C@E@ Z@WOV WVBV@WV@IB

”Bebm`s`s C`ebt Jombjbr, Gbrb Jombjbr fbe Dbs`m Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI 
 E 26 Cofbe Vordbfbp Cbtb Xombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe– 

F`susue nmod

2. Fbe`om Xbrsbum`be Xurjb 52<7222884

:. A `rcbe B fbc 52<2222885

7. @m dbc W dbd 52<7222825

6. C bum`f`bd bsybebd 52<2222828

D

IOMBW   ; XVJ ZOL_MOZ B :82<

FNWOE XOELBCX_ ; 2. Fr. [_MI@AM@ CBVNEFBEL, C.W`

:. Fr. WPBA@BV_E W@ZOLBZ, C.Xf

XOEF@F@IBE VOIE@I JBEL_EBE

ABI_MVBW VOIE@I _E@QOZW@VBW
EOLOZ@ COFBE :8:8
 IBVB XOELBEVBZ 

Xuj` fbe syuiur Ibc` ugbpibe iodbf`rbe Vudbe Pbel Cbdb Osb, ibroeb ibrue`b-Eyb
ibc` fbpbt coeyomosb`ibe cbibmbd C`e` Z`sot ybel jorjufum ”Bebm`s`s C`ebt Jombjbr, Gbrb
Jombjbr fbe Dbs`m Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe Vordbfbp
Cbtb Xombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe–. Cbibmbd `e` f`susue uetui cocoeud`
iojutudbe
 jombjbr cbdbs`swb Kurusbe Xoef`f`ibe Voie`i Jbeluebe uetui cocbdbc` cbtb ium`bd
Wtbt`st`ib.
V`fbi mupb ibc` sbcpb`ibe tor`cb ibs`d iopbfb Fnsoe pocj`cj`el ybel tombd
cocjbetu fbe cocj`cj`el ibc` fbmbc coelorjbibe C`e`r`sot `e`. Ibc` julb coelugbpibe
tor`cb ibs`d iopbfb tocbe-tocbe cbdbs`swb ybel julb sufbd cocjor` inetr`jus` jb`i 
mbelsuel cbupue t`fbi mbelsuel.
Cbibmbd C`e` Z`sot `e` jorib`tbe foelbe Wtbt`st`ib. Ibc` jordbrbp socnlb ibryb
`mc`bd `e` fbpbt coejbf` sosubtu ybel jolueb jbl` i`tb jorsbcb.
Ibc` coeybfbr` jbdwb fbmbc coeyomosb`ibe tulbs c`e`r`sot `e` jbud fbr`
ibtb socpureb, uetui `tu ibc` sbelbt coeldbrbpibe ir`t`i fbe sbrbe ybel jors`abt
cocjbelue lueb socpurebeyb cbibmbd `e`. Ibc` jordbrbp socnlb ibryb tum`s `e`
jorcbeabbt idususeyb

 jbl` pocjbgb.

Cofbe, 82 Bpr`m :8:8

Iomncpni Xoeyusue

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

VBV@WV@IB :
C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
VBV@WV@IB :
 FBAVBZ @W@

FBAVBZ @W@................................................................................................................................................................. 7

IBVB XOELBEVBZ..............................................................................................................:

JBJ @ XOEFBD_M_BE..................................................................................................... 6

B. Mbtbr Jombibel .................................................................................................6

J. Zucusbe Cbsbmbd ............................................................................................5
G. Vujube........................................................................................................... 5
JBJ @@ IOZBELIB JOZX@I@Z FBE D@XNVOW@W ..............................................................1

B. Iorbelib Jorp`i`r ............................................................................................1

J. D`pntos`s Xoeom`t`be ..........................................................................................<
JBJ @@@ COVNFO XOEOM@V@BE .................................................................................................. <

B. Koe`s Xoefoibtbe Xoeom`t`be ...............................................................................4

J. Mnibs` Xoeom`t`be ..............................................................................................4
G. Voie`i Xoelucpumbe Fbtb .................................................................................4
J J @Q BEBM@W@W FBVB ................................................................................................................ 0
JBJ Q DBW@M XOEOM@V@BE ........................................................................................................ 22

B. Dbs`m Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe ......................................22

J. C`ebt Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe ....................................20
G. Gbrb Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe ........................................6
JBJ @Q XOE_V_X .............................................................................................................................. 5

B. Ios`cpumbe ..................................................................................................... 5
J. Wbrbe................................................................................................................. 5

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 JBJ @

XOEFBD_M_BE

B. Mbtbr Jombibel

C`ebt jombjbr ybel torlbcjbribe fbr` cnt`vbs` jombjbr s`swb corupbibe subtu iobfbbe
f` fbmbc f`r` s`swb ybel cbcpu coefnrnel fbe coelbrbdibe por`mbiu coroib
iopbfb

 poegbpb`be tujube ybel `el`e f`gbpb`eyb fbmbc coel`iut` poef`f`ibe f` soinmbd. (Xujbf` ;
:88<). Fbmbc poegbr`be `foet`tbs f`r` f`dbrbpibe s`swb fbpbt cocjoetui inesop f`r`eyb ybel
 pns`t`a ibroeb bibe jorpoelbrud tordbfbp poc`i`rbeeyb, por`mbiueyb, sortb poef`f`ibe fbmbc
 poegbpb`be prostbs` jombjbr.
Vbepb bfbeyb c`ebt jombjbr ybel t`ell`, sojb`i bpbpue abs`m`tbs ybel bfb f` soinmbd,
cbib s`swb totbp bibe cbmbs uetui jombjbr. Zbtb-rbtb s`swb iurbel cbcpu coejbwbj foelbe
topbt tordbfbp snbm ybel f`jor`ibe pbfb iol`btbe ovbmubs` pocjombjbrbe. Bi`jbteyb e`mb` ybel
f`gbpb` s`swb julb iurbel cocubsibe. _etui `tu pormu f`g`ptbibe cnfom pocjombjbrbe ybel
cbcpu coejocjbtbe` jurbel poc`sbd betbrb tonr` foelbe prbitoi blbr cbcpu cocogbdibe

sbmbd sbtu porcbsbmbdbe ybel f`dbfbp` poef`f`ibe f` @efneos`b soport` ybel f`tubelibe fbmbc
Xrnpoebs :888-:886, yb`tu roefbdeyb iubm`tbs fbe romovbes` poef`f`ibe. Lueb
coelbtbs`
 porcbsbmbdbe torsojut, \`msne (:882) coeybtbibe jbdwb pbrbf`lcb poef`f`ibe ybel fnc`ebe
uetui coe`elibtibe cutu poef`f`ibe coegbiup; iur`iumuc, pofblnl` fbe poe`mb`be
dbs`m
 jombjbr. Iur`iumuc jor`s` jbdbe bjbr ybel dbrus f`sbcpb`ibe iopbfb s`swb. Wombejuteyb
 pofblnl` corupbibe prnsos pocjombjbrbe luru coelluebibe jorjblb` cnfom
pocjombjbrbe. Xoe`mb`be corupbibe s`stoc ovbmubs` dbs`m jombjbr sosub` foelbe stbefbr
iocbcpube ybel tombd f`totbpibe sojomuceyb.
C`ebt sbelbt cocpoelbrud` prnsos jbmbjbr coelbjbr f`iombs, bit`a fbe pbs`a bebi fbmbc

