili Cinebuli nasvretebiani yveliT daiwyo, romelsac axali kitrebi
mohyva. Semdeg rigrigobiT mohqondaT Caxoxbili, cxvris xorci, Tevzi da bolos
sxvadasxva Semwvari kerZi. SigadaSig madis SesanarCuneblad surnelovan mwvanils
Seeqceodnen...
Rvino rom ar daakldebodaT, es TavisTavad cxadi iyo. mas... grZeltariani ver-
cxlis azarfeSiT awvdidnen erTmaneTs... amis garda, jixvis rqis yanwebic hqon-
daT... Cemi Tavaziani maspinZeli Zveli qarTuli sagvareulos STamomavali iyo...
misi agebulia gamagrebuli rezidencia matanSi. es ukanaskneli moxerxebulad iyo
gawyobili da nawilobriv Cveni Zveli raindebis saxlebs mogvagonebda... ukeTes
mdebareobas verc inatrebda kaci. igi nawilobriv mwvaniT iyo dafaruli da
kedlebiT iyo garSemortymuli. maTs ukan ki aRmarTuliyvnen yinuliTa da TovliT
dafaruli mwvervalebi~.
mdinare ivris saTaveebSi, saZovrebze nanax suraTs koxi ase aRwers: `aq mwyemsebi
Semogvxvdnen TavianTi cxvris farebiT da SemogvTavazes, Rame maTTan gagveTia... bed-
nierad vigrZeni Tavi, roca vaxSmad da diliT axlad mowvelili rZe mogvarTves.
am simaRleze yofnam Sveicaria gamaxsena, sadac xSirad gamiTenebia Rame mwyemsebTan
maRal mTebSi. aq mwyemsebi mTeli TavianTi ojaxebiT iyvnen wamosulni da patara,
wiflis totebiT dafarul qoxebSi cxovrobdnen. qofakebis mTeli xrova RamiT
adamianebsa da saqonels darajobda~.
germanelma mogzaurma moris vagnerma saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis (1843-1846)
STabeWdilebebSi Tbilisis Sesaxeb Cawera: `cnobilma mogzaurma miunxenidan _
halbergma, romelic CemTan erTad naxulobda am sabazro moedansa da warmoudgenel
Wyletas, da interesiTa da gaocebiT uyurebda sxvadasxva kostiumebSi gamowyobil
araCveulebrivad mxatvrul figurebs, aqlemebs, ucxo saqonels da nairnair sabazro
scenebs, erTxel Tqva, rom arsad, garda kairos bazrisa, arc aRmosavleTsa da arc
dasavleTSi sxvadasxva xalxebis aseTi mimzidveli aRreva ar unaxavs...
sionis kaTedralSi mTavari sakurTxeveli uxvadaa morTuli oqroTi, vercxliT
da wmindanTa feradi xatebiT; sanTlebis brwyinvaleba fantavs taZris bunebriv
sibneles. gundi, romelic mTavari sakurTxevlis ukan aris mofarebulSi da Tavisi
sasiamovno xmebiT hyveba mRvdlis mJRer Zlier bans, metwilad Sedgeba... bavSvebisa-