 prnsos jombjbr coelbjbr f`iombs torlbetuel bfb t`fbieyb c`ebt jombjbr bebi. Wojblb`cbeb
f`ibtbibe nmod Wurybjrbtb (200< ; 28 ) Jbdwb ; ”Ibmbu sosonrbel t`fbi jorc`ebt
uetui 
cocpombjbr` sosubtu t`fbi fbpbt f`dbrbpibe jbdwb f`b bibe jordbs`m foelbe jb`i fbmbc jombjbr,
dbm torsojut sojbm`ieyb ibmbu sosonrbel cocpombjbr` sosubtu foelbe poeud pordbt`be
cbib fbpbt f`dbrbpibe dbs`m ybel moj`d jb`i–. Coeurut Zojor fbmbc Wybd (2005
; 271) coelocuibibe jbdwb ; ” c`ebt cocpueyb` iotorlbetuelbe pbfb abitnr
`etorebm soport`
 pordbt`be, iocbcpube, fbe iojutudbe–. Ebcue foc`i`be bfb julb bebi ybel t`fbi coeybfbr`,
C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
  jbdwb foelbe t`fbi bfbeyb c`ebt cbib prnsos jombjbr t`fbi bibe torjbf`. C`ebt orbt soibm`
dujuelbeeyb foelbe porbsbbe suib btbu t`fbi suib, tortbr`i btbu t`fbi tortbr`i, soebel btbu t`fbi 

soebel. K`ib sosonrbel socbi`e jorc`ebt cbib prostbs` jbmbjbr socbi`e coeurue btbu roefbd.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 C`ebt josbr poelbrudeyb tordbfbp jombjbr, ibroeb jombjbr ybel f`pombjbr` t`fbi sosub` foelbe
c`ebt s`swb, cbib s`swb t`fbi bibe jombjbr sojb`i-jb`ieyb, prostbs` turue fbe sojblb`eyb. Dbm
`e` f`sojbjibe t`fbi bfbeyb fbyb tbr`i jbl`eyb. Wojblb` cbeb f`ibtbibe nmod Ibrtnen (200: ;
74) jbdwb ; ” Wbmbd sbtu iowbj`jbe nrbeltub fbe dbi utbcb fbr` nrbeltub ybel tbi fbpbt
f`p`efbdibe bfbmbd cocjor`ibe poef`f`ibe iopbfb bebi-bebieyb–. Xoet`eleyb poriocjbelbe
 poef`f`ibe jbl` bebi pormu f`fbsbr` nmod nrbel tub fbmbc c`ebt jombjbr. Dbm `e` jorbrt` sot`bp
iomubrlb turut cocpoelbrud` tordbfbp c`ebt jombjbr sonrbel bebi.
Nmod sojbj `tu, sbelbt f`pormuibe bfbeyb io`iutsortbbe nrbel-nrbel ybel bfb f`soi`tbr 
iomubrlb uetui cocjor`ibe fnrnelbe blbr bebi fbpbt jombjbr bit`a sod`ellb c`ebt
jombjbr  socbi`e coe`elibt. Jombjbr corupbibe iol`btbe ybel f`roegbebibe uetui corujbd
t`elibd mbiu sosonrbel sosub` ybel f``el`eibe. Wosonrbel f`ibtbibe jombjbr, bpbj`mb f`fbmbc
f`r`eyb tombd torjbf` porujbdbe t`elibd mbiu sojblb` dbs`m fbr` prnsos jombjbr. Xoefbpbt f` btbs
fbpbt f` s`cpumibe jbdwb bpbj`mb s` bebi cocpueyb` c`ebt jombjbr f`fbmbc f`r`eyb, cbib
f`b bibe
 jorusbdb uetui coegbpb` prostbs` ybel npt`cbm ybel f`mbiuibe foelbe jombjbr sogbrb
 jorsuellud-suellud. Iol`btbe jombjbr ybel suellud-suellud sogbrb torbtur coeuejuiibe
 jbdwb c`ebt jombjbr bebi torsojut t`ell`.
 Ebcue toribfbel sonrbel bebi t`fbi fbpbt jombjbr foelbe suellud-suellud
jbdibe t`fbi jombjbr sbcb soibm`. Fbmbc dbm `e`mbd f`pormuibe pordbt`be nrbeltub iopbfb s` bebi
foelbe tujube blbr somurud pntoes` ybel bfb pbfb s` bebi fbpbt joriocjbel fbe s`
bebi fbpbt coe`elibtibe c`ebt jombjbreyb. Jbeybi abitnr ybel coeyojbjibe cbsbmbd jombjbr
s`swb betbrb mb`e iurbeleyb pordbt`be nrbeltub tordbfbp jombjbr s`swb f`rucbd, s`swb
t`fbi coefbpbt Mbybebe J`cj`elbe ybel cocbfb` torutbcb jorib`tbe foelbe
jombjbr sortb jblb`cbeb coeg`ptbibe inef`s` ybel jb`i blbr jombjbr torsojut jordbs`m,
coc`m`d cotnfo fbe bmbt-bmbt ybel topbt sosub` foelbe joe`s fbe s`tubs` jombjbr.

J. Zucusbe Cbsbmbd

Bfbpue rucusbe cbsbmbd fbr` poeom`t`be `e` yb`tu ;

2. Jblb`cbeb dbs`m jombjbr s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 WCI Eolor` 26 Cofbe tordbfbp Cbtb
 pombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe>
:. Jblb`cbeb c`ebt jombjbr s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 WCI Eolor` 26 Cofbe
tordbfbp Cbtb pombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe>

G. Vujube

Xoeom`t`be `e` f`mbiuibe fbmbc rbelib cocoeud` tulbs cbtb ium`bd Wtbt`st`ib , sortb
combt`d poeum`s uetui coelbfbibe Z`sot c`e`.
C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo 5
C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo 5
 JBJ @@
IOZBELIB JOZX@I@Z FBE D@XNVOW@W

b. Iorbelib Jorp`i`r

Dbs`m jombjbr ybel f`gbpb` nmod sot`bp s`swb jorjofb-jofb, ibroeb f`poelbrud` nmod jojorbpb
abitnr betbrb mb`e s`swb cocpueyb` porjofbbe fbmbc dbm iogorfbsbe, jbibt, c`ebt btbu pordbt`be,
cnt`a, gbrb jombjbr, m`eliuelbe soinmbd fbe m`eliuelbe iomubrlb (Fbmynen, :885; 55). _etui 

coegbpb` dbs`m jombjbr ybel f`dbrbpibe, s`swb dbrus cocpordbt`ibe abitnr-abitnr

ybel cocporelbrud` dbs`m jombjbr torsojut. Jordbs`m btbu t`fbi sosonrbel fbmbc jombjbr
f`sojbjibe
 jojorbpb abitnr ybel cocpoelbrud` poegbpb`be dbs`m jombjbr yb`tu jorbsbm fbr` abitnr `etorebm fbe
oistorebm. Abitnr `etore corupbibe abitnr utbcb fbmbc coeoetuibe `etoes`tbs jombjbr sonrbel s`swb
ybel sbelbt jorpoelbrud tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr ybel f`gbpb`. Wbmbd sbtu abitnr `etore ybel f`fulb
sbelbt jorpoelbrud tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr bfbmbd c`ebt.
Fbmbc dbm `e` c`ebt corupbibe mbefbsbe poet`el jbl` sosonrbel uetui combiuibe iol`btbe
foelbe jb`i. Wojblb` subtu bspoi ioj`wbbe c`ebt juibe sbjb fbpbt cocpoelbrud` t`elibd mbiu
sosonrbel, totbp` julb fbpbt coefnrnel nrbel uetui totbp combiuibe fbe cocpornmod sosubtu.