38
gan, romelTac pataraobidanve aswavlian saeklesio galobas, rogorc ki mcireoden
niWs SeamCneven. am damaluli mgaloblebis namReri gacilebiT momewona, vidre
romSi petres eklesiis gundisa...
aqaur abanoebs gamoyenebis mxriv bevri saerTo aqvT konstantinopolis, bursasa
da aRmosavleTis sxva didi qalaqebis abanoebTan. oRond me mgonia, rom qarTveli
abanos msaxurni mobanaveTa xexvisa da kidurebis daWimvis (dazelvis) xelovnebas
metad arian dauflebulni. vinc am iSviaTi mani pulaciis pirveli SiSi gadaitana
da mieCvia aRmosavluri banaobis wess, dainaxa, rom es ufro Zalis momgvrelia, vi-
dre evropaSi da yovel kvira ramdenime saaTiT uvardeba xelSi am abanos xelovanT,
romlebic tfilisSi albaT Tavisi samedicino mecnierebiT ufro bevr saocar cdas
ayeneben, vidre ruseTis imperiis mTeli ganswavluli samedicino personali~.
avtori imerlebis gamo aRniSnavs: `quTaisis imerel mosaxleobaSi amoicnoba
qarTuli ZiriTadi ti pi, magram saxis nakvTebi gamometyvelia da keTilSobili.
imereli mamakacebisa da qalebis silamaze ganTqmulia. maTi swori, Txeli, keTil-
Sobili formebi sxeulis namdvili sanaturo modelebia... aseve saxis silamaziT
msoflios cota xalxebi Tu Seedrebian Zveli kolxeTis macxovreblebs _ imere-
Tis, samegrelos, guriisa da aWaris xalxebs. TviT amayi Cerqezi mamakacebic ki ukan
dganan... uRaribes qoxSi xandaxan Sexvdebi Wreli ZonZebiT dafarul qals, romlis
mSvenieri sxeuli, marmariloSi gamokveTili, arafriT Camouvardeba pitis sasaxleSi
veneras qandakebas... Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis dakargva pirvel
yovlisa imerel didebulebs unda awamebdes, radgan Crdiloeli dampyroblebi
garegnulad da bunebrivi niWierebiTac bevrad CamorCebian maT...~
vagneri imereTis bunebas aRwers: `yvelaze sapatio figura kolxeTis am xe-
luxlebel mcenareulSi aris vazi. aq aris misi samSoblo; aq aZlevda is yovel
dros mosaxleobas gamagrilebel nayofs da sasmels; aqedan gavrcelda is mcire
aziasa da evropaSi... kolxuri vazi gvxvdeba mTeli simZlavriT, baraqiT da sididiT,
rogorsac dasavleli verc ifiqrebda. imereTis landSaftis gansakuTrebuli mimz-
idveloba imaSia, rom es didebuli, uZvelesi tyeebi ucvlelad araa gabatonebuli
yvelgan... imereTSi es tyeebi bevr adgilas gameCxerebulia da mdeloebiTa da
simindis yanebiTaa Sevsebuli... guria, samegrelo da imereTis dasavleTi nawili
Zveli kolxeTis ulamazesi nawilebia, bevrad lamazi trapezuntis landSaftze...
fazisis midamoebi, foTsa da marans Soris, SeiZleboda ubrwyinvalesad CagveTvala
Zvel samyaroSi~...

ucxoelTa STabeWdilebebi SeiZleba davamTavroT romen rolanis sityvebiT: `me

musikosi var, mravali xalxis simRera momismenia, magram aseT brwyinvalebas arsad
Sevxvedrilvar~.

39
uwmidesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,
ilia II-is aRsaydrebidan 30 da dabadebidan 75 wlis saiubileo komisia

avtori: devi berZeniSvili

redaqtori: Suqia afridoniZe
dizaini: maka WiWinaZe `grafiqs dizain end printingi~
kompiuteruli maketi: rusudan erisTavi
foto: don kristoforo de kastelis naxatebi. daculi palermos munici palur
biblioTekaSi. mowodebulia vaxtang ruruas mier
giorgi CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa
dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centris saarqivo masalebi

garekani:
xaxulis RvTismSoblis karedi xati. gelaTi. XII s. I nax. ornamentis detali
iSviaTi silamazis qali Tanuria gimatia. don kristoforo de kastelis naxati
sabaxtar alibegaSvili. don kristoforo de kastelis naxati
pirveli gverdi:
mamuka batoniSvili CogburTs TamaSobs. don kristoforo de kastelis naxati

© saqarTvelos eklesiasTan arsebuli qristianuli kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri

ISBN 978-9941-0-0764-4
UDC (uak) 94(479.22)+94(=353.1) b-571

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