C`ebt f`ibtbibe poet`el fbmbc iol`btbe pocjombjbrbe ibroeb cocpueyb` poelbrud ybel josbr 
tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr. W`swb ybel coc`m`i` c`ebt tordbfbp cbtb pombjbrbe tortoetu
bibe
cocpombjbr` cbtb pombjbrbe torsojut foelbe toiue fbe suellud-suellud. Ebcue sojbm`ieyb, j`ib
s`swb t`fbi coc`m`i` c`ebt pbfb cbtb pombjbrbe tortoetu cbib sum`t jbl` s`swb uetui fbpbt jombjbr 
foelbe jb`i. Dbm `e` toetu sbjb fbpbt cocpoelbrud` dbs`m jombjbr s`swb.
Jorfbsbribe poeom`t`be fbe poelbcbtbe ybel tombd f`mbiuibe f` WCI E 26
Cofbe coejombsibe jbdwb c`ebt jombjbr s`swb tordbfbp pombjbrbe inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe
cbs`d roefbd ibroeb fbr` soi`be jbeybi s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 dbeyb jojorbpb s`swb ybel
fbpbt coelluebibe wbitu mubel uetui cocjbgb btbu coc`ejbc juiu inestruis` jbmbe fbe
jocjbtbe f`

 porpustbibbe. Dbm `e` fbpbt f`m`dbt fbr` fbatbr iuejuelbe s`swb io porpustbibbe, rbtb-rbtb dbeyb 21
s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 ybel fbtbel cocjbgb btbu coc`ejbc juiu f` porpustbibbe sot`bp jumbeeyb.
sofbelibe iombs T FX@J 2 jorjucmbd 58 s`swb, `e` jorbrt` dbeyb 78% s`swb ybel coc`m`i` c`ebt
uetui cocpombjbr` inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe. Dbm `e` coeyojbjibe dbs`m jombjbr s`swb iombs T
FX@J 2 jomuc cbis`cbm (Fbatbr Xoeluejuel fbe Xoc`ejbcbe Juiu Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe
F` Xorpustbibbe WCI E 26 Cofbe Vbdue :8:8). Womb`e `tu, f`fulb roefbdeyb c`ebt jombjbr s`swb
 j`sb f`sojbjibe nmod iurbeleyb sbrbeb jombjbr juiu wbj`j yb`tu dbeyb sojbeybi 78% fbe s`sbeyb
t`fbi sosub` of`s`. Xorpustbibbe cbs`d jomuc f`cbeabbtibe sojblb`cbeb cost`eyb, ibroeb sojbeybi 
15% porpustbibbe dbeyb f`luebibe sojblb` tocpbt `st`rbdbt juibe sojblb` tocpbt jombjbr btbu

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 cocjbgb juiu jbl` s`swb (Iotorbelbe iopbmb porpustbibbe WCI E 26 Cofbe). Luru f` WCI E
26 Cofbe idususeyb luru inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe cbs`d coelluebibe <8% cotnfo gorbcbd

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 fbmbc coelbjbr. Dbm `e` f`fulb coejbf` poeyojbj roefbdeyb c`ebt jombjbr s`swb tordbfbp pombjbrbe
inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe . Womb`e c`ebt, abitnr poet`el ybel f`fulb cocpoelbrud`
dbs`m
 jombjbr bfbmbd gbrb jombjbr. Coeurut Fbmynen (:885; 5<) gbrb jombjbr s`swb cocpoelbrud`
 poegbpb`be dbs`m jombjbr. Jbeybi s`swb ybel coelbmbc` iolblbmbe btbu coefbpbt e`mb`
f`jbwbd stbefbr ybel f`toetuibe soinmbd. Wbmbd sbtu poeyojbjeyb bfbmbd ibroeb coroib t`fbi
coelotbdu` gbrb-gbrb jombjbr ybel topbt. Iubm`tbs gbrb jombjbr bibe coeoetuibe iubm`tbs dbs`m
jombjbr ybel f`pornmod. Gbrb jombjbr ybel topbt bibe coeyojbjibe jordbs`meyb jombjbr, sojbm`ieyb
gbrb jombjbr 

ybel iurbel topbt bibe coeyojbjibe iurbel jordbs`m btbu lblbmeyb jombjbr. Gbrb jombjbr ybel topbt
fbpbt cocjbetu s`swb coegbpb` dbs`m jombjbr ybel f`dbrbpibe. Coeurut Fbmynen (:885; 54)
toie`i-toie`i jombjbr pormu f`pordbt`ibe jblb`cbeb gbrbeyb cocjbgb, coegbtbt, coellbr`sjbwbd`,
cocjubt r`elibsbe/ios`cpumbe, fbe bpb ybel dbrus f`gbtbt.

j. D`pntos`s Xoeom`t`be
D`pntos`s corupbibe jbwbjbe socoetbrb fbe pormu f`juit`ibe iojoebrbeeyb
foelbe coellueibe abitb btbu fbtb f` mbpbelbe. Jorfbsbribe iorbelib p`ior fbe mbefbsbe tonr`
f` btbs, rucusbe d`pntos`s fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` sojblb` jor`iut;

  2. Bfb poelbrud c`ebt jombjbr tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe s`swb
iombs T FX@J WCI E 26 Cofbe Vbdue Xombjbrbe :820/:8:8.
:. Bfb poelbrud gbrb jombjbr tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe s`swb
iombs T FX@J WCI E 26 Cofbe Vbdue Xombjbrbe :820/:8:8.
7. Bfb poelbrud c`ebt jombjbr fbe gbrb jombjbr tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr inestruis` jbmbe fbe
 jocjbtbe s`swb iombs T FX@J WCI E 26 Cofbe Vbdue Xombjbrbe :820/:8:8.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo <

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo <
 JBJ @@@

COVNFO XOEOM@V@BE

B. Koe`s Xoefoibtbe Xoeom`t`be

Vorib`t foelbe porcbsbmbdbe ybel f`tocuibe fbmbc prnsos pocjombjbrbe sortb bfbeyb
tuetutbe poe`elibtbe iubm`tbs prnsos pocjombjbrbe, cbib pormu f`gnjb cnfom
pocjombjbrbe foelbe poefoibtbe prnjmoc snmv`el fbmbc prnsos pocjombjbrbe. Foelbe
poefoibtbe torsojut s`swb t`fbi dbeyb f`jojbm` foelbe inesop-inesop ybel bjstrbi totbp` julb
s`swb jbeybi f`joibm` iocbcpube uetui coelbpm`ibs`ibe inesop ybel f`tor`cbeyb fbmbc
m`eliuelbe eybtb ybel bfb f` soi`tbreyb. Foelbe foc`i`be f`dbrbpibe s`swb coc`m`i`
iocbcpube ybel cocbfb` fbmbc cocbdbc` cbtor` ybel f`jor`ibe.
Vujube fbr` poefoibtbe `e` bfbmbd _etui coelotbdu` poelbrud cotnfo pocjombjbrbe
Xrnjmoc Wnmv`el fbmbc coe`elibtibe c`ebt jombjbr s`swb fbe pocbdbcbe s`swb
tordbfbp cbtor` ybel f`jor`ibe.Bfbpue cbeabbt poefoibtbe `e` bfbmbd foelbe cotnfo
pocjombjbrbe Xrnjmoc Wnmv`el fbpbt cocpoelbrud` fbmbc coe`elibtibe c`ebt jombjbr s`swb
fbe pocbdbcbe s`swb tordbfbp cbtor` ybel f`jor`ibe

J. Mnibs` Xoeom`t`be

Xoeom`t`be `e` f`mbiuibe nmod poeum`s f` WCI E 26 Cofbe ybel jorbmbcbtibe Km. Ibryb
Fbmbc En.:1, Ibrbel Jorncjbi, Iog. Cofbe Jbrbt, Intb Cofbe, Wucbtorb _tbrb.

G. Voie`i Xoelucpumbe Fbtb

Fbmbc poeom`t`be `e`, coelluebibe jojorbpb toie`i poelbcj`mbe fbtb, yb`tu njsorvbs`.
Njsorvbs` corupbibe poelbcbtbe fbe poegbtbt s`stocbt`i toetbel lojbmb- lojbmb
ybel f`bcbt`. Xoelucpumbe fbtb fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` f`mbiuibe foelbe gbrb njsorvbs`
mbelsuel fbe sojblb` poeom`t` ybel coeocpbtibe f`r` sojblb` poelbcbt sod`ellb
`etorbis` poeom`t` foelbe sujjoi poeom`t`dbe jors`abt torjbtbs.
Foelbe combiuibe njsorvbs` poeom`t` coegbtbt bpb sbjb ybel f`m`dbt fbe f` bcbt`. Pbie`
fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` `bmbd 58 s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe lueb cocpornmod fbtb
ybel coefuiuel fbe comoelibp` cbtor` btbu fbtb ybel f`pornmod fbr` wbwbegbrb fbe
 poelbcbtbe ybel f`mbiuibe fbr` pbrb rospnefoe.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 JBJ @Q
BEBM@W@W
FBVB

Bebm`s`s fbtb fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` f`mbiuibe cumb` sojbi bwbm sbcpb` sopbejbel prnsos
 poeom`t`be jormbelsuel. Fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` f`luebibe bebm`s`s fbtb ybel tombd
f`iocjbelibe nmod (C`mos9 Dujorcbe,200:;25-:8), coelluebibe bebm`s`s cnfom `etorbit`a 
foelbe t`lb prnsofur yb`tu; rofuis` fbtb, poeybj`be fbtb, fbe coebr`i ios`cpumbe / vor`a`ibs`.
2. Zofuis` Fbtb
Zofuis` fbtb f`cbisufibe sojblb` prnsos poc`m`dbe, pocusbtbe, pordbt`be pbfb
 poeyofordbebbe, poelbjstrbibe fbe trbesanrcbs` fbtb ”ibsbr– ybel cuegum fbr`
gbtbtbe- gbtbtbe tortum`s f` mbpbelbe. Fbtb ybel f`pornmod f` mbpbelbe iocuf`be f`rofuis`
nmod poeom`t` foelbe gbrb; poelinfobe, imbs`a`ibs` fbtb, coeomusur` tocb- tocb, cocjubt
lulus, cocjubt
 pbrt`s`, coeum`s cocn fbe sombejuteyb f`mbiuibe p`m`dbe tordbfbp fbtb ybel f`pornmod
f` mbpbelbe, iocuf`be fbr` fbtb `tu cbeb ybel romovbe fbe cbeb ybel t`fbi romovbe
foelbe
 porcbsbmbdbe fbe anius poeom`t`be. Zofuis` fbtb/prnsos trbespnrcbs` `e` jormbejut torus
sosufbd poeom`t`be mbpbelbe, sbcpb` mbpnrbe bid`r sogbrb moelibp torsusue.
:. Xoeybj`be Fbtb
Xoeybj`be fbtb btbu f`spmby fbtb f`cbisufibe sojblb` soiucpumbe `eanrcbs` torsusue
ybel cocjor`ibe iocueli`ebe bfbeyb poebr`ibe ios`cpumbe fbe poelbcj`mbe t`efbibe.
Foelbe com`dbt poeybj`be-poeybj`be, i`tb fbpbt cocbdbc` bpb ybel sofbel torjbf` fbe bpb
ybel dbrus f`mbiuibe. Dbm `e` uetui cocufbdibe jbl` poeom`t` com`dbt lbcjbrbe sogbrb
iosomurudbe btbu jbl`be-jbl`be tortoetu fbr` fbtb poeom`t`be, sod`ellb fbr` fbtb torsojut fbpbt
f`tbr`i ios`cpumbe. Xoeybj`be fbtb fbmbc poeom`t`be `e` f`mbiuibe foelbe gbrb coelluebibe
 jorjblb` joe`s cbtr`i, lrba`i, jbr`elbe (eotwnri) fbe jblbe (Gdbrt) btbu joetui tois enrbt`a 
btbu iucpumbe ibm`cbt. Wocubeyb f`rbegbel lueb coellbjuelibe `eanrcbs` ybel torsusue
fbmbc joetui ybel pbfu fbe cufbd f`rb`d, foelbe foc`i`be poeom`t` fbpbt com`dbt bpb ybel
sofbel torjbf` fbe coebr`i ios`cpumbe ybel topbt.
7. Coebr`i Ios`cpumbe/Qor`a`ibs`
Xoebr`ibe ios`cpumbe corupbibe sbtu iol`btbe fbe inea`lurbs` ybel utud sombcb
 poeom`t`be jormbelsuel. Wofbel vor`a`ibs` corupbibe iol`btbe poc`i`rbe iocjbm` ybel
com`etbs fbmbc poc`i`rbe poelbebm`s`s sombcb poeom`t` coegbtbt, btbu subtu t`ejbube umbel
 pbfb gbtbtbe-gbtbtbe mbpbelbe btbu poe`ejbube iocjbm` sortb tuibr p`i`rbe f`betbrb
tocbe sojbwbt uetui coelocjbelibe ”iosocpbtbe `etor sujyoit`a–, foelbe ibtb mb`e
cbieb ybel cuegum fbr` fbtb dbrus f`uj` iojoebrbeeyb, ioinindbeeyb fbe iogngnibeeyb
(vbm`f`tbseyb). Qor`a`ibs` fbmbc poeom`t`be f`mbiuibe sogbrb inet`eu sopbejbel
poeom`t`be. Qor`a`ibs` f`cbisufibe uetui coelbebm`s`s fbe coegbr` cbieb

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
 fbr` `eanrcbs` ybel f`iucpumibe foelbe coegbr` tocb, pnmb dujuelbe, porcbsbmbdbeeyb
ybel cuegum, d`pntosb fbe f`s`cpumibe sogbrb toetbt`a, sod`ellb torjoetui prnpns`s` tortoetu
ybel j`sb coefuiuel tonr` btbupue poeyocpurebbe tonr`.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 JBJ Q
DBW@M
XOEOM@V@BE

B. Dbs`m Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe

Fbr` dbs`m njsorvbs` ybel tombd f`mbiuibe, cbib f`fbpbt fbtb dbs`m jombjbr fbr` 58 s`swb
fbmbc cbtb pombjbrbe inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe soport` f`jbwbd `e` ;

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
  EN Ebcb W`swb E`mb`
2 Bjf`ib C udbccbf 48
: Bfj` Bj f`mmbd <1
7 Bma`ybefb I ure`b <4
6 Bcbm`efb Xu tr` <0
5 Bcbefb X rbt`w` X bejb`tbe <5
1 Bebefb Eb a`ssb 4:
< Bebefb Zoz b 42
4 Bq`mbd Db mwb <0
0 Bz`zbd Z `zib B pr`m`b 48
28 Jorm`be B ebtbyb X utr` V br`lbe 4:
22 Gmbrb B lust`eb <<
2: Fob Or` bet` <8
27 F`cbs Xr bynlb <0
26 F`vb Nm` zb 48
25 Fzbiwbe B mabr`zy <1 Fbr` tbjom
21 Oib Mbrbsbt` 46
f`btbs 2< Abf`mmbd E bsut`ne 4< f`iotbdu`
fbtb ; 24 Abd`rb Eb j`mb 4<
20 Abrbd Wb msbj`mb <:

:28 Abrb`te`cfb dZBb d zezubcdrb 445

28
:: @jeu Dbj `m 48
:7 @mzbe Ab gdnry <6
:6 @ccbeuom Z `vbom W `tnrus <2
:5 @etbe E b sut`ne <<
:1 Kum`us E btbebom 46
:< M`zb Bc om`be` <4
:4 C`mab Bu m`b <7
:0 C`efb Ab uz`bd <0
78 Cudbccbf @idsbe Cbumbeb 48
72 Cudbccbf @q jbm 4:
7: Cudbccbf D baa`ybe D br`sd 42

767 Ebrjrjf`m`bDBb ua `my` be 4<18

67
75 Ebzwb Bz urb <1
71 Eosb Wo t`b [ ojub <5
7< Xbrbs W uwbel` B elrb`e` 46
74 Xbtr`gi W `dncj`el <:
70 Xutr` B ebefb C ut`brb 48
68 Xutr` Cb ebmu 45
62 Zbdom Vb cjuebe <<
6: Z`n B f`tyb X rbtbcb <0
67 Z`ziy @ cbc D utbjbrbt 48
6<1<1 W`y`ytbydEr`u 0<
bdrdBbmr` `zab 80
64 Vbe`b X` tbmnib 40
C@E@ Z @WOV W V6B0V@WV@IVB`brb Xblo 2 : 48
Xo rcbtb
58 V`brb Wb et`ib 48
 48,<1,<4,<0,<5,4:,42,<0,48,4:,<<,<8, <0, 48, <1, 46, 4<,4<, <:, 45, 44 , 48, <6 , <2, <<, 46, <4,
<7, <0, 48, 4:, 42, 41, <8, <1, <5, 46, <:, 48, 45, <<, <0, 48, 47, 46, 08, <0, 40, 48, 48,

2. Coeld`tuel E`mb` Cobe, Cof`be, Cnfus fbe Wtbefbrf Fov`bs` Jorfbsbribe

Fbtb Vuellbm ;

b. Cobe

Fbr` fbtb f`btbs, cbib f`pornmod;

x x̆  3 x2 + x: + x7+ . +xe

  e

x x̆  3
48+<1+<4+<0+<5+4:+42+<0+48+4:+<<+<8+<0+48+<1+46+4<+4<+<:+45+44+48+<6+<2+<<
+46+<4+<7+<0+48+4:+42+41+<8+<1+<5+46+<:+48+45+<<+<0+48+47+46+08+<0+40+48+
48
58

 xx ̆
 750485 3 <0.<
3
  Wod`ellb uetui cobe fbtb tuellbm f`pornmod e`mb` cobe sojosbr <0.<

j. Cof`be

Vormoj`d fbdumu fbtb f`urutibe, sod`ellb coejbf` ;

<8, <8, <2, <:, <:, <7, <6, <5, <5, <1, <1, <1, <<, <<, <<, <4, <4, <0, <0, <0, <0, <0, <0, 48, 48,
48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 42, 42, 4:, 4:, 4:, 47, 46, 46, 46, 46, 45, 45, 41, 4<, 4<, 44, 40, 08

Ibroeb fbtbeyb loebp yb`tu 58, cbib rucus ybel f`luebibe bfbmbd ;
Co 3 ³ T ((e/:) + T (e/:+2))
Co 3 ³ T ((58/:) + T (58/: +2))
Co 3 ³ (T:5 + T:1)
Co 3 ³
(48+48) Co 3
³ (218) Co 3
48
Foelbe foc`i`be e`mb` Cof`be uetui fbtb tuellbm bfbmbd 48.

g. Cnfus
C@E@ Z @WOV W VBV@WV@IB Xblo 2 7
 Fbr` fbtb ;
Wbcpom y y: <8, <8, <2, <:, <:, <7, <6, <5, <5, <1, <1,
<1, <<, <<, <<, <4, <4, <0, <0, <0, <0, <0,
2 48 1688 <0, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 42,
: <1 5<<1 42, 4:, 4:, 4:, 47, 46, 46, 46, 46, 45, 45,
7 <4 1846 41, 4<, 4<, 44, 40, 08
6 <0 1:62
<
5 <5
42
51:5
1512 4FF48b tsbo jybeylb pib 0m` eilb ms`o.
rF`eole lcbuee fgoucm b`if`bmebd
41 4:
<0 1<:6
1:62
0 48 1688 cnfus fbr` fbtb tuellbm bfbmbd 48
28 4: 1<:6
22 << 50:0
2: <8 6088
f. 27 <0 1:62
26 48 1688 Wtbefbrf Fo v`bs`
25 <1 5<<1
21 46 <851
2< 4< <510
24 4< <510
20 <: 5246
:8 45 <::5
:2 44 <<66
:: 48 1688
:7 <6 56<1
:6 <2 5862
:5 << 50:0
:1 46 <851
:< <4 1846
:4 <7 57:0
:0 <0 1:62
78 48 1688
72 4: 1<:6
7: 42 1512
77 41 <701
76 <8 6088
75 <1 5<<1
71 <5 51:5
7< 46 <851
74 <: 5246
70 48 1688
68 45 <::5
62 << 50:0
6: <0 1:62
67 48 1688
66 47 1440
65 46 <851
61 08 4288
C@E@ Z @WOV W
VB 6< <0 1:62lo 2 6
V @ WV@
64
IB 40 <0:X
2b
 Kucmbd 7045 724<60

Cbib e`mb` stbefbrf fov`bs` f`btbs bfbmbd

W 3 ∛−y: ‗ (−y):
  e
e-2

W 3 ∛724<60 ‗ (7045):
  58
  58-2
W 3 ∛724<60 ‗ 72<186.5
  60
 
W 3 ∛2266.5 3 ∛:7.75<2 3 6.47
60
 
:. Coeld`tuel e`mb` Cobe, Cof`be, Cnfus fbe Wtbefbrf Fov`bs` Fbtb Joriomncpni;

Fbr` tbjom f`btbs f`iotbdu` fbtb ;

48,<1,<4,<0,<5,4:,42,<0,48,4:,<<,<8, <0, 48, <1, 46, 4<,4<, <:, 45, 44 , 48, <6 , <2, <<, 46,
<4, <7, <0, 48, 4:, 42, 41, <8, <1, <5, 46, <:, 48, 45, <<, <0, 48, 47, 46, 08, <0, 40, 48, 48,

Cbib fbr` fbtb f`btbs

I`tb fbpbt coeoetuibe e`mb` JI 
2+7,7 mnl e
2+7,7 mnl 58
2+7,7 mnl 2,10
2+5,5< 3 1

Fbr` fbtb f`btbs cbib fbpbt i`tb toetuibe pbejbel iombs foelbe coelluebibe rucus ;

` 3 j/i 3 08-<8/1 3 7,7 3 6

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo 2

Cbib pbejbel iombs ybel i`tb luebibe bfbmbd 6. Fbr` fbtb torsojut, Cbib f`pornmod
tbjom sojblb` jor`iut;

 En E`mb` x2 a2 a2.x2 KI % % I x2 - T (2 √  ):  2(2 √  ):

2 <8-<7 <2,5 1 6:0 1 2: 2: 4,:7 1<,<7 681,74
: <6-<< <5,5 0 1<0,5 25 24 78 6,:7 2<,40 212,82
7 <4-42 <0.5 20 2528,5 76 74 14 8,:7 8,85 8,05
6 4:-45 47,5 28 475 66 :8 44 7,<< 26,:2 26:,2
5 41-40 4<,5 5 67<,5 60 28 04 <,<< 18,7< 782,45
1 08-288 05,8 2 05,8 58 : 288 25,:< :77,2< :77,2<
Km 58 7041.5 288 70,5 2:65,61

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 Fbr` tbjom f`btbs cbib fbpbt f`d`tuel ;
• Cobe

  3 − 2. 2 3 7041,5

−  2 58

3 <0,<7
 
• Cof`be (Corbd)

Co 3 Vj + p ( e/:-A)

  a 

Co 3 <<,5 + 6 ( 58/:-25)
  20
Co 3 <<,5 + :.28
Co 3 <0,1

• Cnfus (Corbd)

Cn 3 Jj +p ( j2 )
  j2+j:

  Cn 3 <<,5 +  6 ( 1+10 )

  Cn 3 <<,5 + 2,1
  Cn 3 <0,2

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo 2

 • Iubrt`m ( Iubrt`m io 7 3 iue`el)

_etui com`dbt motbi fbtb iubrt`m portbcb i`tb fbpbt coelluebibe rucus ;
2
 23    58 3 2:,5
6
Iocuf`be i`tb fbpbt mbejut foelbe rucus ;

I23 Jj + p (2/6 x e ‗ A)
  a 
I2 3 <7,5 + 6 ( ½ x 58 ‗ 1)
  0
I2 3 <7,5 + :,44
I2 3 <1,74

Iocuf`be uetui com`dbt motbi fbtb iubrt`m iot`lb i`tb fbpbt coelluebibe rucus ybel sbcb ;

7
 73  58 3 7<,5
6

Fbe f`mbejutibe foelbe rucus ;

I73 Jj + p (7/6 x e ‗ A)
  a 
I7 3 42,5 + 6 ( 7/6 x 58 ‗ 76)
  28
I7 3 42,5 + 7,5
I7 3 45

Wotombd jojorbpb pord`tuelbe f`btbs f`iotbdu` cbib f`mbejutibe foelbe ;

• Zbelo

F`cbeb coelluebibe rucus

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

   √   3 08 √ <8 3 :8
• WI (W`cpbelbe Iubrt`m )

F`cbeb Coelluebibe Zucus ;

I7-I2 3 45-<1,74 3

4,1:

• ZW ( Zbtb- rbtb W`cpbelbe)

F`cbeb coellueibe Zucus ;

− |2  √  | 70,5


3

58 3 8,<0

• WJ ( W`cpbelbe Jbiu
) F`cbeb coelluebibe rucus

−   (2 √  ):
∛
−   √ 2 3 3 :5,62
2:65,61 

58 √ 2

Fbr` pord`tuelbe f`btbs, cbib fbpbt f`iotbdu` fbr` 58 s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26
Cofbe ybel coel`iut` pombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe coc`m`i` e`mb` rbtb-
rbtb sojosbr <0,<7 fbe coc`m`i` s`cpbelbe jbiu sojosbr :5,62

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
 J. Dbs`m Ioc`ebtbe W`swb Iombs T FX@J WCI E 26 Cofbe

Fbr` njsorvbs` ybel tombd f`mbiuibe cbib, f`fbpbt 58 s`swb ybel coel`s` iu`s`neor ybel
tombd ibc` jubt. Bfbpue joetui iu`s`neor ybel tombd ibc` eubt tormbcp`r soport` f` jbwbd `e`
;

BELIOV C@EBV JOMBKBZ W@W\B

Cbtb pombjbrbe ; Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe

 Iombs ; F X@J 2
T
Dbr`/Vbellbm ;

Xotuejui 

2. Xbfb ius`neor `e` torfbpbt poreybtbbe. Xort`cjbelibe jb`i-jb`i sot`bp

portbeybbe fbmbc ibtbeyb foelbe cbtor` pocjombjbrbe ybel jbru somosb` ibcu
pombjbr`, fbe toetuibe iojoebrbeeyb. Jor`mbd jbwbjbe ybel joebr-joebr gngni
foelbe p`m`dbecu.
:. Xort`cjbelibelibe sot`bp poreybtbbe sogbrb torp`sbd fbe toetuibe iojoebrbeeyb.
Kbwbjecu jbelbe f`poelbrud` nmod jbwbjbe nmod poreybtbbe mb`e.
7. Gbtbt rospne befb pbfb inmnc mocjbr yebl torsof`b fbe `iut` potuejui mb`e
ybel cueli`e f`jor`ibe eorib`tbe foelbe jbwbjbe.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
 Iotorbelbe p`m`dbe

2 3 Wbelbt V`fbi Wotuju

: 3 V`fbi Wotuju
7 3 Eotrbm
6 3 Wotuju
5 3 Wbelbt Wotuju

EN Xoreybtbbe X`m`dbe Kbwbjbe

2 : 7 6 5
2 Xortbcb ibm` sbyb com`dbt pocjombjbrbe `e`,
sbyb porgbyb jbdwb pocjombjbrbe `e` cufbd jbl`
sbyb
: Xbfb bwbm pocjombjbrbe, bfb sosubtu ybel
coebr`i jbl` sbyb
7 Cbtor` pocjombjbrbe `e` moj`d sum`t f`pbdbc`
fbr` bpb ybel sbyb dbrbpibe
6 Wotombd cocjbgb `eanrcbs` poefbdumube, sbyb
ybi`e jbdwb sbyb coelotbdu` bpb ybel
dbrus sbyb pombjbr` fbr` pocjombjbrbe `e`
5 Coeyomosb`ibe tulbs-tulbs fbmbc
 pocjombjbrbe `e` cocjubt sbyb corbsb pubs
tordbfbp dbs`m ybel tombd sbyb gbpb`
1 Kombs jbl` sbyb jblb`cbeb dujuelbe cbtor`
 pocjombjbrbe `e` foelbe bpb ybel tombd sbyb
iotbdu`
< Jbeybi dbmbcbe-dbmbcbe ybel coelbefuel
 jbeybi `eanrcbs` sod`ellb suibr jbl` sbyb
ucceoteuli` eclobetelybcb j`m `fo-`fo poet`el
fbe
4 Cbtor` pocjombjbrbe`e`sbelbtcoebr`i  
 pordbt`be
0Vorfbpbt gor`tb, lbcjbr btbu gnetnd ybel
coeuejuibe iopbfb sbyb jblb`cbeb cbeabbt cbtor` pocjombjbrbe `e` jbl` jojorbpb nrbel
28Wbyb cocpors`bpibe f`r` sot`bp ibm` bibe cocumb` pombjbrbe `e`

Bfbpue io 58 s`swb ybel coel`s` iu`s`neor torsojut tormbcp`r soport` f`jbwbd `e` ;

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo
  EN Ebcb W`swb
2 Bjf`ib Cudbccbf
: Bfj` Bjf`mmbd
7 Bma`ybefb Iure`b
6 Bcbm`efb Xutr` Fbr` fbtb f`btbs tombd f`iotbdu`
5 Bcbefb Xrbt`w` Xbejb`tbe  jucmbd ;
1 Bebefb Eba`ssb
< Bebefb Zozb • W`swb ybel coejbwbj
4 Bq`mbd Dbmwb WsW`bsewlbt Wotuju (sinr 5) 3
0 Bz`zbd Z`zib Bpr`m`b
28 Jorm`be Bebtbyb Xutr` 68
Vbr`lbe • W`swb ybel coejbwbj
22 Gmbrb Wotuju (sinr 6) 3 78 s`swb
Blust`eb 2: Fob • W`swb ybel coejbwbe
Or`bet` Eotrbm (sinr 7) 3 25 s`swb
27 F`cbs Xrbynlb • W`swb ybel coejbwbj
26 F`vb Nm`zb V`fbi Wotuju (sinr :) 3 75
25 Fzbiwbe Bmabr`zy s`swb
21 Oib Mbrbsbt` • W`swb ybel coejbwbj
2< Abf`mmbd Ebsut`ne Wbelbt V`fbi Wotuju (sinr 2) 3
24 Abd`rb Ebj`mb :8 s`swb
20 Abrbd Wbmsbj`mb
:8 Abt`cbd Bzzbdrb Foelbe fbtb ybel tombd f`fbpbt,
:2 Ar`efb Zbdeuc
:: @jeu Dbj`m c ielb di`btuce`l s ofmbtibu f
:7 @mzbe Abgdnry poeoelubem`s coelluebibe
:6 @ccbeuom Z`vbom W`tnrus Zucus Wibmb M`iort f`cbeb rucus
:5 @etbe Ebsut`ne ybel f`luebibe yb`tu ;
 :1 Kum`us Ebtbebom
:< M`zb Bcom`be` 3   
:4 C`mab Bum`b F`cbeb ;
V 3: V0ntbm Cjuc`emfbd A robsupzn`bedfoe (s`swb) ybel coc`m`d Xe
78 Cudbccbf
Cbumbeb @idsbe
37 X2`m`dbeC buedlbicb
csibnfr  @qjbm
7: Cudbccbf Dbaa`ybe Dbr`sd
77 Ebj`mb Bum`b
76 Ebrf` Dba`ybe
75 Ebzwb Bzurb
71 Eosb Wot`b [ojub
7< Xbrbs Wuwbel` Belrb`e`
74 Xbtr`gi W`dncj`el
70 Xutr` Bebefb Cut`brb
68 Xutr` Cbebmu
62 Zbdom Vbcjuebe
6: Z`n Bf`tyb
Xrbtbcb
67 Z`ziy @cbc Dutbjbrbt
66 Z`zbm W`bdbbe
65 Wbmwb @abfbd

61<1< Wy`ytybd Er`bdurd Bbmr`z`ab 

 64 Vbe`b X`tbmnib
C@E@ Z
60 V`brb Xorcbtb
@WOV W VBV@WV@IB Xblo : :
58 V`brb Wbet`ib
 m`iort
Cbib fbr` fbtb f`btbs f`fbpby dbs`m soport` f`jbwbd `e` ;
• W`swb ybel coejbwbj WW (5) 3 68 x 5 3 :88
• W`swb ybel coejbwbj W (6) 3 78 x 6 3 2:8
• W`swb ybel coejbwbj E (7) 3 25 x 7 3 65
• W`swb ybel coejbwbj VW (:) 3 75 x : 3 <8
• W`swb ybel coejbwbj WVW (2) 3 :8 x 2 3 :8
Fbe tntbm sinr eyb coejbf` 3 655
Iocuf`be f`mbejutibe foelbe coeld`tuel `etorprotbs` sinr pord`tuelbe.
Blbr  coefbpbtibe dbs`m `etorprotbs`, cbib dbrus f`iotbdu` e` T fbe e`mb` P uetui `toc
poe`mb`be f`cbeb coelluebibe rucus ;
T 3 sinr tort`ell` x jucmbd s`swb P
3 sinr toroefbd x jucmbd s`swb
Wotombd f`iotbdu` rucus `etorprotbs` f`btbs, cbib sojomuc coeyomosb`ibeeyb i`tb julb
dbrus coelotbdu` `etorvbm (roetbel jbrbi) fbe `etorprotbs` porsoe blbr coelotbdu` poe`mb`be
foelbe cotnfo `etorvbm. F`cbeb coelluebibe rucus ;
  288
@3
  Kucmbd M`iort

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 Iocuf`be f`mbejutibe foelbe Zucus `efois %, yb`tu ;
 
  % 3
   288

ssFobdr`e rlulcb u; s ybel tombd bfb, cbib i`tb cbsuibe fbtb ybe tombd i`tb d`tuel iofbmbc rucus
torsojut,

  3 288 288
3 35
 ℅   5

Cbib dbs`m (@) bfbmbd 5. F`mbejutibe foelbe mbelibd torbid`r 

   % 3 Vntbm sinr 3 655 3 8,02

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

  
  Px 2 88 58 x

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

2 88

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 g. Gbrb Jombjbr W`swb Iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe
Gbrb jombjbr s`swb com`put` pocjubtbe jbfwbm fbe pombisbebbeeyb, inesoetrbs` tordbfbp
subtu dbm ybel f`jbgb btbu f`pombjbr`, cocjbgb fbe cocjubt gbtbtbe, coelorjbibe tulbs btbu
 poiorjbbe rucbd, fbe coelumbel` jbdbe pombjbrbe ybel f`fbpbteyb fbr` prnsos jombjbr f` soinmbd
(Wmbcotn, :887; <6). Wocub `tu f``ef`ibs`ibe fbpbt cocjbetu s`swb fbmbc coegbpb` tujube btbu

dbs`m jombjbr ybel cbis`cbm. Jorfbsbribe poelbcbtbe fbe wbwbegbrb ybel f`mbiuibe f` WCI E 26
Cofbe, f`pornmod dbs`m jbdwb gbrb jombjbr ybel f`luebibe s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 cbs`d iurbel
topbt. Dbm `e` j`sb f`m`dbt fbr` s`swb ybel jombjbr torbtur dbeyb sojbeybi :2% fbr` 58 s`swb.
Wojbl`be josbr s`swb dbeyb jombjbr pbfb sbbt coejombel uj`be. W`swb ybel coelumbel jbdbe
 pombjbrbe ybel tombd f`pombjbr` f`soinmbd dbeyb sojbeybi 27% fbr` 58 s`swb. Wofbelibe s`swb ybel
rbj`e cocjubt r`elibsbe btbu rbeliucbe fbr` cbtor` ybel tombd f`sbcpb`ibe nmod luru
dbeyb sojbeybi :7% fbr` 58 s`swb.
Jorfbsbribe poc`i`rbe torsojut cbib fulbbe bfbeyb poelbrud c`ebt jombjbr fbe gbrb
 jombjbr tordbfbp dbs`m jombjbr inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 WCI E 26

Cofbe Vbdue :820/:8:8 fbpbt f`lbcjbribe sojblb` jor`iut.

C`eat Jolajar (T2)

Das`l Jolajar (P)

Gara Jolajar (T2)

Lbcjbr 2. Cnfom Vonr`t`s Xoelbrud Qbr`bjom T2 fbe T: tordbfbp P (Wul`ynen,:828; 22)

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo :

 JBJ Q@
XOE_V_X

B. Ios`cpumbe

Fbr` dbs`m pord`tuelb f`btbs, cbib fbpbt f`tbr`i ios`cpumbe fbr` poeom`t`be `e` yb`tu ;

2. Fbr` pord`tuelbe Dbs`m jombjbr s`swb, f`iotbdu` jbdwb fbr` 58 s`swb iombs T FX@J
2 WEI E 26 Cofbe ybel coel`iut` pombjbrbe Inestruis` Kbmbe fbe Kocjbtbe
coc`m`i`
coc`m`i` e`mb` rbtb-rbtb sojosbr <0,<7 fbe coc`m`i` s`cpbelbe jbiu sojosbr
:5,62. ” K`ib sojubd fbtb poeom`t`be coc`m`i` s`cpbelbe jbiu ybel josbr
cbib fbtb torsojut iurbel fbpbt f`porgbyb fbe jol`tu julb sojbm`ieyb– . Cbib
fbr` iut`pbe torsojut cbib fbpbt f`tbr`i ios`cpumbe jbdwb fbr` pord`tuelbe dbs`m
fbtb ybel ibc` d`tuel poeom`t`be guiup fbpbt f`porgbyb
:. Fbr` pord`tuelbe fbtb ioc`ebtbe s`swb, fbpbt f`iotbdu` jbdwb dbs`m bid`r
pord`tuelbe yb`tu sojosbr 8,02%. F`cbeb sosub` gbtbtbe ybel tombd tormbcp`r, dbs`m
torsojut cbsui 
iofbmbc ibtolnr` sbelbt jurui. Cbib fbpbt f`tbr`i ios`cpumbe jbdwb s`swb iombs T
FX@J 2 WCI E 26 Cofbe coc`m`i` t`ellibt ioc`ebtbe ybel jurui tordbfbp cbtb
 pombjbrbe inestruis` jbmbe fbe jocjbtbe.
7. Jorfbsbribe poelbcbtbe fbe wbwbegbrb ybel f`mbiuibe f` WCI E 26 Cofbe,
f`pornmod dbs`m jbdwb gbrb jombjbr ybel f`luebibe s`swb iombs T FX@J 2 cbs`d iurbel
topbt. Dbm `e`
 j`sb f`m`dbt fbr` s`swb ybel jombjbr torbtur dbeyb sojbeybi :2% fbr` 58 s`swb. Wojbl`be
 josbr s`swb dbeyb jombjbr pbfb sbbt coejombel uj`be. W`swb ybel coelumbel jbdbe
 pombjbrbe ybel tombd f`pombjbr` f`soinmbd dbeyb sojbeybi 27% fbr` 58 s`swb. Wofbelibe
s`swb ybel rbj`e cocjubt r`elibsbe btbu rbeliucbe fbr` cbtor` ybel tombd f`sbcpb`ibe
nmod luru dbeyb sojbeybi :7% fbr` 58 s`swb.

J. Wbrbe

Foc`i`be ybel fbpbt ibc` sbcpb`ibe coeloeb` cbtor` ybel coejbf` pnini jbdbsbe
fbmbc cbibmbd c`e` r`sot `e`. Voetueyb cbs`d jbeybi ioiurbelbe fbe iomocbdbeeyb
ibroeb torjbtbseyb poelotbdube ibc` fbe poelbcbtbe sbyb.

Ibc` jordbrbp pocjbgb fbpbt cocjor`ibe ir`t`i fbe sbrbe ybel cocjbelue iopbfb

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

 ibc` foc` socpurebeyb cbibmbd c`e` r`sot `e` fbe pocjombjbrbe uetui poeum`s cbibmbd

f`mb`e iosocpbtbe. Wocnlb cbibmbd `e` jorlueb jbl` poeum`s pbfb idususeyb, fbe julb
 pbrb pocjbgb pbfb ucuceyb.

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo

C@E@ Z @WOV W Xblo :